Ces travaux de recherche portent sur la caractérisation des phénomènes instationnaires associés aux écoulements décollés induits à la fois par un gradient de pression adverse et un effet de courbure. Ce type de décollement est très couramment rencontré, en particulier dans le secteur des transports. Cette étude repose sur une approche purement expérimentale réalisée en canal hydrodynamique à l’aide de techniques de mesure non intrusives permettant de ne pas dénaturer la dynamique très sensible du phénomène de décollement de couche limite. Le décollement est, dans notre cas de figure, provoqué par un obstacle 2dne présentant pas de rupture de pente. Le régime d’écoulement étudié est principalement turbulent et la gamme des nombres de Kármán analysée s’étale de 60 à 730. L’objectif principal de cette étude est d’évaluer les effets Reynolds sur l’étendue et l’existence même du phénomène de décollement de couche limite, mais également sur la dynamique des instabilités, identifiées à plus bas régime dans la littérature. Les mesures effectuées dans le cadre de ces travaux ont tout d’abord permis de constituer une base de donnéesexpérimentale étoffée, et d’établir que le décollement de couche limite ainsi que les instabilités induites par celui-ci, identifiées en régime laminaire, persistent à plus haut nombre de Kármán. Les fréquences associées aux instabilités ont également été identifiées ainsi que les paramètres caractéristiques pilotant leur dynamique. La dynamique spatio-temporelle de ces instabilités et en particulier celle du phénomène debattement du bulbe décollé a été détaillée notamment par le biais d’une analyse stochastique. Finalement, la répartition relativement étendue des grandes échelles tourbillonnaires associées aux mécanismes instables (soulignée notamment par leur émergence spectrale large bande) a également été mise en évidence, ainsi que certains phénomènes dynamiques secondaires. L’ensemble de ces résultats et en particulier l’identification des paramètres clés pilotant la dynamique du décollement de la couche limite s’avèreront très utiles en vue de concevoir par la suite des modèles simplifiés reproduisant le plus fidèlement possible la dynamique des décollements afin de mieux pouvoir les contrôler. / These investigations concern the characterization of unsteady phenomena associated to the boundary layer separation induced by both an adverse pressure gradient and a curvature effects. This kind of separation is very usual, particularly in the transport field. This study, essentially based on an experimental approach, is carried out in an hydrodynamic channel using non intrusive measurement techniques. They respect the very sensitive dynamics of the boundary layer separation phenomenon. The separation is, in our case, induced by a 2d obstacle without sharp corner. The studied flow regime is mainly turbulentand the analyzed Kármán number ranges from 60 to 730. The main aim of this study is to estimate the Reynolds number effects on the boundary layer separation length and even on the existence of such phenomenon, but also on the instabilities dynamics, identified in the literature especially for laminar flow regime. The measurements made within the framework of these works allowed, first to built a large experimental database, and secondly to establish that the boundary layer separation and also the associate instabilities, identified for laminar flow, persist even for higher Kármán number. The frequencies associated to the instabilities phenomena have been also identified as well as the characteristic parameters driving their dynamics. The instabilities space-time dynamic, in particular those of the flapping phenomenon were detailed using stochastic analysis. Finally, the large scales distribution associated with the unstable mechanisms (underlined by their spectral broadband frequency range) were also highlighted, as well asothers secondary dynamic phenomena. All these results, especially the identification of the key parameters driving the boundary layer separation, will turn out very useful to design afterward simplified models reproducing as faithfully as possible the separation dynamics and to be able to control them better.

