Além de separar claramente os papéis de instituições voltadas ao acolhimento de crianças e adolescentes enquanto medida de proteção (abrigos) e os de instituições voltadas ao cumprimento de medidas sócio-educativas, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA,1990) propõe novas diretrizes para o acolhimento de crianças e adolescentes que ainda estão longe de serem completamente implementadas por todas as instituições brasileiras. Esta pesquisa analisa o contexto institucional, rotinas, práticas cotidianas e estrutura física de dois abrigos voltados ao acolhimento de adolescentes do município de Porto Alegre – um governamental e uma ONG – com o objetivo de identificar possíveis diversidades nas práticas destas instituições e avaliar se esses ambientes de abrigo estão oferecendo um espaço referencial e reorganizador para os abrigados. A pesquisa investiga também se estes ‘novos’ ambientes estão conseguindo oferecer um espaço continente e de ressignificação das experiências traumáticas anteriores que levaram à situação de abrigamento, reconhecendo quais práticas se distinguem das executadas nas grandes instituições. A pesquisa segue uma metodologia qualitativa, de caráter descritivo, denominada ‘descrição de cunho etnográfico’. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se o método de Análise de Conteúdo das narrativas dos adolescentes e adultos entrevistados. Os resultados apontam para a importância de um acolhimento personalizado e em pequenas unidades onde é possível oferecer um acolhimento mais continente ao processo adolescente, e o reconhecimento da importância dos adultos cuidadores, especialmente monitores, como pessoas significativas para os adolescentes. Ainda em relação ao importante papel dos monitores, a pesquisa levanta vários questionamentos em relação aos papéis atribuídos a estes monitores e sobre as dificuldades no atendimento quando ao invés de serem cuidadores, no sentido mais amplo da palavra, esses adultos se tornam apenas pessoas destinadas a controlar e monitorar a vida dos abrigados. A pesquisa investiga ainda a intricada relação entre o caráter provisório da medida de proteção, preconizada pelo ECA, e a necessidade do estabelecimento de vínculos entre cuidadores e abrigados e de realizar um trabalho de médio e longo prazo, visando ressignificar suas histórias. / In addition to clearly separating the roles of institutions oriented towards the protection of children and adolescents between those which serve as measures of protection (shelters) and those of a social-educative orientation, the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA, 1990) proposes new directives for sheltering children and adolescents, although, as of the present date, not all Brazilian institutions have fully implemented these guidelines. This current research analyses the institutional context, routines, daily practices and physical structures of two shelters that receive children and adolescents in the town of Porto Alegre – one governmental and the other non-governmental (NGO) – with the principal goal of identifying possible differences between the practices of these two institutions and evaluating if these shelter environments are offering referential and reorganising spaces to the sheltered. This research also investigates whether these ‘new’ environments are offering a continent space, capable of promoting resignification of the previous traumatic experiences that lead to sheltering, whilst identifying the practices which are distinct from those conducted at large institutions. The research follows a descriptive, qualitative methodology, called 'description of an ethnographic nature', based on the Content Analysis method of the narratives of interviewed adults and adolescents. The results point towards the importance of both personalised attendance and the use of small units, where it is possible to offer a more continent holding of the adolescent process, and shows the importance of the caring adults, especially the monitors, as meaningful figures to the adolescents. With respect to the important role of the monitors, this research raises several questions related to the roles attributed to these monitors and to the difficulties observed when, instead of taking care of the adolescents, the monitors are focus purely on the control and observation of the sheltered ones lives. This research also investigates the intricate relationship between the provisory nature of the measure of protection, as praised by ECA, and the need to establish bonds between the carers and the sheltered, as well as the necessity of a medium and long-term continuation of the holding process, as a means of permitting a resignification of the sheltered-one’s life stories.

