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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Effects of Object Function on Visual Search in Real-World Scenes

Witherspoon, RICHELLE 08 September 2012 (has links)
Our everyday interactions with the world are subject to affordance: the interaction that exists naturally between an object and the action possibilities inherent within it. Object affordances result from complex visuomotor interactions and are reflected in many processes, including reaching and grasping behaviours, distance judgments, and object identification. With the present study we extended current research on the use of affordances in visual searches of arrays to investigate whether guidance by affordance occurs in searches of real-world scenes and is the result of knowledge of target function (Experiment 1), and whether it is integrated with the use of scene context in guidance of search (Experiment 2). To investigate the contribution of object function to guidance by affordance in real-world scenes we tracked participants’ eye movements while they performed visual searches. The target objects were invented objects with invented functions that were learned by the participants prior to beginning search. By providing participants with information about only the features and functions of targets (and not about location) we omitted any effects on search from previously learned associations between the objects and their locations in the scene. This allowed us to examine guidance by affordance independently of traditional contextual effects. In Experiment 1 we compared the searches of participants who learned the functions of the targets to those who learned only the targets’ features. Results showed facilitation of visual search by knowledge of target function as compared against searches in which target function was not known. Experiment 2 compared searches for objects placed in locations congruent and incongruent with their function to show that guidance by affordance is benefitted by knowledge of target function in congruent searches. We concluded that guidance by affordance results from an understanding of the function of an object and the integration of that understanding into an understanding of the context of the scene as a whole / Thesis (Master, Psychology) -- Queen's University, 2012-08-30 16:36:26.184
2

Investigating the Mechanism Driving Near-Tool Visual Biases

McManus, Robert Ryan January 2020 (has links)
Previous research has shown that when observers hold a tool, they experience action-oriented visual biases in the area around this tool that are similar to visual biases that exist around the hands. Some researchers have theorized this effect is due to the tool being incorporated into the body schema following active tool use, while others argue that this effect may simply be due to the tool’s visual salience. The goal of the present study was to test these competing explanations of near-tool visual biases. In the first experiment, participants completed a target detection task under one of three conditions: 1) while holding a small rake next to one side of a monitor, preceded by an active object retrieval task; 2) while holding a rake next to a monitor, preceded by a passive looking task; or 3) with the rake placed next to a monitor by a researcher, preceded by a passive looking task. Participants detected targets near the rake faster than targets far from the rake in the first two conditions, but no target detection facilitation was seen in the third condition. Participants in Experiment 2 held a small rake next to a monitor after an active object retrieval task, but a paper shield blocked the tool from view, eliminating its visual salience. While the pattern of near-tool target detection facilitation did not significantly differ between shielded and unshielded conditions, the shield did reduce the magnitude of the near-tool effect. Taken together, these results suggest that near-tool effects cannot be driven by the visual presence of a tool alone, but they also indicate that a period of active use may not be necessary to introduce visual biases near tools.
3

Defining Learning Affordances Based on Past Research Uses

Dolliver, Elizabeth Anne 12 1900 (has links)
The objective of this study was to locate and describe the learning affordances used within research studies on instructional design. Allowing an instructional designer to see what was used and how applicable it might be for future design would assist with better course creation. Current and past literature supported the importance of this concept after examination of how course creation has evolved within the field of instructional design. Further, the findings elucidated how to help the field evolve in the future by expanding knowledge about learning affordances and providing the broadest set of conceptual definitions by the academics working in the field to include them in their research and instructional designs.
4

L’effet d’affordance comme processus émergeant et constitutif de l’activité perceptive / The affordance effect as an emerging and constitutive process of perceptual activity