<p>Boundary layer separation is usually an unwanted phenomenon in most technical applications as for instance on airplane wings, on ground vehicles and in internal flows such as diffusers. If separation occurs it leads to loss of lift, higher drag and results in energy losses. It is therefore important to be able to find methods to control and if possible avoid separation altogether without introducing a too heavy penalty such as increased drag, energy consuming suction etc.</p><p>In the present work we study one such control method, namely the use of vortex generators (VGs), which are known to be able to hinder turbulent boundary layer separation. We first study the downstream development of streamwise vortices behind pairs and arrays of vortex generators and how the strength of the vortices is coupled to the relative size of the vortex generators in comparison to the boundary layer size. Both the amplitude and the trajectory of the vortices are tracked in the downstream direction. Also the influences of yaw and free stream turbulence on the vortices are investigated. This part of the study is made with hot-wire anemometry where all three velocity components of the vortex structure are measured. The generation of circulation by the VGs scales excellently with the VG blade height and the velocity at the blade edge. The magnitude of circulation was found to be independent of yaw angle.</p><p>The second part of the study deals with the control effect of vortex generators on three different cases where the strength of the adverse pressure gradient (APG) in a turbulent boundary layer has been varied. In this case the measurements have been made with particle image velocimetry. It was found that the streamwise position where the VGs are placed is not critical for the control effect. For the three different APG cases approximately the same level of circulation was needed to inhibit separation. In contrast to some previous studies we find no evidence of a universal detachment shape factor<i> H</i>_12,that is independent of pressure gradient.</p>

Boundary layer separation is usually an unwanted phenomenon in most technical applications as for instance on airplane wings, on ground vehicles and in internal flows such as diffusers. If separation occurs it leads to loss of lift, higher drag and results in energy losses. It is therefore important to be able to find methods to control and if possible avoid separation altogether without introducing a too heavy penalty such as increased drag, energy consuming suction etc. In the present work we study one such control method, namely the use of vortex generators (VGs), which are known to be able to hinder turbulent boundary layer separation. We first study the downstream development of streamwise vortices behind pairs and arrays of vortex generators and how the strength of the vortices is coupled to the relative size of the vortex generators in comparison to the boundary layer size. Both the amplitude and the trajectory of the vortices are tracked in the downstream direction. Also the influences of yaw and free stream turbulence on the vortices are investigated. This part of the study is made with hot-wire anemometry where all three velocity components of the vortex structure are measured. The generation of circulation by the VGs scales excellently with the VG blade height and the velocity at the blade edge. The magnitude of circulation was found to be independent of yaw angle. The second part of the study deals with the control effect of vortex generators on three different cases where the strength of the adverse pressure gradient (APG) in a turbulent boundary layer has been varied. In this case the measurements have been made with particle image velocimetry. It was found that the streamwise position where the VGs are placed is not critical for the control effect. For the three different APG cases approximately the same level of circulation was needed to inhibit separation. In contrast to some previous studies we find no evidence of a universal detachment shape factor H12, that is independent of pressure gradient. / QC 20101119

Boundary layer separation is an unwanted phenomenon in most technical applications, as for instance on airplane wings, ground vehicles and in internal flow systems. If separation occurs, it causes loss of lift, higher drag and energy losses. It is thus essential to develop methods to eliminate or delay separation.In the present experimental work streamwise vortices are introduced in turbulent boundary layers to transport higher momentum fluid towards the wall. This enables the boundary layer to stay attached at  larger pressure gradients. First the adverse pressure gradient (APG) separation bubbles that are to be eliminated are studied. It is shown that, independent of pressure gradient, the mean velocity defect profiles are self-similar when the scaling proposed by Zagarola and Smits is applied to the data. Then vortex pairs and arrays of vortices of different initial strength are studied in zero pressure gradient (ZPG). Vane-type vortex generators (VGs) are used to generate counter-rotating vortex pairs, and it is shown that the vortex core trajectories scale with the VG height h and the spanwise spacing of the blades. Also the streamwise evolution of the turbulent quantities scale with h. As the vortices are convected downstream they seem to move towards a equidistant state, where the distance from the vortex centres to the wall is half the spanwise distance between two vortices. Yawing the VGs up to 20° do not change the generated circulation of a VG pair. After the ZPG measurements, the VGs where applied in the APG mentioned above. It is shown that that the circulation needed to eliminate separation is nearly independent of the pressure gradient and that the streamwise position of the VG array relative to the separated region is not critical to the control effect. In a similar APG jet vortex generators (VGJs) are shown to as effective as the passive VGs. The ratio VR of jet velocity and test section inlet velocity is varied and a control effectiveness optimum is found for VR=5. At 40° yaw the VGJs have only lost approximately 20% of the control effect. For pulsed VGJs the pulsing frequency, the duty cycle and VR were varied. It was shown that to achieve maximum control effect the injected mass flow rate should be as large as possible, within an optimal range of jet VRs. For a given injected mass flow rate, the important parameter was shown to be the injection time t1. A non-dimensional injection time is defined as t1+ = t1Ujet/d, where d is the jet orifice diameter. Here, the optimal  t1+ was 100-200. / QC 20100825