Além de separar claramente os papéis de instituições voltadas ao acolhimento de crianças e adolescentes enquanto medida de proteção (abrigos) e os de instituições voltadas ao cumprimento de medidas sócio-educativas, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA,1990) propõe novas diretrizes para o acolhimento de crianças e adolescentes que ainda estão longe de serem completamente implementadas por todas as instituições brasileiras. Esta pesquisa analisa o contexto institucional, rotinas, práticas cotidianas e estrutura física de dois abrigos voltados ao acolhimento de adolescentes do município de Porto Alegre – um governamental e uma ONG – com o objetivo de identificar possíveis diversidades nas práticas destas instituições e avaliar se esses ambientes de abrigo estão oferecendo um espaço referencial e reorganizador para os abrigados. A pesquisa investiga também se estes ‘novos’ ambientes estão conseguindo oferecer um espaço continente e de ressignificação das experiências traumáticas anteriores que levaram à situação de abrigamento, reconhecendo quais práticas se distinguem das executadas nas grandes instituições. A pesquisa segue uma metodologia qualitativa, de caráter descritivo, denominada ‘descrição de cunho etnográfico’. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se o método de Análise de Conteúdo das narrativas dos adolescentes e adultos entrevistados. Os resultados apontam para a importância de um acolhimento personalizado e em pequenas unidades onde é possível oferecer um acolhimento mais continente ao processo adolescente, e o reconhecimento da importância dos adultos cuidadores, especialmente monitores, como pessoas significativas para os adolescentes. Ainda em relação ao importante papel dos monitores, a pesquisa levanta vários questionamentos em relação aos papéis atribuídos a estes monitores e sobre as dificuldades no atendimento quando ao invés de serem cuidadores, no sentido mais amplo da palavra, esses adultos se tornam apenas pessoas destinadas a controlar e monitorar a vida dos abrigados. A pesquisa investiga ainda a intricada relação entre o caráter provisório da medida de proteção, preconizada pelo ECA, e a necessidade do estabelecimento de vínculos entre cuidadores e abrigados e de realizar um trabalho de médio e longo prazo, visando ressignificar suas histórias. / In addition to clearly separating the roles of institutions oriented towards the protection of children and adolescents between those which serve as measures of protection (shelters) and those of a social-educative orientation, the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA, 1990) proposes new directives for sheltering children and adolescents, although, as of the present date, not all Brazilian institutions have fully implemented these guidelines. This current research analyses the institutional context, routines, daily practices and physical structures of two shelters that receive children and adolescents in the town of Porto Alegre – one governmental and the other non-governmental (NGO) – with the principal goal of identifying possible differences between the practices of these two institutions and evaluating if these shelter environments are offering referential and reorganising spaces to the sheltered. This research also investigates whether these ‘new’ environments are offering a continent space, capable of promoting resignification of the previous traumatic experiences that lead to sheltering, whilst identifying the practices which are distinct from those conducted at large institutions. The research follows a descriptive, qualitative methodology, called 'description of an ethnographic nature', based on the Content Analysis method of the narratives of interviewed adults and adolescents. The results point towards the importance of both personalised attendance and the use of small units, where it is possible to offer a more continent holding of the adolescent process, and shows the importance of the caring adults, especially the monitors, as meaningful figures to the adolescents. With respect to the important role of the monitors, this research raises several questions related to the roles attributed to these monitors and to the difficulties observed when, instead of taking care of the adolescents, the monitors are focus purely on the control and observation of the sheltered ones lives. This research also investigates the intricate relationship between the provisory nature of the measure of protection, as praised by ECA, and the need to establish bonds between the carers and the sheltered, as well as the necessity of a medium and long-term continuation of the holding process, as a means of permitting a resignification of the sheltered-one’s life stories.