Da Silva, Fabrice 04 December 2017 (has links)
L’activité perceptive du sujet semble être impactée par les actions qu’il peut effectivement réaliser à l’égard de son environnement. Néanmoins, il semble que les possibilités d’action du sujet soient le plus souvent envisagées comme des propriétés objectives de l’environnement si bien qu’elles sont généralement décrites comme étant préparatoires à l’action. Ce travail de thèse s’est consacré à défendre l’idée que d’une part, ces possibilités d’action sont des propriétés émergentes de la relation sujet-environnement et que d’autre part, elles sont susceptibles d’avoir un rôle fonctionnel constitutif pour l’activité perceptive. Dans une première série d’études, nous avons observé que des modulations dans les possibilités d’action conduisaient à un renversement des effets de facilitation lorsque des sujets devaient catégoriser des objets préhensibles. Dans une seconde série d’étude, nous avons observé que la capacité à détecter un objet parmi un ensemble d’autres était impactée par les potentiels d’action suggérés par les objets mais également, modulée par l’engagement moteur du sujet dans la tâche. Enfin, dans une troisième série d’études, nous avons mis en évidence que les possibilités d’action pourraient occuper un rôle fonctionnel significatif pour l’activité perceptive du sujet. Ce dernier travail met en effet en évidence que lors de situations perceptives ambiguës, la manière dont est catégorisé un objet semble dépendre de la capacité du sujet à pouvoir le saisir efficacement. L’ensemble de ces résultats semble indiquer que les possibilités d’action sont bien des propriétés du couplage sujet-environnement et occupent une place majeure dans l’activité perceptive. Plus généralement, ces travaux constituent des arguments en faveur d’une prise en compte de l’ensemble de la situation sujet-environnement ainsi que de l’importance de la signification des actions du sujet en fonction des contraintes qui s’exercent sur lui ici et maintenant. / Perceptual activity seems to be impacted by the actions the subject can actually carry out with regard to its environment. Nevertheless, it seems that subject action possibilities are most often considered as objective properties of the environment so that they are generally described as being preparatory to action. This thesis work has been devoted to defending the idea that on the one hand, these possibilities of action are emergent properties of the subject-environment relationship and on the other hand, they are likely to have a constitutive functional role for perceptual activity. In a first series of studies we observed that modulations in the possibilities of action lead to a reversal of the facilitation effects when subjects were to categorize prehensile objects. In a second series of studies we observed that the ability to detect an object among a set of others was impacted by the action potentials suggested by the objects but also modulated by the subject's driving engagement in the task. Finally, in a third series of studies, we have shown that the possibilities of action could play a significant functional role for subject perceptual activity. Indeed, this last work shows that in ambiguous perceptual situations, the way in which an object is categorized seems to depend on the ability of the subject to grasp it effectively. All these results seem to indicate that the action possibilities are properties of the subject-environment coupling and occupy a major place in the perceptual activity. More generally, these works constitute some arguments in favor of taking into account the whole subject-environment situation as well as the importance of the meaning of the subject actions according to the constraints that are exerted on him, here and now.
5

