DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BOYS AND GIRLS IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AT PRESCHOOL AGE Abstract This thesis deals with the gender analysis of physical activity of boys and girls at preschool age who are attending kindergarten in Prague 4. The aim is to explore whether the physical activity of boys and girls can be load by gender in preschool age. For collection of the data has been used a questionnaire survey. This thesis in the theoretical level deals with the issues of gender, movement and motor activity with focus to the preschool age and preschool education in the Czech Republic. In the practical part it looks into relationship of preschool children towards to physical activity and compares them by gender, it also examines whether the views of parents are loaded by gender stereotypes and verifies the family influence on the movement of children. Keywords: Gender, physical activity, preschool child, boy, girl, kindergarten, movement, family, gender stereotypes.

This diploma thesis deals with problems of the diversity management in selected offices of the state management of the Czech Republic. The literature search de-scribes some fundamental concepts concerning the diversity management, benefits, obstacles and the procedure of the practical implementation of the diversity management. The main goal of this diploma thesis is to find out, in which way the state administration accepts the diversity management and what is the benefit of the practical implementation of the diversity management, especially in the area of the employees‘ recruitment and adaptation. In the frame of this diploma thesis in-deep discussions were conducted with personnel officers. Results of these discussions were then processed by means of the MAXQDA program. At the end of the thesis some recommendations are proposed to utilize the diversity management in a segment of the state administration for the employees‘ recruitment and adaptation.

Följande kvantitativa studie undersökte individers olika motivationsfaktorer till att träna låg- eller högintensiva gruppträningspass. I ett försök att förklara detta användes en psykologisk teori kallad Self-Determination theory, vilken är en förenkling av verkligheten för att klargöra människors motivation. Studien gjordes i form av en enkätundersökning där enkäter delades ut på två valda träningsanläggningar, innan och efter två olika gruppträningspass. Femtio enkäter delades ut på varje träningsanläggning. Åttio kvinnor och tjugo män i åldern 17-67 år deltog i studien. Av dessa gick femtiotvå individer på det högintensiva gruppträningspasset CXWORX och fyrtioåtta individer gick på det lågintensiva gruppträningspasset Bodybalance. Det erbjuds övervägande fler högintensiva än lågintensiva gruppträningspass på båda anläggningarna för denna studie. För att utvärdera individernas motivation till fysisk aktivitet, användes ett formulär med tio frågor, modifierat från Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure, REMM. Deltagarna blev ombedda att betygsätta varje objekt på en 5-punkts Likertskala där 1 = Stämmer inte alls och 5 = Stämmer helt överens. I början av enkäten fanns fyra öppna frågor där respondenterna fick svara själva, som blev den kvalitativa delen av studien. Svaren på frågorna kodades sedan till fyra svarskategorier, baserade på en syntes av Morrison et al (2003, 111-120). Studiens resultat visar skillnader i motivationsfaktorer mellan ålder, kön och typ av pass. Sammanfattningsvis tyder resultaten på att både inre och yttre motivationsfaktorer har betydelse för individers motivation till att träna. De inre för att bibehålla träningen över tid och de yttre för att träna, så som utseende och kondition till exempel.Nyckelord: fysisk aktivitet, gruppträning, högintensiv, lågintensiv och motivation. / The following quantitative study examined individuals' motivational factors to trai low or high intensity group training workouts. In an attempt to explain this, a psychological theory called Self-Determination theory was used, which is a simplification of reality to clarify people's motivation. The study was done in the form of a questionnaire survey in which questionnaires were divided into two chosen training facilities, before and after two different group training classes. Fifty questionnaires were distributed at each training facility. Eighty women and twenty men aged 17-67 years, participated in the study. Of these, fifty-two individuals went to the high-intensity group training session CXWORX and forty-eight individuals went to the low-intensity group training session Bodybalance. It is offered predominantly more high-intensity than low-intensity group training classes, at both facilities for this study. To evaluate individuals' motivation for physical activity, a 10-question form, modified from Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure, REMM, was used. Participants were asked to rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 = Not true at all and 5 = Completely agreed. At the beginning of the survey, there were four open questions, where respondents answered themselves, which became the qualitative part of the study. The answers to the questions were then coded to four response categories, based on a synthesis of Morrison et al (2003, 111-120).The results of the study show differences in motivational factors between age, sex and type of group training class. In conclusion, the results suggest that both internal and external motivational factors are important for individuals' motivation to exercise. The internal for maintaining exercise over time and the external to exercise, such as appearance and fitness for example.Keywords: physical activity, group training, high intensity, low intensity and motivation.

