Adipose tissue (AT) expands through hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Hyperplasic AT expansion requires an adequate number of adipose progenitor cells. This study investigates the influence of depot origin on the susceptibility of adipose progenitors to cell death, and measures the effect of macrophage-secreted factors on adipose progenitor survival. Using serum deprivation alone or in the presence of TNFα, omental (OM) versus subcutaneous (SC) adipose progenitors, obtained from human AT, displayed a 3- and 1.7-fold-increase in apoptosis, respectively, as assessed by Hoechst staining, (p<0.05). Similar results were observed with cell enumeration. The ratio of OM/SC cell death from serum deprivation positively correlated with body mass index (BMI). The depot-specific difference in cell death was lost when TNFα and cycloheximide (CHX) were used. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MD-macrophages), isolated from human blood, did not have an effect on apoptosis. Depot-related differences in adipose progenitor apoptosis may influence AT remodeling and alter metabolic functionality in obesity.

White adipose tissue (WAT) is a metabolic organ with flexibility to retract and expand based on energy storage and utilization needs, processes that are driven via the coordination of different cells within adipose tissue. WAT is comprised of mature adipocytes (MA) and cells of the stromal vascular cell fraction (SVF), which include adipose progenitor cells (APCs), adipose endothelial cells (AEC) and infiltrating immune cells. APCs have the ability to proliferate and undergo adipogenesis to form MA, the main constituents ofWAT being predominantly composed of white, triglyceride-storing adipocytes with unilocular lipid droplets. While adiposity and adipose tissue health are controlled by diet and aging, the endogenous circadian (24-h) biological clock of the body is highly active in adipose tissue, from adipocyte progenitor cells to mature adipocytes, and may play a unique role in adipose tissue health and function. To some extent, 24-h rhythms in adipose tissue rely on rhythmic energy intake, but individual circadian clock proteins are also thought to be important for healthy fat. Here we discuss how and why the clock might be so important in this metabolic depot, and how temporal and qualitative aspects of energy intake play important roles in maintaining healthy fat throughout aging.

Le tissu adipeux (TA) est réparti dans tout le corps en différents dépôts. Il existe deux types distincts aux fonctions biens spécifiques : le tissu adipeux blanc sert de réservoir énergétique et stocke les lipides et le tissu adipeux brun permet la thermogénèse. Par ses fonctionnalités et son pouvoir endocrine, le TA assure le maintien de l’homéostasie énergétique. De graves désordres métaboliques résultent d’une surabondance retrouvée au cours de l’obésité ou lors d’un remodelage dans les lipodystrophies. Certaines ont une origine génétique, d’autres sont induites par des médicaments comme les inhibiteurs de la protéase (IP) du VIH administrés dans la thérapie antirétrovirale. Le pool de progéniteur adipeux (PA) présent dans chaque dépôt est essentiel au maintien de ce tissu car il permet de renouveler le stock d’adipocytes. Nous avons caractérisé et identifié de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans la boucle autocrine/paracrine de l’activineA qui est responsable de l’auto-renouvellement du pool de PA dont IER3. Son expression augmente chez les patients obèses et diminue sous traitement par les IP. La modélisation des différents dépôts montre que les IP inhibent préférentiellement l’auto-renouvellement ou la différenciation adipocytaire des PA en fonction de leur localisation. Les lipodystrophies induites par la thérapie antirétrovirale auraient des causes multifactorielles. Enfin, nos résultats révèlent que les IP diminuent drastiquement et sélectivement la production d’adipocytes bruns. Ces effets doivent être considérés dans un contexte de développement inopportun du tissu adipeux brun afin de corriger des désordres métaboliques associés à certaines pathologies. / The adipose tissue (AT) is distributed throughout the body in different depots. There are two distinct types with specific functions: the white adipose tissue is used as an energetic reservoir and stores the lipids whereas the brown adipose tissue allows the thermogenesis. By its functionalities and its endocrinal capacity, the AT ensures the energetic homeostasis maintenance. Severe metabolic disorders result from an excess found during obesity or a remodelling in the lipodystrophies. Some of them have a genetic origin, the others are induced by drugs such as the HIV-protease inhibitors (PI) administered in the antiretroviral therapy against HIV. The adipose progenitor (AP) pool present in each depot is necessary for the maintenance of this tissue because it allows to renew the adipocyte stock. We characterized and identified new genes involved in the autocrine/paracrine Activin A loop which is responsible for AP pool self-renewal of whom is IER3. Its expression increases in obese patients and decreases under PI treatment. The modelling of the different depots shows that PI inhibit preferentially PA self-renewal or adipose differentiation depending on their localisation. Thus, lipodystrophies induced by antiretroviral therapy would have multifactorial causes. Finally, our results reveal PI dramatically and selectively reduce the brown adipocyte production. These effects should be considered in the context of inappropriate brown adipose tissue development in order to correct metabolic disorders associated to some pathologies.