This study explores the effectiveness of “In-Sight”, a holistic recovery-based group training for people with bipolar disorder. Drawn from professional therapies and lived experience of the user-researcher who is diagnosed with having the illness, the training was delivered over 12 weekly sessions. Within a case study approach, an experimental design incorporated pilot (eight participants), main study (five) and control groups (six). Participants with a wide range of DSM-IV bipolar disorders were sought. Three non-bipolar participants experiencing severe mood swings were maintained in the pilot. One bipolar pilot participant later trained as the main study group co-facilitator in delivering the training. Self-report scales measured mood, coping, empowerment and quality of life pre-, post- and six months post-training. Semi-structured interviews noted individual change within the same time frame. Mental health professional interviews, medical note analysis and user-researcher observations also informed the study. Findings from self-report questionnaires indicated promising evidence that participants experienced improved mood stability, symptom severity, coping and quality of life and greater empowerment. A model has emerged to illustrate the various course components that appeared to benefit participants (user-led approach, self-help iii group format, illness management techniques, interpersonal skills development, healthy lifestyle, structure and planning, and intellectual change of perspective). The model illustrates how these components appeared to impact upon coping strategies, in turn leading to greater mood stability, maintaining wellness and personal development resulting in greater empowerment, improved outlook on self and the future and improved quality of life over time. The three non-bipolar pilot participants also appeared to benefit from the training compared to controls albeit to a lesser degree than the bipolar participants. The co-facilitator showed evidence of the greatest improvement. Four controls indicated evidence of continued use of poor coping and risk of further deterioration in illness, of whom two experienced major episodes with psychosis. Two controls indicated slight improvements. The “In-Sight” training is proposed as a step towards a more comprehensive approach for recovery from bipolar disorder informing the development of a new Expert Patients Programme in the UK.

Bakgrund: Fysisk aktivitet (FA) ger goda hälsoeffekter för äldre, de rekommenderas att vara fysiskt aktiva på minst måttlig ansträngningsgrad under 150–300 minuter i veckan. Träffpunkter 65+ i Uppsala kommun erbjuder FA genom gruppträning men andelen män som deltar är liten. Det är värdefullt att ta reda på vad som skulle motivera männen att delta, för att nå ut till inaktiva män. Syfte: Att undersöka äldre mäns önskemål och motivatorer till att delta i gruppträning på Träffpunkterna 65+ i Uppsala kommun samt om det finns skillnader mellan äldre män som uppnår respektive inte uppnår rekommendationer för FA.  Metod: En kvantitativ icke-experimentell tvärsnittsstudie i form av en enkätstudie som delades digitalt genom pensionärsföreningar till män över 65 år.  Resultat:  Åttiosex män deltog (medianålder 74,5 år, 50 stycken uppnår FA). Gruppträning med rörlighet, balans och kondition var mest önskat men inga skillnader sågs mellan män som uppnår respektive inte uppnår FA. Faktorer som motiverade; gruppträning “erbjuder större fysisk utmaning”, “din vårdkontakt lyfter nyttan med träning” och “du tränar med en vän eller anhörig”. Faktorerna “erbjuder större fysisk utmaning” och “jobbar mot ett gemensamt mål” var signifikant mer motiverande för män som uppnår FA. Konklusion:  Männen föredrog gruppträningsaktiviteter för bibehållen och förbättrad kroppsfunktion. Motivatorer till att delta handlade om hälsonytta, gemenskap med vänner samt fysisk utmaning. Männen som uppnår FA motiverades i högre grad av att gruppträningen utmanar fysisk kapacitet. Ytterligare studier på målgruppen krävs. / Background: Physical activity (PA) provides health benefits for elderly. They are recommended to be physically active to a moderate level of exertion for 150-300 minutes a week. Träffpunkter 65+ in Uppsala municipality offers PA through group training, where the percentage of men participating is low. Value lies in finding what would motivate the men to participate, in order to attract inactive men. Purpose: To investigate older men's requests for and motivators to participate in group training at Träffpunkter 65+ and if there are differences between men who achieve recommendations for PA and those who do not. Method: A quantitative non-experimental cross-sectional study in the form of a survey was conducted and shared digitally through pensioner associations to men over 65 years. Results: Eighty-six men participated (median age 74.5 years, 50 respondents achieve PA). Group training with mobility, balance and cardiovascular fitness was requested, no differences were seen between the men who achieve and do not achieve PA. Motivating factors were: "offers greater physical challenge", "healthcare contact highlights benefits of training" and "training with a friend or relative". "Offering greater physical challenge" and "working towards a common goal" were significantly more motivating for men who achieve PA. Conclusion: Men preferred group training targeting body function. Motivators to participate included health benefits, group fellowship and physical challenge. Men who achieved PA were to a greater extent motivated by group training challenging physical capacity. Further studies on the target group are required.