Generating an adverse pressure gradient (APG), using a rotating cylinder in the proximity of a plane wall under a laminar freestream flow, is studied numerically in this work. The magnitude of the generated APG is a function of the gap, G, between the cylinder and the wall, and the rotational speed of the cylinder, Ω. The flow in such a configuration is characterized by periodic transient vortex shedding at high Reynolds number. A numerical model for the computation of the transient flow for this configuration is developed using the ANSYS CFD simulation tool. The model is validated against published experimental and numerical data for similar flow configurations and excellent agreement is observed. A parametric study is carried out for different combinations of G and Ω for two different Reynolds numbers of 200 and 1000 to examine the development of the resulting separation bubble due to the generated APG. The mechanism of the boundary layer separation over the plane wall and the corresponding wake dynamics is investigated. Results are presented in terms of the distribution of the pressure coefficient as well as skin friction coefficient along the wall and flow patterns around and downstream of the cylinder in the proximity of the wall. The results of these computations confirm that using a rotating cylinder over a plane wall in a freestream flow is an effective technique to generate a controlled range of adverse pressure gradients.

This thesis is focused on direct numerical simulation (DNS) of compressible and incompressible fully developed and developing turbulent flows between isothermal walls using a discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM). Three cases (Ma = 0.2, 0.7 and 1.5) of DNS of turbulent channel flows between isothermal walls with Re ~ 2800, based on bulk velocity and half channel width, have been carried out. It is found that a power law seems to scale mean streamwise velocity with Ma slightly better than the more usual log-law. Inner and outer scaling of second-order and higher-order statistics have been analyzed. The linkage between the pressure gradient and vorticity flux on the wall has been theoretically derived and confirmed and they are highly correlated very close to the wall. The correlation coefficients are influenced by Ma, and viscosity when Ma is high. The near-wall spanwise streak spacing increases with Ma. Isosurfaces of the second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor are more sparsely distributed and elongated as Ma increases. DNS of turbulent isothermal-wall bounded flow subjected to favourable and adverse pressure gradient (FPG, APG) at Ma ~ 0.2 and Reref ~ 428000, based on the inlet bulk velocity and the streamwise length of the bottom wall, is also investigated. The FPG/APG is obtained by imposing a concave/convex curvature on the top wall of a plane channel. The flows on the bottom and top walls are tripped turbulent and laminar boundary layers, respectively. It is observed that the first and second order statistics are strongly influenced by the pressure gradients. The cross-correlation coefficients of the pressure gradients and vorticity flux remain constant across the FPG/APG regions of the flat wall. High correlations between the streamwise/wallnormal pressure gradient and the spanwise vorticity are found near the separation region close to the curved top wall. The angle of inclined hairpin structure to streamwise direction of the bottom wall is smaller (flatter) in the FPG region than the APG region. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-12-21 13:59:53.084