This diploma thesis deals with diversity management in international company and in companies in financial field, and also deals with productivity and effectiveness of employees and work teams. The main goal of the thesis is to make suggestions and recommendations to change or improve access to diversity management in compa-nies. Recommendations are about age, gender and intercultural management and also about work-life balance. Important goal is also discover the influence of age and gender to productivity of employees and effectiveness of work teams. Research is divided into two parts. In the first section is quantitative questionnaire - there are applied exact methods (statistical analysis). The second part is qualitative research – there are applied methods of semistructured interviews (team leaders, experts of productivity, HR managers and also leaders). The last part of the thesis contains suggestions and recommendations for better using diversity management and for maximization of team productivity.

Concern about privacy is an important consideration for users of information and communication technologies (ICT), particularly when using computer-mediated communication (CMC), i.e. Internet usage. Several researchers have studied privacy issues by taking into account the views of users to include individuals, organisations, privacy policy makers, governments and trust organisations. This thesis investigates whether an individual's perspectives about privacy are culturally relevant when using the Internet. This research used a survey in the form of a questionnaire in two countries, namely, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia to compare online privacy perspectives of young and mature (male and female) Saudi and Malaysian students. The research examines the relationship of the effect of the cultural background including the effect of social norms, religious belief, Internet regulation and IT skills of these Internet users upon their attitude towards privacy online and their perspectives about privacy. It also examines the effect of nationality (Malaysian and Saudi), gender and age groups. In this study, online privacy perspectives are a synthesis of three perceptions; what is 'personal' information online, the online privacy concerns and the Internet trust, whereby the cultural effects are the effect of religious beliefs, social norms, Internet regulation and IT skills in the privacy attitudes of keeping personal information safe, caring about their and others' privacy online and when revealing personal information. The demographic factors in this research are nationality, gender and age. To study these relationships, the research uses t-test, ANOVA, and single regression methods as data analysis techniques. The results show that the level of concern and degree of trust exhibited by Malaysian students with regard to submitting personal information via the Internet was affected the most by their gender, and social norms upon their online privacy attitudes. For Saudi students, the level of concern and trust with regard to submitting personal information via the Internet was found to be related to the effect of their age, gender, and religious beliefs on their online privacy attitudes. The other cultural factors, i.e. Internet regulation in force in each country and the IT skills of participants, are likely to have equal effects on both Malaysian and Saudi privacy perspectives. This research adds the cultural background, age and gender effects to the model of the calculus of the privacy concern that is proposed by Dinev and Hart (2006, pp. 63-64). The research also establishes what is 'private' in Malaysia and Saudi Arabia, by identifying 'what counts as personal information with regard to Internet users' and provides a comparison in this concept between the two countries, their gender and age groups. For examples, Malaysian students consider name, e-mail address, date of birth, nationality and religion as 'personal' information and Saudi students consider home address, phone number, photographic image and credit card number as 'personal' information. In addition Saudi females tend to consider, particularly, home address, phone number, and photographic image as 'personal' information more than Saudi males. These findings should help both web designers and Internet policy makers in Saudi Arabia and Malaysia to consider these cultural effects when designing the privacy policies of their websites.

In recent decades, male protagonists in Australian realist fiction for young adult readers have increasingly become more others-regarding, emotionally intelligent, and self-aware. (John Stephens 2000; Perry Nodelman 2002). Psychologist Roger Horrocks (1995) claims these protagonists are less “tendentious and more realistic” than male protagonists of the past. These boys, despite not bearing the hallmarks of hegemonic masculinity, develop subjective agency and ultimately propose new ways for young men to construct their gender identity. Using Phillip Gwynne’s (1998) Deadly Unna? and David Metzenthen’s (2000) Boys of Blood and Bone as case studies, and my own novel My Private Pectus as creative practice, I explore the construction and deconstruction of hegemonic, complicit, and alternative masculinities in Australian realist young adult fiction. I also analyse the construction of the New Age Boy—a label used by John Stephens for young male protagonists who develop positive self esteem because of their perceived gender differences compared to boys of the hegemonic masculine type. By critiquing the manner in which masculinities are constructed in each case study, and supporting my critique through the literature of leading gender theorists, I question the seemingly homogenous manner in which the New Age Boy gains agency. This question is further explored through my creative practice, as I put into dialogue a protagonist who also recognises his gender differences, but instead of proposing a new and better masculinity, he tries to adhere to and reap the rewards of hegemonic masculinity.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

