Bakgrund: Demens är en vanligt förekommande sjukdom som orsakas av degenerativa förändringar i hjärnan som ger upphov till varierande symtom som försämrat språk, minne och social förmåga. Diverse kognitiva test kan användas som utvärderingsinstrument för att beräkna svårighetsgraden av en demensdiagnos. Det finns studier som visar olika resultat på hur fysisk aktivitet, och specifikt aerob träning, påverkar kognitionen. Vad gäller rekommendationer om fysisk aktivitet så krävs mer forskning för att veta hur fysisk aktivitet påverkar kognitionen hos personer med demens. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt är att undersöka effekten av aerob träning på kognitionen hos personer med demens.  Metod: Sökning efter RCT-studier skedde via Pubmed. Artiklarna granskades separat av båda författarna för att sedan jämföra bedömning av inklusion eller exklusion. Studiernas kvalitet bedömdes med TESTEX, och tillförlitligheten av det sammanvägda resultatet bedömdes med GRADEstud. Även denna bedömning utfördes av författarna separat, för att sedan jämföras och beslut nåddes i konsensus.  Resultat: Åtta artiklar inkluderades. Fyra studier presenterade statistiskt signifikant resultat på något av de använda testen, men endast 8 av 44 totalt utförda kognitiva test var statistiskt signifikanta. Studiernas kvalitet bedömdes god eller mycket god, men det sammanvägda resultatet bedömdes ha mycket låg tillförlitlighet på grund av studiernas bristande samstämmighet och precision. Slutsats: Det finns i dagsläget mycket låg evidens för att aerob träning påverkar kognitiva funktioner positivt. Mer forskning krävs för att utvärdera effekten av aerob träning på kognition. Studier med längre interventionsperioder och större populationer rekommenderas. / Background: Dementia is a common disease caused by degenerative changes in the brain, which presents symptoms such as impaired language, memory and social skills. Various cognitive tests can be used as evaluation instruments to calculate the severity of a dementia diagnosis. There are studies that show different results on how physical activity, specifically aerobic exercise, affects cognition. Regarding recommendations for physical activity, more research is needed to know how physical activity affects cognition in people with dementia. Aim: The aim of this literature review is to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition for people with dementia.  Method: A search for RCT-studies was conducted on PubMed. The articles were reviewed separately by both authors, followed by comparison of assessment for inclusion or exclusion. The quality of the studies was analyzed with TESTEX, and the reliability of the combined result was assessed with GRADEstud. This assessment was also performed by the authors separately, followed by comparisons, and decisions reached in consensus. Results: Eight studies were included. Four studies presented statistically significant results in any of the used tests, however only 8 of 44 total executed cognitive tests were statistically significant. The quality of the studies was assessed to be good or excellent, however the reliability of the combined results was assessed to be very low due to the lack of consistency and precision of the studies.  Conclusion: There is very low evidence that aerobic exercise has a positive effect on cognitive functions. More research is needed to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition. Studies with longer intervention and larger populations are recommended.

