The pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) prohormone produces several biologically active peptides, including £\-melanocyte-stimulating hormones (£\-MSH, £]-MSH, £^-MSH), corticotrophin (ACTH) and £]-endorphin. POMC-expressing neurons in the brain play a major role in the control of pain, energy homeostasis, pigmentation, adrenocortical function, and sebaceous gland lipid production. Recently, the peripheral POMC system is under active investigation to delineate their pathogenic roles in metabolic diseases such as Cushing¡¦s syndrome and obesity. In the present study, we employed adenovirus gene delivery system to achieve POMC overexpression in the livers of adult C57/BL6 mice. In the endocrine system of adrenal glands, hepatic POMC overexpression mice display hypertrophy the ACTH levels elevated concentrations in the blood, the ACTH receptor, melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2-R) were decrease. This phenomenon explained the local adrenal gland tissue was inhibiting and feedback from central hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis. Meanwhile, we investigated the islets of Langerhans in hepatic POMC overexpression mice, the insulin were disappear but the glucagon were constant, these reflect the blood sugar were loss of balance, maybe progress to metabolic syndrome. Subsequently, hepatic POMC overexpression resulted in liver injuries that the ALT and AST levels were significantly higher, the fat accumulation in the liver and the glycogen were diminished to nearly 1/4 of basal levels. Evidence the hepatic POMC overexpression induced inflammatory and fatty changes in the livers of mice. In summary, POMC gene delivery induces systemic POMC overexpression and results in fatty liver and adrenal dysfunction, which may facilitates a mice model for Cushing¡¦s-like metabolic syndrome.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1969. / Typewritten.

Se investigan la prevalencia y características generales de los tumores de la glándula adrenal en 10.000 vacas de 5 a 13 años, faenadas en un frigorífico de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Se describen las características macroscópicas e histopatológicas de 136 lesiones halladas en 124 animales, que incluyen 33 feocromocitomas, 26 adenomas y 18 carcinomas corticales, 22 neurofibromas y un neuroblastoma. Igualmente se consideran las lesiones seudotumorales que incluyen hiperplasia cortical focal, "mielolipoma", focos de tejido hemopoyético y nódulos de células claras. Se analizan los datos obtenidos sobre influencia geográfica y la edad, tipo y estado general de los animales afectados. / The prevalence and general characteristics of adrenal tumors among 10.000 cows from 5 to 13 years old, slaughtered at an establishent in Buenos Aires province, were investigated. Macroscopic and histopathologic charasteristics of 136 lesions found in 124 animals were described; they included 33 pheochromocytomas, 26 adenomas and 18 cortical carcinomas, 22 neurofibromas and 1 neuroblastoma. Tumor-like lesions were also considered; they included focal cortical hyperplasia, "myelolipoma", haemotopoietic foci and clear cell nodule. Collected data on geographic influence, age, breed and carcass condition of the affected animals were evaluated.

I tested a prevalent assumption in glucocorticoid research that states that each species has a dominant glucocorticoid, and cortisol and corticosterone are interchangeable steroids. A comprehensive analysis of historical and current data failed to support this assumption and revealed evidence of drift away from exploration of cortisol and corticosterone as dual, important adrenal products to the exclusive quantification of one, dominant glucocorticoid. Originating approximately 30 years ago, the dominant glucocorticoid/ interchangeability assumption is now portrayed in textbook images used to represent adrenal steroid biosynthesis and is widespread throughout empirical research. Less than 1% of over 50,000 published papers relating to the glucocorticoids have considered the potential for independence in glucocorticoid signaling by quantifying both cortisol and corticosterone within a sample. A dispersed literature shows independent regulation of cortisol and corticosterone, extensive inter-species variation in glucocorticoid concentrations and cortisol: corticosterone ratios and adrenal synthesis of the non-dominant glucocorticoid during early development. We hypothesize that there is a functional duality in glucocorticoid signaling and use mass spectrometry to explore the glucocorticoid profile of the full-term human (n = 125) and guinea pig (n = 28) fetus (both cortisol-dominant species). The sample preparation method yielded poor steroid recoveries (~ 4-28%), which made quantification by mass spectrometry challenging, but in both species corticosterone concentrations were significantly higher in fetal blood compared to umbilical venous or umbilical mixed blood (p < 0.0001), suggesting fetal corticosterone enrichment. Within an individual, cortisol was not an accurate predictor of corticosterone for either species (human, r = 0.001, p > 0.05; guinea pig, r = 0.14, p > 0.05) and our data suggests independent glucocorticoid responses; in humans, cortisol was significantly higher in vaginal deliveries relative to elective Caesarian sections (p < 0.0001) but corticosterone was unaffected. Guinea pig fetal corticosterone was not affected by daily maternal stress during gestation but cortisol was significantly lower in stressed fetuses (p < 0.05). While these preliminary data require further investigation, we conclude that fetuses from the human and guinea pig actively secrete the non-dominant glucocorticoid in late gestation and suggest that there is a functional duality in glucocorticoid signaling. / Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2010-01-25 10:28:26.307

Adrenal glands from five species of South African antelope; cape eland (Taurotragus o.oryx), gemsbok (Oryx g.gazella), southern greater kudu (Tragelaphus s.strepsiceros), red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama), springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis hofmeyri), were collected from 43 trophy-hunted males for histology and corticosteroid analysis. The gross anatomy of the adrenal glands are species-specific, with the left gland being most variable. There were differences found in the number of cortex capsular layers and zona glomerulosa between species. Extensive capsular trabeculae penetrates deep into the cortex in only the largest antelope, i.e. eland and gemsbok, and are representative of these species. In all species the zona glomerulosa form variations in types of cellular cord structures, with the greater kudu having the most unique architecture of horizontally stratified, highly columnar cells that form winding cords which arches at the capsular end, and resemble those observed in equine species. Medullary capsules were observed in the eland, and incomplete capsules in the gemsbok and greater kudu. The medulla is characterized by an outer, adrenaline secreting zone that encapsulates a inner noradrenaline secreting zone in all species. The corticosteroid patterns are typical of bovids, with cortisol and corticosterone present, however significantly larger amounts of 18-hydroxy-corticosterone were found in all species of antelope. The total identified corticosteroid contents had interspecies differences, which are possibly based on species body size.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--Bowling Green State University, 2008. / Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 57 p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2010. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 67 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-67).

Part of Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1932. / "Private edition, distributed by the University of Chicago Libraries, Chicago, Illinois." Bibliography: p. 11-12.