With widespread use of pesticides in modern agriculture, the impacts of spray drift have become a topic of considerable interest. The drifting of sprays is a highly complex process influenced by many factors. Advances in aerial application technology and in our ability to measure drift, coupled with the adoption of new technologies for regulating pesticide application have necessitated further research in the pesticide application process. Experiments were conducted to quantify spray drift and describe its movement from aerial applications of pesticide. The effects of spray quality, atomizer type and ground cover were examined. Initial airborne drift amounts were greater than downwind deposits, thus not all of the drifting spray was deposited in the measuring area. Total off-target movement of spray was significantly greater for Fine compared to Coarse sprays. Rotary and hydraulic atomizers, both producing Fine sprays, produced statistically similar off-target movement of sprays. Similarly, no significant statistical differences in spray drift between applications to bare ground and applications to a headed barley crop canopy were not identified. Contrary to expectations, aerial application to bare ground seemed to result in less off-target movement than application to a crop canopy. The vertical spray cloud profiles were similar for all applications with the greatest amount of spray present at the height of release. Spray concentrations diminished from that height upward with diffusion and downward with deposition. The empirical data disagreed with the mechanistic model AgDISP which is currently used in the Canadian regulatory process. The model over-predicted drift deposition by a factor of two to five. Variability in spray deposit values could not be attributed to average differences in meteorological conditions at the time of application. Experiments with appropriate protocols for increased sensitivity may be required to more accurately report subtle differences in drift at distances greater than 200 m from the target area.

With widespread use of pesticides in modern agriculture, the impacts of spray drift have become a topic of considerable interest. The drifting of sprays is a highly complex process influenced by many factors. Advances in aerial application technology and in our ability to measure drift, coupled with the adoption of new technologies for regulating pesticide application have necessitated further research in the pesticide application process. Experiments were conducted to quantify spray drift and describe its movement from aerial applications of pesticide. The effects of spray quality, atomizer type and ground cover were examined. Initial airborne drift amounts were greater than downwind deposits, thus not all of the drifting spray was deposited in the measuring area. Total off-target movement of spray was significantly greater for Fine compared to Coarse sprays. Rotary and hydraulic atomizers, both producing Fine sprays, produced statistically similar off-target movement of sprays. Similarly, no significant statistical differences in spray drift between applications to bare ground and applications to a headed barley crop canopy were not identified. Contrary to expectations, aerial application to bare ground seemed to result in less off-target movement than application to a crop canopy. The vertical spray cloud profiles were similar for all applications with the greatest amount of spray present at the height of release. Spray concentrations diminished from that height upward with diffusion and downward with deposition. The empirical data disagreed with the mechanistic model AgDISP which is currently used in the Canadian regulatory process. The model over-predicted drift deposition by a factor of two to five. Variability in spray deposit values could not be attributed to average differences in meteorological conditions at the time of application. Experiments with appropriate protocols for increased sensitivity may be required to more accurately report subtle differences in drift at distances greater than 200 m from the target area.

Submitted by RAQUEL BERNA null (raquelberna@fca.unesp.br) on 2017-06-06T20:47:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação RAQUEL BERNA-OK.pdf: 1253285 bytes, checksum: dc8e3d42748df8551595e20b82f9ce51 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-06T20:52:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 berna_r_me_bot.pdf: 1253285 bytes, checksum: dc8e3d42748df8551595e20b82f9ce51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T20:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 berna_r_me_bot.pdf: 1253285 bytes, checksum: dc8e3d42748df8551595e20b82f9ce51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Por necessidade de maior capacidade de campo operacional durante as aplicações de produtos fitossanitários nas lavouras, a aviação agrícola têm se destacado como uma opção importante para diversas culturas. Porém, para garantir a eficácia da aplicação, alguns fatores devem ser considerados, como a calda, o elemento gerador de gotas e o fluxo de ar, pois estes irão influenciar no espectro de gotas formado e, consequentemente, no risco de ocorrer deriva. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência de diferentes adjuvantes nas características físicas das caldas contendo fungicida, analisando-se o espectro de gotas formado em função de cada ângulo de deflexão de uma ponta de pulverização aérea CP-03, buscando um indicativo de utilização dessas técnicas quanto à qualidade e segurança das aplicações. Foram avaliadas quatro caldas, sendo uma calda com fungicida, e outras três com as misturas do fungicida com cada um dos adjuvantes: um multifuncional; um óleo vegetal; e um óleo mineral. A aplicação aérea foi simulada através de um ventilador de alta capacidade, com velocidade média de vento de 180 km h-1. Na saída deste ventilador foi acoplada a ponta de pulverização CP-03, e a pulverização foi simulada com taxa de aplicação de 20 L ha-1 e pressão de 200 kPa. Todas as caldas foram pulverizadas com os três ângulos defletores da ponta (30°, 55° e 90°) e o espectro de gotas foi determinado utilizando-se um equipamento analisador de partículas em tempo real posicionado na frente do simulador (VisiSizer portátil - Oxford Lasers Ltd / UK). Entre as caldas que continham o fungicida mais um dos adjuvantes, a calda composta pelo fungicida e o adjuvante multifuncional apresentou os maiores valores de diâmetro mediano volumétrico (DMV) e menores valores percentuais de gotas menores que 100 µm (V100), com todos os ângulos defletores da ponta de pulverização CP-03, posicionando-se como melhor técnica de redução de deriva. A adição de óleo mineral a calda proporcionou o menor valor de DMV e maior valor de V100, quando comparado às outras caldas. Com relação ao potencial de redução do risco de deriva o ângulo defletor de 30°, ofereceu o melhor potencial com todas as caldas avaliadas. / Due to the necessary