Le contrôle d’écoulement permet d’éliminer le phénomène de décollement de couches limites, très néfaste pour les performances des machines interagissant avec un fluide (avions, voitures, turbomachines ...). Ces travaux s’intéressent plus particulièrement au contrôle actif d’écoulement au moyen de jets continus. Une maquette permettant de manipuler l’équilibre de la couche limite a été conçue et installée dans la soufflerie du Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille. La première partie du travail a consisté en la caractérisation de l’écoulement autour du modèle à l’aide de visualisations par fils de laine et par enduit gras, de mesures de répartition de pression, de mesures par anémométrie à fils chauds et par PIV. Ceci a permis de définir la configuration du modèle la plus appropriée pour les études de contrôle mais aussi de connaître précisément les caractéristiques de l’écoulement sélectionné. La configuration retenue correspond à un écoulement en gradient de pression adverse suivi d’une séparation sur le volet, un peu comme sur l’extrados d’une aile d’avion. L’utilisation de sondes de frottement associées à des visualisations aux fils de laine ont permis d’étudier et d’optimiser des actionneurs passifs, puis des actionneurs à jets continus. Certaines des configurations actives optimales ont ensuite été caractérisées plus en détail par une mesure par PIV englobant toute la zone de séparation. Il apparaît que les jets continus ne suppriment pas complètement les mécanismes de la séparation mais réduisent leur intensité et les concentrent plus ou moins près de la paroi / Flow control allows to suppress boundary layers separation, which largely deteriorates the performances of machineries which interact with fluid (aircraft, cars, turbomachineries, etc.). This study concentrates more particularly on active flow control with continuous jets. A ramp model which allows to manipulate the boundary layer equilibrium was realized and set in Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille wind tunnel. The first part of the work was to characterize the flow over the model with wool-tufts and oil-film visualisations, pressure distribution, hot-wire anemometry and PIV measurements. The aim was to define a ramp configuration for the flow control study and to know precisely the characteristics of the retained flow. The selected configuration corresponds to an adverse pressure gradient flow followed by a separation on the flap, which mimics the flow on the suction side of a wing. With friction probes coupled with wool-tufts visualisations, passive actuators and active continuous jets were studied and optimised. Finally, some of the optimum active configurations found were characterized in more details with PIV measurements over the entire separated region. It appears that continuous jets do not suppress the separation mechanisms, but only reduce their intensity and squeeze them more or less against the wall

Many flow cases in fluid dynamics face undesirable flow separation due to ad-verse pressure gradients on wall boundaries. This occurs, for example, due togeometrical reasons as in a highly curved turbine-inlet duct or on flow-controlsurfaces such as wing trailing-edge flaps within a certain angle-of-attack range.Here, flow-control devices are often used in order to enhance the flow and delayor even totally eliminate flow separation. Flow control can e.g. be achieved byusing passive or active vortex generators (VGs) for momentum mixing in theboundary layer of such flows. This thesis focusses on such passive and activeVGs and their modelling for computational fluid dynamics investigations. First, a statistical VG model approach for passive vane vortex genera-tors (VVGs), developed at the Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm andthe Swedish Defence Research Agency, was evaluated and further improvedby means of experimental data and three-dimensional fully-resolved computa-tions. This statistical VVG model approach models those statistical vortexstresses that are generated at the VG by the detaching streamwise vortices.This is established by means of the Lamb-Oseen vortex model and the Prandtllifting-line theory for the determination of the vortex strength. Moreover, thisansatz adds the additional vortex stresses to the turbulence of a Reynolds-stresstransport model. Therefore, it removes the need to build fully-resolved three-dimensional geometries of VVGs in a computational fluid dynamics mesh. Usu-ally, the generation of these fully-resolved geometries is rather costly in termsof preprocessing and computations. By applying VVG models, the costs arereduced to that of computations without VVGs. The original and an improvedcalibrated passive VVG model show sensitivity for parameter variations suchas the modelled VVG geometry and the VVG model location on a flat plate inzero- and adverse-pressure-gradient flows, in a diffuser, and on an airfoil withits high-lift system extracted. It could be shown that the passive VG modelqualitatively and partly quantitatively describes correct trends and tendenciesfor these different applications. In a second step, active vortex-generator jets (VGJs) are considered. They were experimentally investigated in a zero-pressure-gradient flat-plate flow atTechnische Universitä̈t Braunschweig, Germany, and have been re-evaluated for our purposes and a parameterization of the generated vortices was conducted. Dependencies of the generated vortices and their characteristics on the VGJsetup parameters could be identified and quantified. These dependencies wereused as a basis for the development of a new statistical VGJ model. This modeluses the ansatz of the passive VVG model in terms of the vortex model, theadditional vortex-stress tensor, and its summation to the Reynolds stress ten-sor. Yet, it does not use the Prandtl lifting-line theory for the determinationof the circulation but an ansatz for the balance of the momentum impact thatthe VGJ has on the mean flow. This model is currently under developmentand first results have been evaluated against experimental and fully-resolvedcomputational results of a flat plate without pressure gradient. / <p>QC 20120511</p>

