Thesis--University of Illinois. / "Contribution no. 277 from the entomological laboratories of the University of Illinois." Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-119).

In this thesis, I investigate the relationship between two variables for which persistent directional sexual selection is an evolutionary driver: condition dependence and sexual dimorphism. This joint dependence on sexual selection predicts that among traits within a given species, greater dimorphism should be associated with stronger condition dependence. Very few studies have tested this prediction, and those that have focus on species with highly exaggerated and strongly dimorphic traits between the sexes. Here, I quantified variation in a suite of morphological traits in a dipteran species – the antler fly, Protopiophila litigata – in which sexual dimorphism is less extensive. I manipulated condition via different larval diets and then quantified the effects on adult body size and shape in both sexes. Across traits, I found that the extent of sexual dimorphism was positively associated with the strength of condition dependence in males but not in females. These results suggest a shared developmental basis to condition dependence and sexual dimorphism in body shape, and suggest that this has arisen via sexual selection in males despite the absence of extremely dimorphic shared traits.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2017-10-31T12:38:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO michele.pdf: 3067898 bytes, checksum: 4e684091426aed5eb28e585d5db27abb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T12:38:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO michele.pdf: 3067898 bytes, checksum: 4e684091426aed5eb28e585d5db27abb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Alticinae apresenta características cariotípicas muito interessantes quanto a variação do número diplóide, do sistema de determinação sexual e irregularidades meióticas. O número cromossômico mais frequente é de 11 ou 12 pares. As espécies de Oedionychina estudadas citogeneticamente possuem 2n= 22,10II+X+Y com cromossomos sexuais gigantes. No que se refere à posição sistemática existem muitas divergências entre os estudos e problemas de identificação das espécies pertencentes aos vários gêneros. O estudo com técnicas mais refinadas e o mapeamento do DNA r 5S é recente em Coleoptera, e as poucas espécies de Alticinae estudadas mostram a presença de dois ou três pares autossômicos. Assim, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar citogeneticamente e propor as estratégias de diferenciação cariotípica para as espécies de Omophoita communis e Omophoita sexnotata. A análise citogenética dos indivíduos de duas populações de O. communis estudadas mostrou a ocorrência de grande variação no número diploide e morfologia cromossômica, sendo possível separá-las em dois citótipos. O citótipo I possui 2n= 22 e o citótipo II 2n= 12, sendo essa variação é descrita pela primeira vez no gênero. Adicionalmente, o estudo da morfologia do edeago mostrou diferenças, indicando um provável padrão de diferenciação das duas espécies. A análise da árvore consenso da reconstrução filogenética também evidencia que os citótipos mostram agrupamentos diferentes e reforçam a hipótese de duas espécies. O estudo do mapeamento do gene DNAr 5S em O. sexnotata evidenciou a presença desse cluster em todos os cromossomos autossômicos, sendo esse padrão de dispersão nunca descrito em Coleoptera. Na literatura, a dispersão dos genes ribossomais está sempre relacionada com a presença de elementos transponíveis. O resultado do sequenciamento dos fragmentos de 5S ribossomal obtidos de cada cromossomo de O. sexnotata resultaram em sequencias similares a RNAr 5S de Drosophila melanogaster, elemento transponível EnSpm, retropseudogene de 5S e microssatélite. Adicionalmente, a analise da estrutura secundaria do RNAr 5S, mostrou que as sequencias obtidas não são funcionais quando comparadas seus percentuais de energia livre em relação ao percentual da sequencia original do RNAr 5S. / Alticinae presents karyotypic characteristics very interesting as the variation of the diploid number, sex determination system and meiotic irregularities. The most frequent chromosome number is 11 or 12 pairs. The species cytogenetically studied Oedionychina have 2n = 22,10 II + X + Y with giant sex chromosomes. In relation to the systematic position there are many divergence between the studies and problems of identification of species belonging to several genera. The study with more refined techniques and rDNA 5s mapping is recent in Coleoptera , and the few Alticinae species studied show the presence of two or three autosomal pairs. Thus, this study aims to analyze cytogenetically and propose strategies for the species karyotype differentiation of Omophoita communis and Omophoita sexnotata. Cytogenetic analysis of individuals of both populations of O. communis showed the existence of a large variation in diploid number and chromosome morphology, being possible to separate them into two cytotypes. Cytotype I presented 2n = 22 and cytotype II 2n = 12, this variation is described for the first time in the genus. Additionally, the study of the morphology of the aedeagus showed differences, indicating a likely pattern of differentiation of the two species. The phylogenetic reconstruction consensus tree analysis also presented that cytotypes show different groupings and reinforce the hypothesis of two species. The 5S rDNA gene mapping of O. sexnotata showed the presence of this cluster in all autosomes, this dispersal pattern was never described in Coleoptera before. In the literature, the dispersion of ribosomal genes is always associated with the presence of transposable elements. The sequencing of 5S rRNA fragments obtained from each chromosome of O. sexnotata resulted in similar to 5S rRNA sequences of Drosophila melanogaster transposable element EnSpm, retropseudogene 5S and microsatellite. Additionally, analysis of the secondary structure of 5S rRNA showed that the sequences obtained are not functional compared their percentage of free energy with the percentage of the original sequence of the 5S rRNA .