This study focuses on leadership within the wellness and fitness context. The aim of this study was to describe and analyse Swedish group fitness instructors' views on training, health and body; and also to understand these views in terms of glocalization -the localisation of global ideas. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six female instructors working with pre-choreographed group training concepts which originated in New Zealand and have spread through the golbal fitness community. The analysis used a theoretical framework based on Pronger's ideas about ”the technology of physical fitness” (2002). The results suggested that the instructors' views were consistent with the five texts that constitute ”the technology of fysical fitness” and that successful instructors have extensive knowledge of physiology, good communication skills and lively personalities. Overall, the instructors adapted the global pre-choreographed concepts to their local context and in balancing the ”inner” and ”outer” aspects of health they devoted less attention to body form and appearance.

Bakgrund: Regelbunden fysisk aktivitet leder till positiva hälsoeffekter och är därmed viktig som primär- och sekundärprevention för flera olika sjukdomar och för tidig död. Primärprevention ges dock begränsat utrymme inom sjukvården och därmed kan ett samarbete med andra hälsofrämjande aktörer i samhället vara motiverat. Syfte: Att undersöka om deltagare skattar högre upplevd livskvalitet och fysisk aktivitetsnivå efter Friskis&Svettis (F&S) tio veckor långa ”Börja träna”-kurs samt undersöka om det fanns en korrelation mellan livskvalitet och fysisk aktivitetsnivå. Metod: 95 deltagare (81 kvinnor, 14 män) med en medelålder på 50 år fyllde i två enkäter, en före och en efter interventionen. En inomgruppsjämförelse samt en korrelationsanalys gällande livskvalitet och fysisk aktivitetsnivå gjordes. Resultat: Medianen för livskvalitet var 7 före interventionen och 8 efter vilket var en signifikant ökning (p=0,022). Även för fysisk aktivitet var ökningen signifikant med en median på 3 före interventionen och 4 efter (p<0,001). I studien sågs ett mycket svagt samband mellan livskvalitet och fysisk aktivitetsnivå före interventionen (r=-0,172, p=0,122). Konklusion: Efter deltagande i F&S ”Börja träna”-kurs skattade deltagarna högre livskvalitet och fysisk aktivitetsnivå. På grund av ett stort bortfall och flera metodologiska felkällor bör resultatet användas med försiktighet och vidare studier är därmed nödvändiga.

The Usability Center training course is an instructional resource for BYU faculty, employees, and students to prepare them to effectively use the BYU Usability Center. This document describes the process and results of analyzing, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating the Usability Center training course. By taking this course, participants learn the basics of planning, piloting, executing, and reporting their usability activities and the skills prerequisite to using BYU's Usability Center.

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Syftet i denna studie var att undersöka äldres uppfattningar om vikten av ledares egenskaper för att delta i gruppträning och vad de äldre anser vara ett framgångsrikt ledarskap. Frågeställningarna som användes för att besvara syftet var: Vilka egenskaper hos ledare är av störst vikt för äldres deltagande i gruppträning? Skiljer sig äldres uppfattningar om vikten av ledares egenskaper i förhållande till vilken gruppaktivitet som utövas? Vilken ledarskapsinriktning kan man koppla till de ledaregenskaper som är av vikt för äldres deltagande inom gruppträning? Metoden för att besvara syftet har tillämpats utifrån en tvärsnittsstudie hos äldre (65 +) som deltar i gruppträning för äldre. Data har samlats in via enkäter som besvarades av 81 respondenter och valdes utifrån ett ändamålsenligt urval.  Resultatet visar att den egenskap hos ledaren som respondenterna bedömde som viktigast för eget deltagande var ledarens förmåga att vara engagerad, och där relationsorienterat ledarskap skattades högst sett till de äldres uppfattningar för ett framgångsrikt ledarskap. De äldres uppfattningar hade ingen avsevärd skillnad vid jämförande av gruppaktivitet. Slutsatsen för studien blir därmed att den viktigaste egenskapen hos ledaren är engagerad, och att äldre inom gruppträning vill ha en ledare med ett relationsinriktat ledarskap. / The purpose of this study was to examine elderly´s perceptions about the importance of leader's characteristics in participating in group training. The views of the elderly on the leader's role and importance permeates the study to try to demonstrate tendencies of important characteristics in a successful leadership. The issues used to supplement the purpose were: What qualities of leaders are most important for elderly people's participation in group training? Are the views of the elderly different on the importance of leader's characteristics in relation to which group activity is exercised? Which leadership focus can be linked to the leadership qualities that are important for the elderly's participation in group training? The method for answering the purpose has been applied on the basis of a cross-sectional study to find out the prevalence of leaders' characteristics against group training for the elderly (65+). Data has been collected via questionnaires that were answered by 81 respondents who participate in group training for the elderly who were selected on the basis of an appropriate selection. The result shows that the attribute of the leader that the respondents considered most important for their own participation was the leader's ability to be engaged, and where relationship-oriented leadership was highly regarded in the opinion of the elderly. The perceptions of the elderly had no significant difference when comparing group activity. The conclusion of the study thus becomes that the most important characteristic of the leader is engaged, and that older people in group training want a leader with a relationship-oriented leadership.