This thesis is an experimental study of turbulent flows over smooth and rough walls in a channel that consists of an upstream parallel section to produce a fully developed channel flow and a diverging section to produce an adverse pressure gradient (APG) flow. The roughness elements used were two-dimensional square ribs of nominal height k = 3 mm. The ribs were secured to the lower wall of the channel and spaced to produce the following three pitches: 2k, 4k and 8k, corresponding to d-type, intermediate and k-type rough walls, respectively. For each rough wall type, the ribs were inclined at 90°, 45° and 30° to the approach flow. The velocity measurements were performed using a particle image velocimetry technique. The results showed that rib roughness enhanced the drag characteristics, and the degree of enhancement increased with increasing pitch. The level of turbulence production and Reynolds stresses were significantly increased by roughness beyond the roughness sublayer. It was observed that the population, sizes and the level of organization of hairpin vortices varied with roughness and more intense quadrant events were found over the smooth wall than the rough walls. APG reinforced wall roughness in augmenting the equivalent sand grain roughness height, turbulence production and Reynolds stresses. APG also reduced the sizes of the hairpin packets but strengthened the quadrant events in comparison to the results obtained in the parallel section. The secondary flow induced by inclined ribs significantly altered the distributions of the flow characteristics across the span of the channel. Generally, the mean flow was less uniform close to the trailing edge of the ribs compared to the flows at the mid-span and close to the leading edge of the ribs. The Reynolds stresses and hairpin packets were distinctly larger close to the trailing edge of the ribs. Rib inclination also decreased the drag characteristics and significantly modified the distributions of the Reynolds stresses and quadrant events. In the parallel section, the physical sizes of the hairpin packets were larger over 45° ribs whereas in the diverging section, the sizes were larger over perpendicular ribs.

This thesis is an experimental study of turbulent flows over smooth and rough walls in a channel that consists of an upstream parallel section to produce a fully developed channel flow and a diverging section to produce an adverse pressure gradient (APG) flow. The roughness elements used were two-dimensional square ribs of nominal height k = 3 mm. The ribs were secured to the lower wall of the channel and spaced to produce the following three pitches: 2k, 4k and 8k, corresponding to d-type, intermediate and k-type rough walls, respectively. For each rough wall type, the ribs were inclined at 90°, 45° and 30° to the approach flow. The velocity measurements were performed using a particle image velocimetry technique. The results showed that rib roughness enhanced the drag characteristics, and the degree of enhancement increased with increasing pitch. The level of turbulence production and Reynolds stresses were significantly increased by roughness beyond the roughness sublayer. It was observed that the population, sizes and the level of organization of hairpin vortices varied with roughness and more intense quadrant events were found over the smooth wall than the rough walls. APG reinforced wall roughness in augmenting the equivalent sand grain roughness height, turbulence production and Reynolds stresses. APG also reduced the sizes of the hairpin packets but strengthened the quadrant events in comparison to the results obtained in the parallel section. The secondary flow induced by inclined ribs significantly altered the distributions of the flow characteristics across the span of the channel. Generally, the mean flow was less uniform close to the trailing edge of the ribs compared to the flows at the mid-span and close to the leading edge of the ribs. The Reynolds stresses and hairpin packets were distinctly larger close to the trailing edge of the ribs. Rib inclination also decreased the drag characteristics and significantly modified the distributions of the Reynolds stresses and quadrant events. In the parallel section, the physical sizes of the hairpin packets were larger over 45° ribs whereas in the diverging section, the sizes were larger over perpendicular ribs.