In modern cryptanalysis, an active attacker may induce errors during the computation of a cryptographic algorithm and exploit the faulty results to extract information about the secret key in embedded systems. This kind of attack is called a fault attack. There have been various attack mechanisms with diff erent fault models proposed in the literature. Among them, clock glitch faults support practically dangerous fault attacks on cryptosystems. This thesis presents an FPGA-based practical testbed for characterizing exploitable clock glitch faults and uniformly evaluating cryptographic systems against them. Concentrating on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), simulation and experimental results illustrates proper features for the clock glitches generated by the implemented on-chip glitch generator. These glitches can be injected reliably with acceptably accurate timing. The produced faults are random but their eff ect domain is finely controllable by the attacker. These features makes clock glitch faults practically suitable for future possible complete fault attacks on AES. This research is important for investigating the viability and analysis of fault injections on various cryptographic functions in future embedded systems.

The research in this thesis aims to develop new mechanistic knowledge for coating processes at 2024-Al alloy surfaces, ultimately to aid the design of new protective coatings. Coatings formed by phosphating, chromating, and permanganating were characterized especially by scanning Auger microscopy (SAM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy . The objective was to learn about growth (nm level) as a function of time for different coating baths, as well as a function of lateral position across the different surface microstructural regions, specifically on the μm-sized Al-Cu-Mg and Al-Cu-Fe-Mn particles which are embedded in the alloy matrix . The research characterizes coating thickness, composition, and morphology. The thesis emphasizes learning about the effect of different additives in zinc phosphating baths . It was found that the Ni²⁺ additive has two main roles : first, the rate of increase in local solution pH is limited by the slower kinetics of reactions involving Ni²⁺ compared to Zn²⁺, leading to thinner zinc phosphate (ZPO) coatings when Ni²⁺ is present. Second, most Ni²⁺ deposition occurs during the later stages of the coating process in the form of nickel phosphate and a Ni-Al oxide in the coating pores on the alloy surface, increasing the corrosion resistance. Aluminum fluoride precipitates first during the initial stages of the coating process, followed by aluminum phosphate, zinc oxide, and finally ZPO. When Ni²⁺ is present in the coating solution at 2000 ppm, ZnO predominates in the coating above the A-Cu-Fe-Mn particle while ZPO dominates on the rest of the surface. The Mn²⁺ additive gives a more even coating distribution (compared with Ni²⁺) across the whole surface. The Mn²⁺ -containing ZPO coating is similar to the chromate coating in terms of evenness, while there is more coating deposition at the second-phase particles for permanganate coatings. The oxides on the Al-Cu-Fe-Mn and matrix regions are similar before coating, thereby confirming that a variety of observed differences in ZPO coating characteristics at these regions arise from the different electrochemical characteristics of the underlying metals. Upon exposure to a corrosive solution, the ZPO coating provides more protection to the second-phase particles compared to the matrix.