Combating Problematic Information Online with Dual Process Cognitive Affordances

Bhuiyan, MD Momen 04 August 2023 (has links)
Dual process theories of mind have been developed over the last decades to posit that humans use heuristics or mental shortcuts (automatic) and analytical (reflective) reasoning while consuming information. Can such theories be used to support users' information consumption in the presence of problematic content in online spaces? To answer, I merge these theories with the idea of affordances from HCI to into the concept of dual process cognitive affordances, consisting of automatic affordance and reflective affordance. Using this concept, I built and tested a set of systems to address two categories of online problematic content: misinformation and filter bubbles. In the first system, NudgeCred, I use cognitive heuristics from the MAIN model to design automatic affordances for better credibility assessment of news tweets from mainstream and misinformative sources. In TransparencyCue, I show the promise of value-centered automatic affordance design inside news articles differentiating content quality. To encourage information consumption outside their ideological filter bubble, in NewsComp, I use comparative annotation to design reflective affordances that enable active engagement with stories from opposing-leaning sources. In OtherTube, I use parasocial interaction, that is, experiencing information feed through the eyes of someone else, to design a reflective affordance that enables recognition of filter bubbles in their YouTube recommendation feeds. Each system shows various degrees of success and outlines considerations in cognitive affordances design. Overall, this thesis showcases the utility of design strategies centered on dual process information cognition model of human mind to combat problematic information space. / Doctor of Philosophy / Over the last several decades, billions of users have moved to the internet for everyday information gathering, allowing information flow around the globe at a massive scale. This flow is managed by algorithms personalized to each users' need, creating a complicated trio of producer-algorithm-consumer. This has resulted in some unforeseen challenges. Bad information producers takes the advantage of system to promote problematic content, such as, false information, termed as misinformation. Personalized algorithms have created filters of what people see oftentimes isolating them from diverse perspectives of information, creating a distorted perception of reality. Augmenting the online technology infrastructure to combat these challenges has become crucial and the overall goal of this thesis. Cognitive psychologists theorize that two cognitive processes are at play when people consume information, also known as dual process theories. Can we design new tools to combat these challenges by tapping into each of these processes? In this thesis, I answer this question through a series of studies. In each of these studies, I combine this theory from psychology with design guides from Human-Computer Interaction to design socio-technical design. I evaluated each of these systems through controlled experimentation. The result of these studies informs ways we can capitalize on users' information processing mechanism to combat various types of problematic information online.
6

Digital academia: How higher education is affected by digital technology

Eriksmo, Anton, Sundberg, Johan January 2016 (has links)
Digital technology in higher education is constantly evolving. Understanding the effects of digital technology is important for higher education institutions in order to make good investments of digital technology. Previous research has focused on learning, teaching or the organization and the relation between one of these aspects and digital technology, thereby missing a broader understanding of how materiality in digital technology affects higher education. In this study themed interviews were conducted at a veterinary education to collect data regarding the use of a multi touch medical display table in the organization. The findings show that materiality of digital technology affects all aspects of higher education if it is facilitated by the organization. The findings also show that the organization is vital to the incorporation of digital technology in teaching as well as learning and that already existing materiality in the HE organization needs to be analyzed to understand the potential effects of new digital technology
7

Mise-en-scène som hjälp vid pussel/problemlösning i äventyrsspel : En studie i hur en åskådare kan styras mot förutbestämda nyckelpositioner i en spelscen

Jonsson, Martin January 2010 (has links)
Att förmedla information till spelare som skall hjälpa dem att förstå syftet med en spelscen är vad detta arbete handlar om. Detta är ett arbete som gått ut på att undersöka hur tidigare beprövade metoder ifrån filmbranschen och Mise-en-scène kan användas för att fånga åskådares uppmärksamhet. I undersökningen så har tre 3d-miljöer skapats som är uppbyggda utifrån dessa teorier och som gestaltar varsin scen ur ett fiktivt äventyr eller pusselspel. Slutligen har en studie utförts där respondenter betraktat scenerna för att sedan besvara frågor på vad de har fått ut för information av de tre scenerna.
8

Mise-en-scène som hjälp vid pussel/problemlösning i äventyrsspel : En studie i hur en åskådare kan styras mot förutbestämda nyckelpositioner i en spelscen

Jonsson, Martin January 2010 (has links)
<p>Att förmedla information till spelare som skall hjälpa dem att förstå syftet med en spelscen är vad detta arbete handlar om. Detta är ett arbete som gått ut på att undersöka hur tidigare beprövade metoder ifrån filmbranschen och Mise-en-scène kan användas för att fånga åskådares uppmärksamhet. I undersökningen så har tre 3d-miljöer skapats som är uppbyggda utifrån dessa teorier och som gestaltar varsin scen ur ett fiktivt äventyr eller pusselspel. Slutligen har en studie utförts där respondenter betraktat scenerna för att sedan besvara frågor på vad de har fått ut för information av de tre scenerna.</p>
9

"Det blir mycket konflikter" : En kvalitativ studie om hur en begränsad skolgårdsyta inverkar på barns lek. / "It generates a lot of conflicts" : A qualitative study of limited schoolyard´s effect on childrens play.