of a greater operational efficiency during applications of plant health products in crops, agricultural aviation has been an important option for several crops. However, to ensure the effectiveness of the application, some factors must be considered as the spray formulation, the nozzles and the air flow, as these will influence the droplet spectrum formed and, consequently, the risk of spray drift. Based on this subject, the objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of different adjuvants on the physical characteristics of the spray mixture with the behavior of the droplet spectrum formed as a function of each deflection angle of the aerial spray tip CP-03 and to find an indicative of which of them are more suitable for reducing the risk of spray drift. Four spray formulations were evaluated, one spray solution with fungicide, and the other three sprays with a mix of each of the adjuvants containing fungicide, the first one surfactant, the second one mineral oil and the third one a vegetable oil. The aerial application was simulated through a high capacity fan with a high‐speed airstreams of 180 km h-1 . At the outlet of this fan the spray tip CP-03 was coupled, and the spraying was simulated with application rate of 20 L ha -1 and pressure of 200 kPa. All spray formulations were tested by three deflecting angles (30 °, 55 ° and 90 °) and the droplet spectrum was determined using a real-time particle analyzer positioned in front of the simulator (VisiSizer portable - Oxford Lasers Ltd / UK). Between the mixture that contained the fungicide over one of the adjuvants, the mix made by the fungicide and the adjuvant-one presented the highest values of volumetric medianum diameter (VDM) and lower percentage values of droplets smaller than 100 µm (V100), with all deflecting angles tip CP-03, positioning itself as the best technique of reducing spray drift. The addition of mineral oil the mix provided the lowest value of VDM and greater value of V100, when compared to the other mixture. With respect to the potential for reducing the risk of spray drift the deflector angle of 30°, offered the best potential with all the evaluated.

The Precision Agriculture process proposes and implements spraying automation and control systems in agricultural machines, a system widely used and universal in the most diverse agricultural cultures. This work evaluates the efficiency of the application among the different spraying techniques that use Precision Agriculture technology, such as tractors (terrestrial), self-propelled (terrestrial) and aircraft (aerial), with a comparative purpose of items such as precision of application, speed of work, drops deposition and operational cost. The research region is located in the Municipality of Cachoeira do Sul, central region of Rio Grande do Sul, where agricultural activity has intense participation. The project was developed in an experimental area located in the interior of the Municipality of Cachoeira do Sul. Applications of chemical pesticides were made using three different techniques, all of which are based on the use of Precision Agriculture technology. The spraying techniques that are being evaluated are the terrestrial tratorized, terrestrial self-propelled and aerial, being the methodology based on evaluation of the accuracy of the GPS system, drop drops on the target (hydrosensitive cards), working time, cost of acquisition of machines and outsourcing (based on local budget research). The accuracy results of the navigation systems were more favorable for the self-propelled sprayer, followed by the tractor and in the airplane sequence, but both evaluated systems maintained the standardized average of precision of each navigation system. Regarding droplet deposition on the target, self-propelled spraying was more efficient (greater target arrival and less drift). In relation to the working time, aerial spraying showed much higher speed, followed by self-propelled and lastly the tratorized system. As for the equipment acquisition costs, they were sequentially expressed in decreasing order starting with the agricultural aircraft, self-propelled sprayer and tractor, and the average cost of outsourcing services remained tied between the self-propelled and aerial application and the tractor system if it showed more expensive than the others. In this way, it is concluded that the best spray system is that it adapts to the field condition and expenditure of financial investment, according to the reality of the producer. / O processo de Agricultura de Precisão propõe e implementa sistemas de automação e controle de pulverização em máquinas agrícolas, sistema utilizado de forma generalizada e universal nas mais diversas culturas agrícolas. Este trabalho avalia a eficiência da aplicação entre as diferentes técnicas de pulverização que utilizam a tecnologia de Agricultura de Precisão, como a tratorizada (terrestre), autopropelida (terrestre) e com aeronaves(aérea), com finalidade comparativa de itens como precisão de aplicação, velocidade de trabalho, deposição de gotas e custo operacional. A região de pesquisa situa-se no Município de Cachoeira do Sul, região Central do Rio Grande do Sul, onde a atividade agropecuária tem intensa participação. O projeto foi desenvolvido em uma área experimental situada no interior do Município de Cachoeira do Sul. Foram realizadas aplicações de defensivos químicos utilizando-se de três diferentes técnicas, sendo que todas têm como base a utilização da tecnologia de Agricultura de Precisão. As técnicas de pulverização que estão sendo avaliadas são a terrestre tratorizada, terrestre autopropelida e aérea, sendo a metodologia baseada em avaliação da acurácia do sistema de GPS, deposição de gotas no alvo (cartões hidrossensiveis), tempo de trabalho, custo de aquisição de máquinas e terceirização (baseado em pesquisas orçamentárias locais). Os resultados de acurácia dos sistemas de navegação mostraram-se mais favoráveis para o pulverizador autopropelido, seguido pelo tratorizado e na sequencia o avião, mas ambos os sistemas avaliados mantiveram a média padronizada de precisão de cada sistema de navegação. Em relação à deposição de gotas no alvo a pulverização autopropelida se mostrou mais eficiente (maior chegada ao alvo e menor deriva). Em relação ao tempo de trabalho, a pulverização aérea de mostrou muito superior em velocidade, seguida pelo autopropelido e por ultimo o sistema tratorizado. Quanto aos custos de aquisição de equipamento expressaram-se sequencialmente em ordem decrescente iniciando pela aeronave agrícola, pulverizador autopropelido e tratorizado, sendo o que o custo médio de terceirização de serviços se mantiveram empatados entre o autopropelido e aplicação aérea e o sistema tratorizado se mostrando mais caro que os demais. Dessa forma conclui-se que o melhor sistema de pulverização é aquele se adapta à condição de campo e dispêndio de investimento financeiro, de acordo com a realidade do produtor.