Submitted by Felipe Lapenda (felipe.lapenda@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-06T13:48:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Herika Maria da Silva Barbosa.pdf: 5271997 bytes, checksum: f191ae7b9a0e5275b7cc9f864a18ac40 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-06T13:48:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Herika Maria da Silva Barbosa.pdf: 5271997 bytes, checksum: f191ae7b9a0e5275b7cc9f864a18ac40 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As rochas são degradadas física e quimicamente a partir do intemperismo. Neste processo têm grande importância os liquens, pois seus fenóis ao percolarem para os substratos promovem a quelação com íons dos minerais contidos nas rochas a eles subjacentes. Sabe-se que o nitrogênio tem marcada influência no metabolismo dos liquens, induzindo-os a uma maior produção de fenóis. Neste trabalho objetivou-se investigar a ação do ácido úsnico (USN) produzido pelo líquen Cladonia substellata Vainio sobre amostras de granito procedentes de Sirinhaém e Cabo de Santo Agostinho, bem como basalto procedente de Sirinhaém, Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram utilizados parâmetros de incremento do processo de intemperismo como o emprego de fonte nitrogenada, na forma de ureia, para aumento da biossíntese do USN por C. substellata e o aumento da temperatura (28°C±3 e 42°C±3) como acelerador da velocidade das reações químicas entre íons das rochas e USN. O ácido oxálico comercial (AOX) foi utilizado como controle positivo e as rochas borrifadas com água foram consideradas como controle negativo. Amostras de C. substellata foram coletadas em Mamanguape, Paraíba, Brasil e montados experimentos contendo líquen in natura depositado sobre as rochas trituradas. O material controle foi borrifado com água deionizada em dias alternados e o material tratado foi borrifado com ureia uma vez por semana, nas concentrações de 1%; 0,1% e 0,01% durante seis meses, sendo as amostras rochosas e liquênicas coletadas e avaliadas por Cromatografias em Camada Delgada (CCD), Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), Espectrofotometria, Teste de vitalidade celular com Azul de Evans e Vermelho Neutro. As rochas, antes e depois dos experimentos, foram avaliadas por microscopia petrográfica, Difratometria de Raios-X e Espectrometria de Emissão Atômica por Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP/ AES). Os resultados demonstraram que o líquen produziu compostos químicos e que estes foram repassados para as rochas, tendo sido incrementada sua biossíntese pela adição de ureia a 1% e 0,1%. Através do CLAE foi detectado USN nas amostras rochosas. Nos ensaios de vitalidade celular por Azul de Evans e Vermelho Neutro observou-se que nos experimentos borrifados com soluções de ureia a 1% o líquen sofreu maiores danos à sua estrutura e apresentou maior número de células mortas, porém mesmo assim continuou ativo e produzindo fenóis. Nas DRX-s das rochas testadas foram evidenciadas alterações principalmente na albita e no ortoclásio em contato com o USN e de maneira geral foi menos intensa no quartzo. Na maior parte dos experimentos a temperatura foi o fator que mais contribuiu para intensificar a interação entre as rochas com o USN e o AOX. Os dados mineralógicos (DR-X) foram complementados pelas análises químicas de ICP/ AES que comprovaram a quelação de íons rochosos, principalmente diante da temperatura elevada (T=42°C±3). Os íons mais facilmente quelados dos granitos e do basalto foram o Ca, Fe, K, Mg e Si. Foi possível concluir que o USN tem ação pedogenética comparável ao AOX e que fonte exógena de nitrogênio, bem como o aumento da temperatura, incrementam a ação dessa substância.

