This Working Paper contains the results of a pilot investigation undertaken in 1986/87 in selected areas of the Keiskammahoek District of Ciskei. The pilot study was undertaken in order to compile a comprehensive plan for a long-term study of the Keiskammahoek District as a whole. Such a study would be designed to analyse socio-economic and political changes which have taken place in the District, measured against the results of a major multidisciplinary research project (The Keiskammahoek Rural Survey) which was undertaken in the area between 1948 and 1950. The existence of the Keiskammahoek Rural Survey affords a unique opportunity for comparative social science research, particularly because it is well known that substantial changes have taken place in the District. However, the precise nature and scale of the changes were unknown; hence, the decision to conduct a pilot survey first. The results of the pilot survey, published here, have turned out to be extremely valuable in formulating proposals for a subsequent on-going research undertaking; and have fully justified the time and money devoted to the exploratory investigation which constituted the basis of the pilot project. / Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)

Pas de résumé / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The purpose of this treatise is to ascertain the impact of economic downturn on Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and Banks. This has been sparked by the huge speculations in the market as to what will happen to BEE and how will the banks cope in general with the impact of this scourge. It is imperative to understand the influence of the 2008+ economic downturn on socio-economic reconstruction and development in South Africa and the black economic empowerment and its funding mechanisms. The treatise has two phases the, namely the theoretical phase and a bit of narrative phase. In the theoretical phase the research study interrogates what the literature review reveals about the economic downturn, BEE as well as performances of different banks across the world. This shows the economic impact that the banks have had to endure during the economic downturn. This resulted in stock markets losing their value. The dividend earners were significantly affected including a sizeable number of BEE companies. The BEE companies are perceived to be too reliant on debt on to finance their deals and this treatise will look at various options of financing a BEE deal and what is deem to the most suited financing structure. The narrative phase involves semi-structured interviews that were conducted in order to ascertain the real impact that South African were faced with and how they have managed to steer clear of the turbulent waters. This also looked at how the BEE consultant views the current occurrences in the market.

Over the years, South Africa has embarked on significant strides towards trade liberalisation with a view to generate economic growth that enhances employment and reduces poverty. The purpose of this study is to determine whether trade liberalisation has enhanced economic growth in South Africa. The specific research objectives were to (i) provide an understanding of the country’s trade liberalisation policies (ii) empirically determine the short-run and long-run effects of trade liberalisation on economic growth between 1970 and 2017 and (iii) to provide policy recommendations based on the findings. To this end, utilising three different proxies of trade liberalisation, the study employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model to determine the long-run and short-run impact of South Africa’s trade liberalisation on economic growth. The study found that trade liberalisation enhanced economic growth in South Africa and noted that the results hold only when using trade openness and real effective exchange rate as proxy for trade liberalisation. This suggest that trade liberalisation in South Africa has had a general positive effect on economic growth. Despite the positive effect on economic growth, there is still a need to ensure that within the trade policy, increased focus on sectors that have the potential for value added and job creation. / Economics / M. Com. (Economics)

The rate of unemployment in South Africa remains stubbornly high despite vastly improved macroeconomic fundamentals and relatively high rates of economic growth for most of the post-1994 democratic era. Employment growth was much weaker than might have been expected given the improved economic outlook. This thesis investigates how the sectoral employment intensity of output growth in the eight non-agricultural sectors of the South African economy has evolved from 2000 to 2012, with a view to identifying key growth sectors that are employment intensive. An econometric model of the demand for labour is used to estimate employment elasticities in the major Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) divisions of the economy. The results suggest that