Följande kvantitativa studie undersökte individers olika motivationsfaktorer till att träna låg- eller högintensiva gruppträningspass. I ett försök att förklara detta användes en psykologisk teori kallad Self-Determination theory, vilken är en förenkling av verkligheten för att klargöra människors motivation. Studien gjordes i form av en enkätundersökning där enkäter delades ut på två valda träningsanläggningar, innan och efter två olika gruppträningspass. Femtio enkäter delades ut på varje träningsanläggning. Åttio kvinnor och tjugo män i åldern 17-67 år deltog i studien. Av dessa gick femtiotvå individer på det högintensiva gruppträningspasset CXWORX och fyrtioåtta individer gick på det lågintensiva gruppträningspasset Bodybalance. Det erbjuds övervägande fler högintensiva än lågintensiva gruppträningspass på båda anläggningarna för denna studie. För att utvärdera individernas motivation till fysisk aktivitet, användes ett formulär med tio frågor, modifierat från Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure, REMM. Deltagarna blev ombedda att betygsätta varje objekt på en 5-punkts Likertskala där 1 = Stämmer inte alls och 5 = Stämmer helt överens. I början av enkäten fanns fyra öppna frågor där respondenterna fick svara själva, som blev den kvalitativa delen av studien. Svaren på frågorna kodades sedan till fyra svarskategorier, baserade på en syntes av Morrison et al (2003, 111-120). Studiens resultat visar skillnader i motivationsfaktorer mellan ålder, kön och typ av pass. Sammanfattningsvis tyder resultaten på att både inre och yttre motivationsfaktorer har betydelse för individers motivation till att träna. De inre för att bibehålla träningen över tid och de yttre för att träna, så som utseende och kondition till exempel.Nyckelord: fysisk aktivitet, gruppträning, högintensiv, lågintensiv och motivation. / The following quantitative study examined individuals' motivational factors to trai low or high intensity group training workouts. In an attempt to explain this, a psychological theory called Self-Determination theory was used, which is a simplification of reality to clarify people's motivation. The study was done in the form of a questionnaire survey in which questionnaires were divided into two chosen training facilities, before and after two different group training classes. Fifty questionnaires were distributed at each training facility. Eighty women and twenty men aged 17-67 years, participated in the study. Of these, fifty-two individuals went to the high-intensity group training session CXWORX and forty-eight individuals went to the low-intensity group training session Bodybalance. It is offered predominantly more high-intensity than low-intensity group training classes, at both facilities for this study. To evaluate individuals' motivation for physical activity, a 10-question form, modified from Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure, REMM, was used. Participants were asked to rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 = Not true at all and 5 = Completely agreed. At the beginning of the survey, there were four open questions, where respondents answered themselves, which became the qualitative part of the study. The answers to the questions were then coded to four response categories, based on a synthesis of Morrison et al (2003, 111-120).The results of the study show differences in motivational factors between age, sex and type of group training class. In conclusion, the results suggest that both internal and external motivational factors are important for individuals' motivation to exercise. The internal for maintaining exercise over time and the external to exercise, such as appearance and fitness for example.Keywords: physical activity, group training, high intensity, low intensity and motivation.