Orientador: Maria Isabel Felisberti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T00:31:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_FabianaPiresde_D.pdf: 10993804 bytes, checksum: d95821798b6ae5ce1dd39dc3037a996e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo:Neste trabalho foram preparadas e caracterizadas blendas de poli(metacrilato de metila), PMMA e poli[acrilonitrila-g-(etileno-co-propileno-co-dieno)-g-estireno], AES. O AES é um polímero amorfo e um material complexo, composto de uma mistura de poli(etileno-co-propileno-co-2-etilideno-5-norboneno) (EPDM), poli(estireno-coacrilonitrila) (SAN), e copolímero de enxertia EPDM-g-SAN. As blendas PMMA-AES foram obtidas por polimerização in situ, tendo-se como variáveis o solvente, agitação e atmosfera inerte, a fim de avaliar a influência destas sobre as propriedades estruturais e morfológicas das blendas. As blendas foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia infravermelho (IV), ressonância magnética nuclear de C (RMN de C), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM), análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA) e resistência ao impacto. Os resultados mostraram que as blendas são imiscíveis apresentando uma morfologia complexa de domínios elastoméricos dispersos em uma matriz vítrea, dependente das condições de polimerização. Em algumas blendas, uma fração de PMMA encontra-se incluso na fase elastómerica, sugerindo uma morfologia tipo core shell ou tipo salame. Porém, essa morfologia complexa é afetada após o processo de injeção, devido ao efeito de temperatura e de cisalhamento. Extração seletiva e análise por espectroscopia infravermelho dos componentes das blendas mostraram que ocorre enxertia e/ou reticulação durante a polimerização. A sindiotaticidade do PMMA obtido em presença de AES aumenta com a quantidade de AES na blenda, devido às possíveis interações entre os grupos carbonilas do PMMA e os grupos nitrilas e fenilas da fase SAN. As blendas PMMA-AES apresentam propriedades mecânicas dependentes do teor de AES, sendo a resistência ao impacto das blendas superiores a do PMMA puro. Ensaios de envelhecimento fotoquímico acelerado mostraram que as blendas PMMA-AES apresentam queda na resistência ao impacto após envelhecimento / Abstract: In this work, blends of the poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, and the poly[acrylonitrile-g-(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene)-g-styrene], AES, were prepared. AES is a complex mixture of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile), SAN, and poly(ethylene-copropylene-co-diene), EPDM, and the graft copolymer EPDM-g-SAN. Blends PMMA-AES were obtained by polymerization in situ, varying the solvent, the agitation and the inert atmosphere in order to evaluate their influence on the morphological and structural properties of the blends. The blends were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (C NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Izod impact resistance test. The results showed that the PMMA-AES blends are immiscible and present a complex morphology. The morphology of some PMMA-AES blends is made up of an elastomeric dispersed phase in the glassy matrix, with inclusion of the matrix in the EPDM domains, suggesting core shell or salami morphology. However, this morphology is affected by the moulding injection process, due the temperature and shear effects. The selective extraction of the blends¿ components and the infrared spectroscopy showed that crosslinked and/or grafting reactions occur on EPDM chains during MMA polymerization. The syndiotactic PMMA obtained in the presence of AES increases with the amount of AES, due to the possible interaction among the carbonyl groups of PMMA and the nitrile or phenyl groups of SAN copolymer. The mechanical properties of the blends were influenced by the composition of the blend and the impact strength of the blends is superior to near PMMA. Photochemical aging tests showed that PMMA-AES blends presented decrease in the impact strength after aging / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

Den här rapporten beskriver arbetet och utförda studier inom området kryptering och VPN. Fokus ligger på hur väl krypteringsalgoritmerna Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) och Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) skalar i en förutbestämd miljö. Huvudfokus har varit att svara på frågan: Vilken av krypteringsalgoritmerna AES och 3DES kräver minst systemresurser? Under utbildningstiden har det flera gånger framförts att 3DES-algoritmen skulle vara mer krävande för krypteringsenheterna att utföra jämfört med AES. Denna rapport söker finna om det är så det förhåller sig och i så fall hur stor skillnaden är mellan algoritmerna. För att söka svar på frågorna genomfördes ett flertal experiment. Dessa syftade till att påvisa eller vederlägga ovan beskrivna påståenden kring 3DES och AES. Resultatet av utförda experiment blev att ingen större skillnad kunde noteras mellan 3DES och AES. Detta står i stark kontrast till de påståenden som ofta florerar kring krypteringsalgoritmerna 3DES och AES / This report describes the work and studies carried out in the field of encryption and VPN. The focus is on how well the encryption algorithms Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) perform in a predetermined environment. The main focus has been to answer the question: Which of the encryption algorithms AES and 3DES requires less system resources. During the period  of studies, lectures and literature have several times claimed the 3DES algorithm to require more resources of encryption devices, compared to AES. This report tries to find if it is a fact and if so how big is the difference between the algorithms. To seek  answers to the questions, a number of experiments was performed. These experiments were intended to demonstrate or refute the above claims about 3DES and AES. The results of the performed experiments shows no major differences between 3DES and AES. This differs from what have been publicly accepted concerning facts regarding encryption algorithms 3DES and AES.

This thesis deals with the measurement of power quality and cryptographic security of measured data.