aggregate employment and economic growth diverged and that jobless growth occurred in South Africa during the period under review. South Africa has become less labour intensive and more capital intensive, reflecting a structural adjustment that has weakened the employment-growth relationship. At the sectoral level, the results suggest the presence of a long-run relationship between employment and growth in finance and business services, manufacturing, transport and the utilities sectors. In particular, the results suggest that the tertiary sector performed best in terms of the employment intensity of output growth. This reflects the changing structure of the economy and the nature of employment shifting away from the primary towards the tertiary sectors. Investment in the tertiary sector may help to foster new employment opportunities and assist in improving the overall employment intensity of output growth in South Africa. / Economics / D. Litt. et Phil. (Economics)

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: "Private intemational capital flows, particularly foreign direct investment, are vital complements to national and intemational development efforts. Foreign direct investment contributes toward financing sustained economic growth over the long term. It is especially important for its potential to transfer knowledge and technology, create jobs, boost overall productivity, enhance competitiveness and entrepreneurship, and ultimately eradicate poverty through economic growth and development (Nunnenkamp, 2002). As a result of these associated benefits, strategies for the attraction of FDI have become an increasingly important item on a country's economic agenda. However, prior to these strategies being developed and as a result of the concentration of high FDI flows to a limited number of countries, it is important to establish those salient factors that drive FDI flows. Africa has failed to hamess onto the FDI phenomenon and as a continent attracts very little FDI inflows. To date, only a limited number of empirical studies have been done on FDI flows to Africa. The objective of this study is to establish the macroeconomic and political factors that will stimulate and increase the flows of FDI to Africa. Pooled econometrical analysis, using the Random and Fixed Effects method is used in the empirical estimation. The findings differ according to the type of model used, however, the results in general, reveal that the level of industrialisation in a country, the state of its infrastructure, the country's economic growth rate and productivity levels are important determinants of the flows of FDI to Africa. The surprising result is that political stability and the level of openness in Africa are insignificant determinants of the flows of FDI to Africa. Very few studies take into account that Africa can be classified into various regional groupings viz; North, East, West, Central and Southem Africa, with previous studies focusing mainly on North Africa and Sub Saharan Africa. An additional objective of the study was to determine the regional specific determinants that drive FDI. The findings reveal that openness is important in North Africa and Central Africa whilst the level of industrialisation significant in a North African and West African context. The state of the infrastructure network is central to FDI flows in West and Central Africa whereas political stability is the key to promoting FDI flows to East Africa. A surprising finding is that none of the tested determinants were significant in a Southern African context. The above-mentioned findings demonstrate the need for further research in terms of the country specific determinants of FDI. This will serve to advise governments in the drafting of a country's national policy agenda and selection of FDI attraction strategy, so that the benefits thereof are maximised and costs thereto minimised. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: "Private internasionale kapitaalvloei, veral direkte belegging in die buiteland, is aanvullings wat van die allergrootste belang is vir nasionale en internasionale pogings wat met ontwikkeling verband hou. Buitelandse direkte belegging (BDB) dra by tot die finansiering van volgehoue ekonomiese groei op die lang termyn. Dit is veral belangrik vir die potensiaal daarvan om kennis en tegnologie oor te dra, werksgeleenthede te skep, algehele produktiwiteit te verstewig, mededingendheid en entrepreneurskap te verbeter, en om armoede uiteindelik deur ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling uit te skakel" (Nunnenkamp, 2002). In die lig van hierdie gepaardgaande voordele, het strategieë vir die aantrekking van BDB 'n toenemend belangrike item op 'n land se ekonomiese agenda geword. Voordat hierdie strategieë egter ontwikkel word, en as gevolg van die konsentrasie van hoë BDB-vloei na 'n beperkte aantal lande, is dit belangrik om daardie vernaamste faktore wat BDB-vloei aandryf, te vestig. Afrika het versuim om die BDB-verskynsel in te span, en as 'n vasteland lok dit baie min BDB-invloei. Tot op datum is slegs 'n beperkte aantal empiriese studies oor BDB-vloei na Afrika gedoen. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om die makroekonomiese en politiese faktore vas te stel wat die vloei van BDB na Afrika sal stimuleer en verhoog. 'n Poel van ekonometriese ontledings deur die metode van Stogastiese en Vaste Effekte word in die empiriese skattings gebruik. Die bevindings verskil volgens die tipe model wat gebruik word, maar die resultate oor die algemeen toon dat die vlak van industrialisasie in 'n land, die toestand van 'n land se infrastruktuur, die land se ekonomiese groeitempo en produktiwiteitsvlakke belangrike bepalers is van die vloei van BDB na Afrika. Die verbasende resultaat is dat politiese stabiliteit en die vlak van die oopheid van ekonomieë in Afrika onbelangrike bepalers van die vloei van BDB na Afrika is. 'n Geringe aantal studies neem in aanmerking dat Afrika in verskillende streeksgroeperings, nl Noord-, Oos-, Wes-, Midde-, en Suider-Afrika ingedeel kan word, met vorige studies wat hoofsaaklik op Noord-Afrika en sub-Sahara-Afrika fokus. 'n Bykomende doelwit van die studie was om die streek spesifieke bepalers wat BDB aandryf, vas te stel. Die bevindings dui daarop dat oopheid van ekonomieë in Noord-Afrika en Midde-Afrika belangrik is, terwyl die vlak van industrialisasie in die konteks van Noord-Afrika en Wes-Afrika betekenisvol is. Die toestand van die infrastruktuurnetwerk is sentraal tot BOB-vloei in Wes- en Midde-Afrika terwyl politiese slabiliteit die sleutel is tot die bevordering van BOB-vloei na Oos-Afrika. 'n Verbasende bevinding is dat geen van die getoetste bepalers in die konteks van Suider-Afrika betekenisvol was nie. Bogenoemde bevindings toon die behoefte aan verdere navorsing in terme van die spesifieke bepalers van BOB van 'n land. Dit sal dien om inligling te verstrek oor 'n land se nasionale beleidsagenda en 'n seleksie van strategie om BOB te lok, sodat die voordele gemaksimeer en die koste daarvan geminimiseer kan word.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis looks at poverty in the Third World and tries per implication to understand how the economy functions. Finally it suggests solutions for the poverty problem. The first chapter looks at the definition of poverty and why this subject is important to study. It also mentions that there are two ways to look at the poverty problem. The first is the structural thesis and the second the modernisation thesis. The second chapter looks at what the economy is and how it functions. It is emphasised that the economy should be considered to be a complex ecosystem and not a mechanical machine. The third chapter points out that there was a change in focus in the passed 50 years. Now education and information have become much more important. This change is known as postmodernism or globalisation and resulted in the decline of the power of the state. The economic success of countries like the USA, Britain, Japan and Germany is considered in the fourth chapter. The following factors are considered: • The geographic location of a region includes phenomena like the rainfall, natural disasters and mineral wealth. • Historical factors like colonial oppression and the self image of groups. • Diseases and nutrition which makes individuals less productive. • Cultural factors like self-discipline, diligence and an over emphasis of the supernatural • Property rights • Communalism and social capital • State intervention • Technology which makes it possible to produce more with less This chapter also looks at how these different factors interact together and makes the functioning of the complex economic system possible. In the fifth chapter we look at possible solutions for the poverty problem. It is pointed out that the “annexation of the means of production” is no solution. The ignoring of the problem is also rejected as no solution. The renewal of people’s mind is put forward as the solution. The last chapter has a look at the conclusions of the thesis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verhandeling poog om na die armoede in Derde Wêreld lande te kyk en dan per implikasie te verstaan hoe die ekonomie funksioneer en dan oplossings voor te stel. Die eerste hoofstuk kyk na wat die definisie van armoede is en hoekom dit belangrik is om na hierdie probleem te kyk. Dit wys ook daarop dat daar twee maniere is om na die armoede vraagstuk te kyk, naamlik die strukturele tesis en die modernisasie tesis. Die tweede hoofstuk kyk na wat die ekonomie is en hoe die ekonomie funksioneer. Daar word daarop gewys dat die ekonomie as ’n komplekse ekostelsel beskou moet word en nie as ’n meganistiese masjien nie. Die derde hoofstuk wys daarop dat daar die afgelope 50 jaar ’n klemverskuiwing in die wêreld plaasgevind het waar onderwys en inligting baie belangriker geword het. Hierdie tendens word postmodernisme of globalisering genoem en het onder andere daartoe gelei dat die staat se mag ingeperk is. In die