The objectives of the study were: 1st to avaluate the effects of spray volume in application with flat fan nozzels on the efficacy of the insecticides endossulfan and tiamethoxan+lambdacyalotrin in the control of Piezodorus guildinii. 2nd to avaluate and compare the eficiency of the insecticides imidacloprid+betaciflutrin and thiametoxan+cypermethrin in the control of Nezara viridula by aerial application, using rotary disc atomizers, with and without using vegetal oil and ground application. 3rd to avaluate the efficiency of the insecticides imidacloprido+beta-ciflutrina, tiamethoxan+cipermetrina e endossulfan in the control of Nezara viridula by aerial application using rotary disc atomizers and hidraulic hollow cone nozzles. The inseticide tiamethoxan+lambdacyalotrin (21,15 + 15,90 g i.a. ha-1) has biger control of Piezodorus guildinii and residual effect than endossulfan (437,50 g i.a. ha-1). Tiamethoxan+lambdacyalotrin and endossulfan have the same behavior, improving Piezodorus guildinii control s with spray volume increasing. The aerial applications using rotary disc atomizers are more eficient when it is used vegetal oil as a carrier of the insecticides. Imidacloprid+betaciflutrin and thiametoxan+cypermethrin applied using rotary disc atomizers, with spray volume of 10 L ha-1, had equal eficiency than its graund application, with spray volume of 100 L ha-1. The effects of these insecticides reacted in the same way to the application technologies. Imidacloprido+beta-ciflutrina, tiamethoxan+cipermetrina e endossulfan are more eficient in the Nezara viridula control when applied using rotary disc atomizers Turbo Aero TA 88C5 than using hidraulic hollow cone nozzels D-6 and core 45. / Os objetivos do trabalho foram: a) avaliar o efeito de volumes de calda, em aplicação com pontas de jato plano, sobre a eficiência dos inseticidas tiametoxam+lambdacialotrina e endossulfam no controle de Piezodorus guildinii; b) avaliar comparativamente a eficiência dos inseticidas imidacloprido+beta-ciflutrina e tiametoxam+cipermetrina no controle de Nezara viridula, em aplicação aérea com atomizadores rotativos de discos, com e sem utilização de óleo vegetal, e aplicação terrestre e c) avaliar a eficiência dos inseticidas imidacloprido+beta-ciflutrina, tiametoxan+cipermetrina e endossulfam, no controle de Nezara viridula, em aplicação aérea com atomizadores rotativos de discos e bicos hidráulicos. O inseticida tiametoxam+lambda-cialotrina (21,15 + 15,90 g i.a. ha-1) apresenta maior controle de Piezodorus guildinii e efeito residual que endossulfam (437,50 g i.a. ha-1). Tiametoxam+lambda-cialotrina e endossulfam apresentam o mesmo comportamento, melhorando o controle de Piezodorus guildinii com o aumento do volume de calda. As aplicações aéreas com atomizadores rotativos de discos são mais eficientes quando se utiliza óleo vegetal. Imidacloprido+beta-ciflutrina, tiametoxan+cipermetrina aplicados com atomizadores rotativos de discos, com volume de calda de 10 L ha-1, apresentam eficiência igual a sua aplicação com pulverizador terrestre, utilizando volume de calda de 100 L ha-1. O efeito dos inseticidas avaliados sobre o percevejo-verde responde da mesma forma à variação de tecnologia de aplicação. Imidacloprido+beta-ciflutrina, tiametoxan+cipermetrina e endossulfam foram mais eficientes no controle de Nezara viridula quando aplicados com atomizadores rotativos de discos, com volume de calda de 5 L ha-1 em relação a sua aplicação com bicos hidráulicos com volume de calda de 20 L ha-1.