The research in this thesis aims to develop new mechanistic knowledge for coating processes at 2024-Al alloy surfaces, ultimately to aid the design of new protective coatings. Coatings formed by phosphating, chromating, and permanganating were characterized especially by scanning Auger microscopy (SAM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy . The objective was to learn about growth (nm level) as a function of time for different coating baths, as well as a function of lateral position across the different surface microstructural regions, specifically on the μm-sized Al-Cu-Mg and Al-Cu-Fe-Mn particles which are embedded in the alloy matrix . The research characterizes coating thickness, composition, and morphology. The thesis emphasizes learning about the effect of different additives in zinc phosphating baths . It was found that the Ni²⁺ additive has two main roles : first, the rate of increase in local solution pH is limited by the slower kinetics of reactions involving Ni²⁺ compared to Zn²⁺, leading to thinner zinc phosphate (ZPO) coatings when Ni²⁺ is present. Second, most Ni²⁺ deposition occurs during the later stages of the coating process in the form of nickel phosphate and a Ni-Al oxide in the coating pores on the alloy surface, increasing the corrosion resistance. Aluminum fluoride precipitates first during the initial stages of the coating process, followed by aluminum phosphate, zinc oxide, and finally ZPO. When Ni²⁺ is present in the coating solution at 2000 ppm, ZnO predominates in the coating above the A-Cu-Fe-Mn particle while ZPO dominates on the rest of the surface. The Mn²⁺ additive gives a more even coating distribution (compared with Ni²⁺) across the whole surface. The Mn²⁺ -containing ZPO coating is similar to the chromate coating in terms of evenness, while there is more coating deposition at the second-phase particles for permanganate coatings. The oxides on the Al-Cu-Fe-Mn and matrix regions are similar before coating, thereby confirming that a variety of observed differences in ZPO coating characteristics at these regions arise from the different electrochemical characteristics of the underlying metals. Upon exposure to a corrosive solution, the ZPO coating provides more protection to the second-phase particles compared to the matrix. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

This is a master thesis in the field of information security. The problem area addressed is how to efficiency implement encryption and decryption of biometric image data in a FPGA. The objective for the project was to implement AES (Advanced Encryption Standard ) encryption in a Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA with biometric image data as the application. The method used in this project is Design Science Research Methodology, in total three design and development iterations were performed to achieve the project objectives. The end result is a FPGA platform designed for information security research with biometric image as application. The FPGA developed in this project, is the first fully pipelined AES encryption/decryption system to run physically in a Kintex-7 device. The encryption core was made by Dr. Qiang Liu and his team while the fully pipelined decryption core was designed in this project. The AES encryption/ decryptions was further optimized to support image application by adding Cipher-block chaining to both the encryption and decryption. The performance achieved for the system was 40 GB/s throughput, 5.27 Mb/slice efficiency with a power performance of 286 GB/W. The FPGA platform developed in this project is not only limited to AES, other cryptography standards can be implemented on the platform as well. / <p>Validerat; 20140619 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

This work deals with wireless standard 802.11, primaly about security algorithms used in them. Further there is made analysis of algorithms WEP, WPA and WPA2. This algorithms are described how coding by them works and for easier understandig are added block schemes of their principles. In practical part is realized algorithms WEP, WPA and WPA2 in program Matlab simulink. Model is complemented by graphs which shows how data changes when comming throught this systems.

The reader will be familiar with selected concepts of cryptography consited in this work. AES algorithm was selected in conjunction with the description of architecture and software for programming graphic cards (CUDA, OpenCL), in order to create its GPU-accelerated version. This thesis tries to map APIs for communication with crypto-coprocessors, which exist in kernels of Linux/BSD operating systems (CryptoAPI, OCF). It examines this support in the cross-platform OpenSSL library. Subsequently, the work discusses the implementation details, achieved results and integration with OpenSSL library. The conclusion suggests how the developed application could be used and briefly suggests its usage directly by the operating system kernel.