Bakgrund: Migrän och huvudvärk av spänningstyp (HST) är två vanligt förekommande hälsoproblem. Traditionellt behandlas dessa åkommor farmakologiskt men på senare tid har fysioterapeutisk behandling blivit allt vanligare. Aerob träning är en av många fysioterapeutiska behandlingsmetoder som kan verka smärtlindrande för dessa patienter. Syfte: Att undersöka effekten av aerob träning på upplevd smärtnivå för personer med migrän och/eller HST. Metod: Studiens design var litteraturstudie. Systematiska sökningar genomfördes i databaserna PubMed och PEDro. Sökresultatet granskades utefter urvalskriterierna. Inkluderade artiklars risk för snedvridning bedömdes utifrån PEDro granskningsmall och det sammanvägda resultatets tillförlitlighet utvärderades med hjälp av GRADEstud. Resultat: Efter urvalsprocessen inkluderades åtta randomiserade kontrollerade studier. En av artiklarna bedömdes ha hög kvalitet och resterande hade måttlig kvalitet. Inkluderade artiklars olikheter gällande intervention och population ledde till subgruppering av resultaten. Antal dagar med migrän per månad minskade inom samtliga grupper som hade aerob träning som intervention men mellangruppsjämförelserna var ej statistiskt signifikanta. Samma minskning gick inte att se gällande HST. Den sammanvägda tillförlitligheten utifrån GRADEstud bedömdes som låg eller mycket låg gällande alla subgrupper. Konklusion: Baserat på artiklarnas resultat, låga kvalitet och det sammanvägda resultatets låga tillförlitlighet kan inga säkra slutsatser dras gällande effekten av aerob träning på upplevd smärtnivå för personer med migrän och HST. Fler studier behövs. / Background: Migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) are two common health problems. These health problems are traditionally treated pharmacologically but physical therapy has lately gained popularity as a treatment option. Aerobic exercise is one of many physiotherapeutic treatments that can reduce pain for these patients. Purpose: To examine the effect of aerobic exercise on perceived pain level for individuals with migraine and/or TTH. Method: The study design was literature review. Systematic searches were performed in the databases PubMed and PEDro. The search result was reviewed according to the selection criteria. The risk of bias in the included articles was assessed using PEDro scale and the certainty in evidence of the articles summarized outcomes was assessed using GRADEstud.  Results: Eight randomized controlled studies were included after the selection process. One article was considered to have high quality and the remaining seven to have fair quality. The results were sub-grouped due to differences in the included articles regarding intervention and population. Number of days with migraine per month decreased within all groups with training as intervention but the between group comparisons were not statically significant. The same reduction could not be found regarding TTH. The certainty in evidence of the articles summarized outcomes was considered to be low or very low in all subgroups. Conclusion: No certain conclusion could be drawn regarding the effect of aerobic exercise on perceived pain level in individuals with migraine and TTH based on the articles results, low quality, and low certainty in evidence. More studies are needed.

As motor learning in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) has been poorly elucidated, this study aimed to apply an acute aerobic exercise (AE), well-known intervention favorable to motor learning in typically developing individuals, to assist people with ID in motor learning, and examine its underlying mechanisms via EF and EEG assessments. 17 adults with ID (11 males, aged 31.41 ± 9.7, & mental aged 7.69 ± 3.06) participated in this within-group counterbalanced study. They participated in 2 interventions, a vigorous treadmill walking (AE) or seated rest (CON) condition, with having a month of wash-out period in between interventions. The pre-test, post-test, 24-hour retention test, and 7-day retention test was administered, and each testing phase administered a golf putt performance under both original (i.e., with guideline) and transfer putt tasks (i.e., without guideline), EF (i.e., Knock and Tap test, forward and backward Digit span test, forward and backward Corsi block test), and resting EEG assessment. Golf putting accuracy in post-test was not significantly different from the pre-test; however, the putt accuracy under the transfer putt task indicated an interaction effect at 24-hour retention test phase compared to pre-test, F(1, 32) = 5.26, p = .03, ηp2 = .14, and paired t-test indicated a near significant improvement in putt accuracy in AE (p = .07), but not in CON condition (p = .23). The pre-test and 7-day retention phases did not indicate a significant effect on golf putt skill. As EF variables and resting EEG temporal alpha asymmetry (TAA) remained unchanged throughout the procedure, underlying mechanisms of change in putt skill need to be further investigated. This study revealed a trend that the AE positively influenced golf putt accuracy and offline motor memory consolidation at 24-hour retention phase, but the effects were not statistically significant. Given that the study procedure did not include practice blocks, the observed positive impact of AE on golf putt accuracy is promising; thus, a future study is recommended to further verify the benefit of AE on motor learning in individuals with ID, as well as with rigorous EF and EEG measures to elucidate possible underlying mechanisms of AE-dependent improvement in motor skill.

No description available.