vierde hoofstuk word na die ekonomiese sukses van lande soos die VSA, Brittanje, Japan en Duitsland gekyk. Daar word na die volgende faktore gekyk: • Die geografiese ligging van ’n gebied omsluit verskynsels soos reënval, natuurlike rampe en minerale rykdomme • Historiesefaktore soos koloniale onderdrukking en groepe se selfbeeld • Siektes en voeding wat mense minder produktief maak • Kultuurfaktore soos selfdissipline, hardwerkendheid en oorbeklemtoning van die bonatuurlike • Eiendomsreg • Kommunialisme en sosiale kapitaal • Staatsinmenging • Tegnologie wat dit moontlik maak om met minder meer te produseer Daar word ook in hierdie hoofstuk gekyk hoe hierdie verskillende faktore op mekaar inwerk om saam te werk om die komplekse ekonomiese stelsel te laat funksioneer. Ons kyk in die vyfde hoofstuk na moontlike oplossings vir die armoede vraagstuk. Daar word uitgewys dat “die anneksasie van die produksiemiddele en die herverdeling van rykdom” nie die oplossing is nie. Die ignorering van die probleem word ook afgewys. Die oplossing word voorgehou as die hernuwing van die denke van mense. In die laaste hoofstuk word die gevolgtrekking van hierdie verhandeling voorgehou.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to calculate and analyse GDP multipliers for the South African economy from input-output tables for seven data sets for the 1980-2010 period. The paper commences with a discussion of the nature, limitations, uses and underlying assumptions of input-output tables, followed by a presentation of the basic input-output model. The theory and methodology of the calculation of output multipliers is discussed. The basic open and closed model methods used in this study are developed and distinguished. All the steps of the basic calculation of the multipliers are explained within the context of the two mathematical models used. The four sets of multipliers generated by the model, namely simple GDP multipliers, simple type II GDP multipliers, total GDP multipliers, and total type II GDP multipliers are discussed and analysed for all seven data sets. The most significant trend identified is the steady decline in the value of the total GDP multiplier over the three decades reviewed. This is primarily attributed to the increasing openness of the South African economy following the end of the apartheid era. The composition of the total GDP multipliers, in terms of the relative and absolute proportions of the direct, indirect and induced impacts are presented and analysed. The decline in the value of the total GDP multiplier was primarily due to a reduction in the relative and absolute contribution of the induced effect over the period reviewed. This trend reflects the structural changes in the South African economy, the hallmark of which is the decline in the secondary industries, whose declining profitability was due to increased competitive discipline. This trend was compounded by overvalued and volatile real exchange rates, and resulted in low levels of investment and employment creation in this sector. An examination of the intra-sector multipliers for the same period also showed a marked and consistent declining trend in the multiplier effect over the period under review. This was especially pertinent in the case of the secondary industries, for which a very similar pattern emerged across industries, with the time paths of the mean multiplier effect showing a very similar movement for almost all manufacturing industries. It is suggested that policy makers should consider the significance and desirability of these structural changes. A combination of monetary and fiscal policy measures could do much to revitalise South Africa’s ailing manufacturing sector. The turnaround thereof could aid government’s objectives of employment creation and economic growth. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om, op grond van inset-uitset tabelle, BBP vermenigvuldigers vir die Suid Afrikaanse ekonomie te bereken en te ontleed, vir die 1980-2010 periode. Die skripsie begin met ‘n bespreking van die aard, beperkings, gebruike en onderliggende aannames van inset-uitset tabelle, gevolg deur ‘n voorlegging van die basiese inset-uitset model. Die teorie en metodologie van die berekening van uitset vermenigvuldigers word bespreek. Die basiese oop en geslote model metodes wat in die studie gebruik word, word ontwikkel and onderskei. Al die stappe in die basiese berekening van die vermenigvuldigers word verduidelik binne die konteks van die wiskundige modelle wat hier gebruik word. Die vier stelle vermenigvuldigers wat deur die model gegenereer word, naamlik die eenvoudige BBP vermenigvuldigers, die eenvoudige tipe II BBP vermenigvuldigers, die totale BBP vermenigvuldigers en die totale tipe II BBP vermenigvuldigers, word bespreek en ontleed vir al sewe data stelle. Die volgehoue dalende tendens van die totale BBP vermenigvuldiger, is die betekenisvolste tendens wat hier waargeneem is. Dit word primêr toegeskryf aan die toenemende “oopheid” van