Andersen, Malin, Bergkvist, Erika January 2016 (has links)
Syftet med den här studien är att genom intervjuer med fritidslärare få förståelse för och ökad kunskap om hur de anser att en skolgård med begränsad yta inverkar på barns lek. Vi har använt oss av följande frågeställningar: Hur uppfattar fritidslärarna sin skolgård? Hur uppfattar fritidslärarna skolgårdens lekmöjligheter? På vilket sätt anser fritidslärarna att den begränsade skolgårdsytan inverkar på leken?                     Forskningen visar att en variationsrik miljö bidrar till mer aktiva lekar. Många studier visar även att skapande av egna platser är en viktig del i utformningen av barns lek. Den naturliga miljön i form av buskar och träd inbjuder till mer varierande lek medan asfaltsytorna erbjuder pulshöjande och tävlingsinriktade lekar. I studien används en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem fritidslärare. För att analysera vårt resultat har vi använt oss av affordanceteorin, ramfaktorteorin, Grahns (1997) perspektiv på den fysiska miljön samt sju stycken begrepp från Grahn (2003) som vi använder som diskussionsnycklar. Studiens resultat visar att samtliga fritidslärare anser att det blir mer konflikter när skolgårdsytan är begränsad och för liten i förhållande till de rekommendationer som finns. Det visade sig även att eleverna har sämre möjligheter till platsskapande då ytan inte räcker till åt alla elever.
10

Skolgårdens inverkan på sociala aktiviteter : En kvalitativ studie ur fritidslärares perspektiv / The schoolyard’s inpact on social activities : a qualitative study from the teachers’ perspective

Andersson, Malin, Blad, Samuel January 2016 (has links)
Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka huruvida skolgårdens fysiska miljö och utformning har betydelse för elevernas sociala aktiviteter utifrån fritidslärares perspektiv. De frågeställningar vi vill undersöka är 1.) På vilket sätt uppfattar fritidslärarna att skolgården har betydelse för elevernas sociala aktiviteter? 2.) Vilka faktorer i den fysiska miljön påverkar elevernas sociala aktiviteter?   Tidigare forskning menar att olika miljöer på skolgården påverkar på olika sätt. Hårda och asfalterade områden genererar hårdare leker och sportinriktade aktivteter medan de naturpräglade områdena erbjuder variation och frihet där miljön inte har ett förutbestämt syfte. Relationsskapandet för eleverna är en ständig process som sker i både klassrummet som ute på skolgården där eleverna försöker skapa samhörighet och gemenskap med andra. Likhet är en för forskningen gemensam faktor till att relationsskapande tar sin början, men det krävs en social kompetens för att skapa och bevara dessa relationer.   I studien används en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra fritidslärare på två olika skolor. För att analysera resultatet har vi använt oss av  begreppen praktikgemenskaper och allianser som syftar till att illustrera elevers sociala liv på fritidshemmet (Dahl, 2011). Vi har även använt affordanceteorin som innebär de upplevda och faktiska egenskaperna hos objekt och material och framförallt de grundläggande egenskaperna som avgör just hur de kan användas (Norman, 1998).   I resultatet framkommer det att fritidslärarna är positiva och stolta över den skolgården de har för att den erbjuder eleverna en variationsrik utemiljö. Skogen är en plats som framhålls som en positiv faktor som påverkar elevernas sociala aktiviteter då den är öppen och tillåtande för alla elevers deltagande i aktiviteter. Skogen erbjuder också avskildhet för de elever som vill ha det. Fritidslärarna nämner flera platser som positiva ur åldersperspektiv där elever i alla åldrar kunde delta gemensamt som till exempel klätterställningar, fotbollsplaner och asfaltsytorna. De aktiviteter som uppstod på dessa platser präglades av deltagare i varierade åldrar.

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