The present study used a linear mixed model analytic approach to assess the association between a combined respondent and spousal exercise score and cognitive outcomes of older adult respondents drawn from a nationally representative dataset, The Health and Retirement Study. Informed by the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC), the present study sought to understand the role of both an individual and their spouse's aerobic physical activity in an individual's cognitive outcomes and trajectories. Utilizing longitudinal survey data collected across twelve years (N=3,189), the combined exercise status of a married couple was found to be a significant predictor of cognitive outcomes; when an interaction between time and couple exercise status was included in the model, this was also found to be a significant predictor of four specific cognitive outcomes. The highest cognitive benefit was identified among individuals where both they and their partner participated in the recommended amount of aerobic physical activity, suggesting an additive effect. These findings and their implications are discussed further. / Master of Science / The present study explores how the combined exercise behaviors of a married older adult couple may predict the cognitive outcomes of one partner. Data was analyzed across twelve years and included married individuals between the ages of 65 and 95. Findings showed that the combined couple exercise status predicted outcomes in cognitive function of the respondent. Additionally, the interaction between time and the couple exercise status significantly predicted cognitive outcomes. The addition of a spouse's aerobic physical activity was beneficial to the cognitive outcomes of their partner. The cognitive benefit was highest among couples where both partners participated in aerobic physical activity. These findings and their implications are discussed further.

The aim of this research was to develop a novel multi-function exercise system for use in a broad range of applications. Market research indicates that the demand for aerobic and anaerobic exercise devices will continue to grow with the introduction of government physical activity guidelines and increased social pressure regarding health related issues. A detailed investigation of the basic exercise science fundamentals and training methodologies was conducted in order to develop a system which would provide efficient and effective training related stimuli for improving fitness. The generation, storage and utilisation of actual and virtual load and velocity profiles for use in the development of original training modes was identified as an important area of the research. The proposed solution utilises an electromechanical programmable motion control system which provides all of the necessary exercise modalities defined in the system specification. This system combines existing industrial servo drive technology with proprietary software and database facilities to provide a step change in functionality, ease of use and safety for all users. Development of these hardware and software elements was supported by the creation of a series of system models at the initial stages of the research using the computer integrated manufacturing open systems architecture (CIMOSA) modelling approach. These diagrams were an invaluable resource during the concept generation and refinement processes and have clearly demonstrated the cross-discipline applications of such formalised modelling techniques. Validation and reliability data collected during prototype testing indicated that the exercise motion generation capabilities and performance measurement facilities were comparable to existing isokinetic dynamometer equipment. Additional subject testing produced results with peak output values and parameter trends which correlated closely to those determined during clinical and academic research. These experimental results suggest that the modular exercise system could be a valuable tool for the collection of research data to be used in support of current and future training theories.

Bakgrund: Regelbunden fysisk aktivitet leder till positiva hälsoeffekter och är därmed viktig som primär- och sekundärprevention för flera olika sjukdomar och för tidig död. Primärprevention ges dock begränsat utrymme inom sjukvården och därmed kan ett samarbete med andra hälsofrämjande aktörer i samhället vara motiverat. Syfte: Att undersöka om deltagare skattar högre upplevd livskvalitet och fysisk aktivitetsnivå efter Friskis&Svettis (F&S) tio veckor långa ”Börja träna”-kurs samt undersöka om det fanns en korrelation mellan livskvalitet och fysisk aktivitetsnivå. Metod: 95 deltagare (81 kvinnor, 14 män) med en medelålder på 50 år fyllde i två enkäter, en före och en efter interventionen. En inomgruppsjämförelse samt en korrelationsanalys gällande livskvalitet och fysisk aktivitetsnivå gjordes. Resultat: Medianen för livskvalitet var 7 före interventionen och 8 efter vilket var en signifikant ökning (p=0,022). Även för fysisk aktivitet var ökningen signifikant med en median på 3 före interventionen och 4 efter (p<0,001). I studien sågs ett mycket svagt samband mellan livskvalitet och fysisk aktivitetsnivå före interventionen (r=-0,172, p=0,122). Konklusion: Efter deltagande i F&S ”Börja träna”-kurs skattade deltagarna högre livskvalitet och fysisk aktivitetsnivå. På grund av ett stort bortfall och flera metodologiska felkällor bör resultatet användas med försiktighet och vidare studier är därmed nödvändiga.