Além de separar claramente os papéis de instituições voltadas ao acolhimento de crianças e adolescentes enquanto medida de proteção (abrigos) e os de instituições voltadas ao cumprimento de medidas sócio-educativas, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA,1990) propõe novas diretrizes para o acolhimento de crianças e adolescentes que ainda estão longe de serem completamente implementadas por todas as instituições brasileiras. Esta pesquisa analisa o contexto institucional, rotinas, práticas cotidianas e estrutura física de dois abrigos voltados ao acolhimento de adolescentes do município de Porto Alegre – um governamental e uma ONG – com o objetivo de identificar possíveis diversidades nas práticas destas instituições e avaliar se esses ambientes de abrigo estão oferecendo um espaço referencial e reorganizador para os abrigados. A pesquisa investiga também se estes ‘novos’ ambientes estão conseguindo oferecer um espaço continente e de ressignificação das experiências traumáticas anteriores que levaram à situação de abrigamento, reconhecendo quais práticas se distinguem das executadas nas grandes instituições. A pesquisa segue uma metodologia qualitativa, de caráter descritivo, denominada ‘descrição de cunho etnográfico’. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se o método de Análise de Conteúdo das narrativas dos adolescentes e adultos entrevistados. Os resultados apontam para a importância de um acolhimento personalizado e em pequenas unidades onde é possível oferecer um acolhimento mais continente ao processo adolescente, e o reconhecimento da importância dos adultos cuidadores, especialmente monitores, como pessoas significativas para os adolescentes. Ainda em relação ao importante papel dos monitores, a pesquisa levanta vários questionamentos em relação aos papéis atribuídos a estes monitores e sobre as dificuldades no atendimento quando ao invés de serem cuidadores, no sentido mais amplo da palavra, esses adultos se tornam apenas pessoas destinadas a controlar e monitorar a vida dos abrigados. A pesquisa investiga ainda a intricada relação entre o caráter provisório da medida de proteção, preconizada pelo ECA, e a necessidade do estabelecimento de vínculos entre cuidadores e abrigados e de realizar um trabalho de médio e longo prazo, visando ressignificar suas histórias. / In addition to clearly separating the roles of institutions oriented towards the protection of children and adolescents between those which serve as measures of protection (shelters) and those of a social-educative orientation, the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA, 1990) proposes new directives for sheltering children and adolescents, although, as of the present date, not all Brazilian institutions have fully implemented these guidelines. This current research analyses the institutional context, routines, daily practices and physical structures of two shelters that receive children and adolescents in the town of Porto Alegre – one governmental and the other non-governmental (NGO) – with the principal goal of identifying possible differences between the practices of these two institutions and evaluating if these shelter environments are offering referential and reorganising spaces to the sheltered. This research also investigates whether these ‘new’ environments are offering a continent space, capable of promoting resignification of the previous traumatic experiences that lead to sheltering, whilst identifying the practices which are distinct from those conducted at large institutions. The research follows a descriptive, qualitative methodology, called 'description of an ethnographic nature', based on the Content Analysis method of the narratives of interviewed adults and adolescents. The results point towards the importance of both personalised attendance and the use of small units, where it is possible to offer a more continent holding of the adolescent process, and shows the importance of the caring adults, especially the monitors, as meaningful figures to the adolescents. With respect to the important role of the monitors, this research raises several questions related to the roles attributed to these monitors and to the difficulties observed when, instead of taking care of the adolescents, the monitors are focus purely on the control and observation of the sheltered ones lives. This research also investigates the intricate relationship between the provisory nature of the measure of protection, as praised by ECA, and the need to establish bonds between the carers and the sheltered, as well as the necessity of a medium and long-term continuation of the holding process, as a means of permitting a resignification of the sheltered-one’s life stories.

Cette thèse part d'une réflexion sur l'inédit hors norme mis en acte par Jeanne la Pucelle, faisant d'elle la matrice de Jeanne d'Arc. Pour saisir sa singulière spécificité paradoxale, nous postulons que les changements majeurs opérés en et par l'anomalie Jeanne la Pucelle peuvent s'expliquer par un processus adolescent à l'œuvre, un travail d'adolescence créateur. Elle est un exemple emblématique d'adolescente hors temps de l'adolescence sociale. Le langage de ses actes verbaux et comportementaux transgressifs, d'ordre narcissique phallique, laisse transparaître l'expression d'une féminité masculine, qui condense une combinatoire d'identifications et d'idéaux transmis par les figures parentales, mais remaniés. Pour ce temps pubertaire, nous postulons que la voix johannique ne signe pas l'entrée dans la psychose, mais fonctionne comme un double de soi, un interlocuteur transitionnel ouvrant à une relation de soi à soi et à l'autre ; comme un étai autorisant et stimulant une création de soi originale en son temps.Au XIXe siècle, des républicains et des nationalistes, visant à bâtir une nouvelle France fondée sur de nouvelles origines, fabriquent une position