This thesis deals with the application of diversity management in the selected organisation, namely RWE Group in the Czech Republic. It focuses on the diversity of gender and age, particularly young women - students and university graduates. The aim of the thesis is to determine what factors play a role in the decision making about first job of young women as well as the expectations from their future employers. The results are evaluated and compared with the implemented diversity programme for gender and age in the RWE Group in the Czech Republic. The thesis further provides a verification if the findings of the thesis match the expectations of the identified target group. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part introduces basic terms such as diversity, diversity management including benefits and potential challenges that come along with the implementation. The practical part presents RWE Group in the CZ and the implemented diversity programme.

Introduction The human sense of smell has different functions which can be categorized as “food,” “social,” and “environment.” Different questionnaires about the importance of olfaction in adults are available, but little attention has been paid to children and adolescents. Therefore, we aimed to develop a questionnaire about children’s personal significance of olfaction (ChiPSO). Methods The questionnaire was developed in two steps. The first questionnaire included 33 statements about the importance of olfactory information in daily life — covering three subscales “food,” “environment,” and “social” administered to 191 participants (mean age: 14.4 ± 1.7 years). The five best fitting items of each subscale were chosen for the final 15-item questionnaire. In the second part, we administered the developed questionnaire to 208 children and adolescents (mean age: 11.5 ± 3.5 years) who additionally underwent olfactory testing to investigate the association between olfactory function and questionnaire results. Participants were separated in two age groups: (i) 6–11 years (children), (ii) 12–17 years (adolescents). Results A significant influence of age on the total ChiPSO score and all three subscales with adolescents scoring higher than children was found. Additionally, there was a significant influence of sex in adolescents on total ChiPSO score and subscales “social” and “food” with girls scoring higher than boys. Conclusion We report an association between questionnaires results and olfactory performance. Additionally, olfactory information seems to be more important to adolescents compared to children and girls compared to boys. Implications The ChiPSO questionnaire is a practical tool to evaluate the importance of olfactory information in children and adolescents aged 6–17 years.

<p>The oral sensory ability in children can be assessed through test of intraoral stereognosis and two-point discrimination. Currently, these two tests are not frequently used in clinical settings, and normative data are not always available. The aim of this study was to establish normative data for these two tests in children aged 5;6 to 7;0 years. Further, intention was to compare the results with respect to age and gender. In total 103 children participated, 49 boys and 54 girls. The participants were divided into three age-groups. The results regarding intraoral stereognosis showed significant differences between genders, where boys performed poorer than girls. Differences between two of the three age-groups could also be established. The results show that an improvement can be expected in children six years and older.</p><p>Regarding two-point discrimination 73 of the 103 children performed perfectly. The remaining children’s scores were also consistently high. No differences between gender and age were found.</p><p>There was no correlation between the test results of intraoral stereognosis and two-point discrimination. Therefore it would be necessary to perform both these tests in assessment, since they probably examine two separate aspects of the oral sensory ability.</p><p> </p> / <p>Oral sensorisk förmåga hos barn kan bland annat utredas genom test av intraoral stereognosi och tvåpunktsdiskrimination. Dessa två test är i nuläget inte särskilt kliniskt utbredda, och normvärden saknas ofta. Föreliggande studie syftade till att fastställa normvärden för dessa två test hos barn mellan 5;6 och 7;0 år. Vidare jämfördes även testresultaten med avseende på åldersgrupp och kön. 103 barn deltog i studien, varav 49 var pojkar och 54 var flickor. Deltagarna delades in i tre åldersgrupper. Resultatet visade signifikanta könsskillnader på test av intraoral stereognosi, där pojkarnas resultat var något sämre än flickornas. Även skillnader mellan två av åldersgrupperna konstaterades gällande intraoral stereognosi. Resultatet visar att en förbättring på testet kan förväntas då barnen har fyllt sex år.</p><p>Angående test av tvåpunktsdiskrimination klarade 73 av de 103 barnen testet felfritt, och överlag presterade barnen mycket bra på testet. Inga skillnader mellan kön eller åldersgrupper noterades beträffande test av tvåpunktsdiskrimination.</p><p>Testresultaten av intraoral stereognosi och tvåpunktsdiskrimination korrelerade inte. Därför är det sannolikt nödvändigt att i utredning utföra båda testen, eftersom det kan röra sig om två olika aspekter av intraoral sensorik.</p><p> </p>