Aim Aerobic exercise may interfere with subsequent responses to strength training. The aim of this research was to examine the acute effects of cycling or running on subsequent leg strength performance. It was hypothesized that eccentric contractions induced by running would impair strength performance more than the cycling mode of exercise, which consist mainly of concentric muscle actions. Method In order to investigate if continuous running or cycling affected following strength performance, 6 healthy individuals (5 males, 1 female) were subjected to a randomized cross-over design. Subject characteristics were age (year) 25,5 ± 2,1, height (cm) 180,5 ± 6,4, and body weight (kg) 83 ± 3,4. The experimental sessions included three protocols: strength protocol (S) which included 3 repetitions measuring peak power followed by 3 sets to muscular failure at 80% of 1RM in the squat exercise; and continuous running (RS) and cycling (CS) conditions (40 minutes at 80% of maximal heart rate), followed by the S protocol. Peak power performance and total work volume was measured. Results Average peak power attained between the three protocols were CS = 1639± 444Watts (W), RS = 1633± 422 and S = 1565 ± 349. No significant differences were observed between the three conditions (P = 0,817). No differences across the three protocols was observed for highest peak power attained by each subject (P = 0,619). Total work volume performed (main effect P = 0,027) revealed a significant difference between CS = 2559 kg and S = 3715 kg (P=0,037), and CS and RS = 3345 kg (P=0,037) due to the lower loads lifted in CS.  Conclusions There were no differences observed between the three training protocols regarding peak power performance. When cycling exercise was performed prior to the strength session, the total volume lifted was lower than when performing the strength test alone. Thus, it is concluded that cycling exercise, but not running, interferes with subsequent strength training performance. / Syfte och frågeställningar Uthållighetsträning kan leda till försämrad styrkeprestation. Syftet med denna forskning var att undersöka de akuta effekterna från cykling eller löpning på efterföljande benstyrka. Hypotesen var att löpning, som omfattar excentriska muskelaktioner, skulle leda till en större försämring av efterföljande styrkeprestation jämfört med cyking, som främst omfattar koncentriska muskelaktioner. Metod För att undersöka om kontinuerlig cykling och löpning påverkade efterföljande benprestation, undersöktes 6 deltagare (5 män, 1 kvinna) i en randomiserad cross-over design. Försökspersonernas karakteristika var ålder (år) 25,5 ± 2,1, längd (cm) 180,5 ± 6,4, vikt (kg) 83 ± 3,4. Försökspersonerna utförde tre experimentella protokoll: styrka (S), vilket bestod av 3 repetitioner av maximal kraftutveckling efterföljt av 3 set till muskulär utmattning på 80% av 1RM i benböj; och löpning (RS) samt cykling (CS) protokoll (40-minuter på 80% av maximal hjärtfrekvens), efterföljt av S protokollet. Data för maximal kraftutveckling och total arbetsvolym samlades in.  Resultat Den genomsnittliga maximala effekten som uppnåddes mellan de tre protokollen var: CS = 1639 ± 444 Watt (W), RS = 1633 ± 422W och S = 1565 ± 349W. Inga signifikanta skillnader observerades mellan de tre förhållandena (P=0,817). Högst uppnådda effekten för varje deltagare mellan de tre förhållandena visade ingen skillnad (P=0,619). Totala arbetsvolymen (tidseffekt: P=0,027) visade signifikanta skillnader mellan CS = 2559 kg och S = 3715 kg (P=0,037), och CS och RS = 3345 kg (P=0,037) på grund av lägre vikt lyft vid CS. Slutsats Ingen skillnad observerades mellan de tre förhållandena angående maximal styrkeprestation. Den totala vikt volymen som kunde lyftas var dock lägre när cykling utfördes innan styrketestet. Slutsatsen är därför att cykling, men inte löpning, hindrar maximal träningsprestation vid ett efterföljande styrkepass.