idéologique par un roman national, qui met la fonction héroïque de Jeanne d'Arc au service de l'idéalisme patriotique. Prototype du héros patriote, elle sert de support et vecteur d'identification héroïque et d'idéaux collectifs. Le nouage identification-identité-idéal à l'individuel et au collectif fait liaison pour cerner les enjeux identitaires d'un sujet en devenir et d'une nation qui se construisent, et pour répondre au besoin identitaire du sujet et à son désir de réparation de traumatisme et de préjudice. / This thesis is based on thinking around the unprecedented action of the Maid of Orléans which created the Joan of Arc matrix. In order to understand this intriguing and singular specificity, we hypothesise that the major changes operated in and by the anomaly of the Maid of Orléans can be explained by the adolescent process, the work of a creating adolescent. She is emblematic of the adolescent who finds themselves developing outside of the social framework of adolescence. The language of her transgressive verbal and behavioural actions, which can be viewed as phallic-narcissistic, express a masculine femininity in which a combination of identifications and ideals passed on by the parent figures are coalesced and reworked. In a pubescent context, we hypothesis that the voices heard by Joan of Arc are not a sign of psychosis but a sort of double of herself, a transitional intermediary, opening up the development of a relationship with herself and with others; a form of support which authorises and stimulates the creation of a self that is both original and disturbing in medieval times.In the XIXth century, Republicans and Nationalists, building a new France, on new foundations, established an ideological position through national storytelling which used Joan of Arc's heroic function to further patriotic idealism. A prototype of the patriotic hero, she was to be used as a support and vector of heroic identification and shared ideals. The identification-identity-ideal nexus is deployed in both the individual and the collective: it helps to understand the identity issues, to respond to the individual's need for identity and the desire to repair the trauma and damage inflicted.

La prise en charge des adolescents auteurs d’actes transgressifs consiste à assurer la relance du processus de subjectivation entravé par le processus adolescent et les traumas infantiles. Les transformations liées à l’adolescence laissent les jeunes sujets aux prises avec une excitation désorganisatrice ou absente et une souffrance non reconnue, qui se manifestent dans des somatisations et des agirs répétitifs. Ces modalités d’expression de la souffrance sur la scène institutionnelle sont en attente d’une réponse de l’environnement. L’organisation du dispositif de prise en charge permet la relance des processus adolescent et de subjectivation et apporte une réponse à la souffrance des adolescents :- s’il prend les caractéristiques du rite d’initiation (contention dans un espace en vue d’une réinsertion dans la société après avoir subi des transformations).- s’il permet un emboîtement d’enveloppes (intrainstitutionnelles ou interinstitutionnelles) contenantes et pare-excitantes, utilisées par les adolescents pour suppléer aux défaillances de certaines fonctions de leur appareil psychique (espace psychique élargi).- s’il propose un accompagnement caractérisé par le « vivre avec » et le « faire avec ». Ces modalités d’intervention favorisent les processus de transformations psychiques grâce aux réponses apportées par les professionnels, et, autorisent les adolescents à trouver-créer ce dispositif pour construire leur avenir (notion de contenir). Dans ce cadre, l’enfermement sert de médiation éducative et thérapeutique. La place du psychologue, dans le « vivre avec », favorise la mise en sens des projections des adolescents et une restitution auprès d’eux de leurs vécus internes matérialisant une continuité psychique entre la réalité externe et la réalité interne. Dans sa fonction de réceptivité et de présence, il assure la réappropriation des vécus projetés et de la groupalité interne. / The care of teenage authors of transgressive acts consists in ensuring the revival of the subjectivation process hampered by the adolescent process and the infantile traumas. The transformations that adolescence involves let the young people in the grip of a disorganising or inexistant excitation and a denied distress they express through somatizations and repetitive passages to the act. These means of suffering expression on the institutional scene are expecting an environment answer. The organisation of the care plan reactivates both the adolescent and subjectivation processes and responds to the suffering of the young:- if it has the features of the initiation rite (the contention aims at a reinsertion into society after transformations occurred).- if it allows a stacking of the envelopes (intrainstitutional or interinstitutional) which have containing and counter-excitation functions, and that adolescents employ for filling the deficiences of some of their psyche functions (enlarged psychic space).- if it provides a support made with the « vivre avec » and the « faire avec ». These terms of intervention facilitate the psychic transformations processes thanks to the support professionnals provide and permit the adolescents to find-create this mechanism for building their future (notion of contain). In this context, the contention means educative and therapeutic mediation. The function of the psychologue, in the « vivre avec », helps in giving a meaning to the projections of the adolescents and a restitution to them of their internal experiences materializing a psychic continuity between external reality and internal reality. As part of his receptivity and presence functions, he ensures reappropriation of the projected experiences as well as the internal groupality.