One of the core features of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), social communication impairment, presents in a variety of ways, including reduced functional language use and social initiations, which often warrant intensive intervention services. Additionally, parents of children with ASD demonstrate increased levels of parenting stress when compared to parents of typically developing children and children with developmental delays (Hayes and Watson, 2013). Elevated parenting stress has been shown to diminish positive treatment outcomes (Osborne et al., 2008), which lends support to develop methodologies to concomitantly target child and parent behaviors. The current randomized control trial (RCT) uses a dual-pronged approach to directly target both child communication deficits and parenting stress within a group format. This RCT combined an empirically supported behavioral therapy, Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT), with components from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Mindful Parenting for reducing parenting stress. Fifteen pairs of caregivers and their minimally or pre-verbal child with diagnosed or suspected ASD were randomly assigned to one of the following supplemental conditions: mindfulness-enhanced PRT (mPRT; n = 8) or psychoeducation-enhanced PRT (pPRT; n = 7) as an active control condition. Of these, five pairs completed each condition. The current study assessed feasibility and acceptability in addition to demonstrating proof of concept in regard to additive effects of mPRT compared to pPRT. Results provided mixed support for feasibility and efficacy of a multi-component group treatment approach. There was a low retention rate and the small sample sizes significantly decreased power. However, parents endorsed high satisfaction, demonstrated fidelity of PRT implementation, and children significantly increased their expressive language abilities. In regard to group-level analyses for primary and exploratory aims, the mPRT group showed significant decreases in parenting stress and increases in mindfulness. At the individual level, some parents in both groups showed positive changes in mindfulness, positive feelings toward child, and child problem behavior. Future directions should continue to explore the additive effects of mindfulness-based intervention on group-based parent-mediated treatments using larger sample sizes. / Doctor of Philosophy / Social communication difficulties are one of the core components of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and many treatments are specifically designed to target these challenges. Additionally, parents of children with ASD report higher levels of parenting stress when compared to parents of typically developing children and children with developmental delays (Hayes & Watson, 2013). High parenting stress has been shown to decrease the likelihood of positive treatment outcomes (Osborne et al., 2008). As a result, creating a treatment that targets both parent and child difficulties simultaneously may lead to important outcomes for the family unit. The current study combined treatments that have been shown to increase child language and decrease parenting stress. Fifteen pairs of caregivers and their child with language delays and ASD were randomly assigned (i.e., similar to a flip of a coin) to receive Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) and one of the following: mindfulness (mPRT; n = 8) or psychoeducation (pPRT; n = 7). Ten total families completed the treatment (5 per group). The current study measured the practicality and usefulness of adding either mindfulness or psychoeducation to PRT. Results provided mixed support for the practicality of a group treatment approach that combined two treatments. Approximately two-thirds of the families who started treatment finished treatment. The parents who completed treatment showed high satisfaction ratings and demonstrated that they could accurately perform the treatment techniques taught in group sessions. In addition, children increased their language abilities. Parents in the mindfulness group showed significant decreases in parenting stress and increases in mindfulness. At the individual level, some parents in both groups showed positive changes in mindfulness, positive feelings toward child, and child problem behavior. Future directions include measuring these changes with a larger number of families.

Bakgrund: Personer med Parkinsons sjukdom är inte lika fysiskt aktiva som friska individer och uppnår således inte rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet. Fysioterapi och fysisk träning är således en viktig del i behandlingen av sjukdomen. Enligt författarnas kännedom saknas det svenska studier som undersöker beteendemedicinska faktorer av hur personer med Parkinsons sjukdom upplever fysisk träning i största allmänhet utan begränsningar till specifik träningsform eller program. Syfte: Att undersöka hur personer med Parkinsons sjukdom upplever fysisk träning. Metod: Kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats. Ett ändamålsenligt bekvämlighetsurval användes där sju informanter inkluderades. Datainsamling genom individuella intervjuer med en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Materialet analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och grupperades i kategorier och underkategorier.  Resultat: Dataanalysen resulterade i 16 underkategorier och fem kategorier; “Träningens påverkan på individens funktioner och förmågor”, “Tankar och erfarenheter kring begränsningar och behov”, “Vad som driver individen till utförande av träning”, “Socialt stöd i relation till träning” samt “Fysisk aktivitet som anses vara träning”. Slutsats: Resultatet beskriver att informanterna upplevde träningen som bra och viktig, och något som hade en positiv effekt på fysiska, psykiska och sociala faktorer. Vidare beskrev informanterna betydelsen av att träna i grupp med andra som också hade Parkinsons sjukdom. / Background: People with Parkin's disease are not as physically active as healthy people and thus do not achieve the recommendations for physical activity. Physiotherapy and physical training are an important part of the treatment of the disease. According to the authors' knowledge, there are no Swedish studies that investigate behavioral factors of how people with Parkinson's disease experience physical exercise in the general public, without restrictions to a specific form of exercise or program. Aim: To investigate how people with Parkinson's disease experience physical exercise. Method: A qualitative design with an inductive approach. A purposeful convenience sample was used where seven informants were included. Data collection through individual interviews with a semi-structured interview guide. The material was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis and grouped into categories and subcategories. Results: The data analysis resulted in 16 subcategories and five categories; "The impact of exercise on the individual's functions and abilities", "Thoughts and experiences regarding limitations and needs", "What drives the individual to exercise", "Social support in relation to exercise" and "Physical activity that is considered to be exercise". Conclusion: The result describes that informants experienced the training as good and important, and something that had a positive effect on physical, psychological and social factors. Furthermore, the informants described the importance of exercising in a group with others who also had Parkinson's disease.