Links: Aerobic motion activity as it is offered in commercial aerobic classes is generally considered to be beneficial for the motion apparatus, and for one's overall health. Nevertheless, loud music accompanying the exercise can rather cause damage to one's health. Goals: The main scope of my thesis is to measure the noise intensity in commercial aerobic classes and to verify whether the noise does not exceed the limits permitted by hygienic standards. Methods: In my thesis I used a specific method for determination of the noise intensity in the aerobic class space. I opted for the noise level according to EPA standards ranging between 70 and 80 dB as the basic constant. The measurement itself took place after calibration in eleven measured spots in a fitness centre located in České Budějovice. The measured spots were established in the space according to the placement of the sound apparatus and the measurement itself took place in the height of the sound apparatus of a fitness centre client. The measured values were further processed into descriptive graphs and all outcomes were further processed using statistical methods in order to verify the measurement validity according to statistical significance. Results: On the basis of the performed measurement, data processing and the following...

O treinamento aeróbio moderado tem sido reconhecido como um importante estimulador do sistema imune, no entanto o efeito deste na infecção bacteriana não tem sido extensivamente estudado. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar se o exercício aeróbio moderado prévio à infecção por S. pneumoniae influencia a resposta inflamatória pulmonar. Camundongos BALB/C foram divididos em 4 grupos: Controle (animais sedentários; não infectados); S. pneumoniae (animais sedentários e posteriormente infectados); Exercício (animais treinados; não infectados); Exercício + S. pneumoniae (animais treinados e posteriormente infectados). Os animais foram submetidos a um programa de treinamento físico aeróbio durante 4 semanas, e 72 horas após a última sessão de exercício, os animais receberam instilação nasal de S. pneumoniae (linhagem M10) e foram avaliados 12 horas (fase aguda) ou 10 dias (fase tardia) após a instilação. Na fase aguda, o grupo S. pneumoniae apresentou um aumento de: resistência e elastância do sistema respiratório, número total de células, neutrófilos, linfócitos e macrófagos no lavado broncoalveolar (BAL), células polimorfonucleares no parênquima pulmonar e TNF-alfa e IL-1beta no homogenato pulmonar. O exercício físico atenuou significantemente esses parâmentros. Além disso, o exercício físico resultou em aumento da expressão de enzimas antioxidantes no pulmão (CuZnSOD and MnSOD). Na fase tardia, o grupo Exercício + S. pneumoniae apresentou redução no número total de células e macrófagos no BAL, células polimorfonucleares no parênquima pulmonar e IL-6 no homogenato pulmonar comparado ao grupo S. pneumoniae. Nossos resultados sugerem um efeito protetor do exercício aeróbio moderado contra a infecção bacteriana pulmonar. Esse efeito é provavelmente secundário ao efeito do exercício no balanço oxidante-antioxidante / Moderate aerobic exercise training has been recognized as an important stimulator of the immune system, but its effect on bacterial infection has not been extensively studied. Our aim was to determine whether moderate aerobic exercise training prior to S. pneumoniae infection influences pulmonary inflammatory responses. BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups: Control (sedentary without infection); S. pneumoniae (sedentary with infection); Exercise (aerobic training without infection); Exercise + S. pneumoniae (aerobic training with infection). Animals underwent aerobic exercise training for 4 weeks. 72 h after last exercise training, animals received a challenge with S. pneumoniae (strain M10) and were evaluated either 12 h (acute phase) or 10 days (late phase) after instillation. In acute phase, S. pneumoniae group had an increase in respiratory system resistance and elastance; number of total cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL); polymorphonuclear cells in lung parenchyma; and levels of TNF-alfa and IL-1beta in lung homogenates. Exercise training significantly attenuated the increase in all of these parameters. In addition, exercise induced an increase in expression of antioxidant enzymes (CuZnSOD and MnSOD) in lungs. In late phase, Exercise + S. pneumoniae group exhibited a reduction in number of total cells and macrophages in BAL, in polymorphonuclear cells in lung parenchyma and in levels of IL-6 in lung homogenates compared to S. pneumoniae group. Our results suggest a protective effect of moderate exercise training against respiratory infection with S. pneumoniae. This effect is most likely secondary to an effect of exercise on oxidant-antioxidant balance