die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonome na die einde van die apartheid era. Die samestelling van die totale BBP vermenigvuldigers, in terme van die relatiewe en absolute proporsies, van die direkte, indirekte en afgeleide impak word gewys en ontleed. Die daling in die waarde van die totale BBP vermenigvuldiger, kan grootliks toegeskryf word aan ‘n afname in die relatiewe en absolute bydrae van die afgeleide effek oor die relevante periode. Hierdie tendens wys op die strukturele veranderinge binne die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie, wat gekenmerk is deur die kwynende bydrae van die sekondêre industrieë, veral weens hul dalende winsgewendheid wat toegeskryf kan word aan ‘n toename in internasionale kompetisie. Hierdie tendens word versterk deur ‘n oorgewaardeerde en onstabiele reële wisselkoers wat aanleiding gee tot laer vlakke van belegging en werkskepping in hierdie sektor. ‘n Ontleding van die intra-industrie vermenigvuldigers wys verder op ‘n volgehoue en dalende tendens in die vermenigvuldiger effek oor die hele termyn. Dit is weereens veral pertinent in die geval van die sekondêre industrieë, waar ‘n baie soortgelyke patroon te voorskyn kom vir byna die hele sektor. Dit word voorgestel dat beleidmakers die belangrikheid en wenslikheid van hierdie strukturele veranderinge in oënskou sal neem. ‘n Kombinasie van monetêre en fiskale beleidsmaatreëls kan baie doen om die kwynende plaaslike vervaardigingsbedryf te ondersteun, en ‘n meer lewensvatbare bedryf kan die owerheid help om sy doelwitte van groei en werkskepping te bereik.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The traction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been viewed as a viable strategy for growing the economy and for solving such challenges as unemployment, the acquire skills and technology transfer. Many developing economies have implemented a number of macro-economic policies with the aim of boosting their economies. South Africa has, similarly, implemented a range of policies – including incentives aimed at attracting FDI. This study analyses the inward trends of FDI for South Africa and the key determinants of FDI. The study uses as variables annual key economic indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP), government size (GOVSIZ), export/import trade, the exchange rate, inflation and the interest rate, for the period 1970 to 2013. The study reviews global FDI trends and their geographic distribution as well as FDI trends in Africa and in key sectors, including FDI trends and FDI policy in South Africa. The literature review analyses the fundamental theories of international trade and foreign investment. A number of empirical researches indicate that factors such as skilled labour, infrastructure, financial development, political stability, market size, natural resources and better economic management (comparatively speaking) are key determinants for FDI. Following the theoretical review, the formulation of an empirical model to estimate the empirical determinants of South African FDI is discussed. The use of Johansen cointegration and the vector error correction model (VECM) framework is described. The discussion of cointegration analysis includes the use of impulse response and decomposition analysis to establish the long- and short-run determinants of FDI in South Africa. The results from the trend analysis showed that South Africa is still performing poorly in terms of receiving FDI when compared to other developing countries in regions such as Latin America and South Asia. The information and communications technology (ICT) and financial services sector are currently the major recipient of FDI, followed by manufacturing and mining. The USA, followed by the UK, are the primary sources of FDI in South Africa. The empirical results showed that FDI, GDP, GOVSIZ, trade, inflation, exchange and return on credit were long-run determinants. The VECM results revealed that GDP, GOVSIZ, trade openness and return on credit tend to have a positive impact on FDI, whereas the exchange rate and inflation have a negative impact on it.

Thesis (DCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is remarkable that population, which is at the centre of the economic problem - the Wealth if not the Poverty of Nations - has received scant attention in economic research in South Africa. Which is probably why we can have a NEW - so designated in the Draft Report - population policy propounded by government (in 1997) which manifests little appreciation of the economics of population. This dissertation is an attempt to demonstrate why the void should be filled and to bring to light specific topics within the broader subject matter that could be fruitfully researched. The demographic scene in South Africa lends itself to a telling demonstration of the economic effects of population movements by way of contrasting the experience of the high fertility, youthful Black population - with a total fertility rate of around 37 after having been 6,75 in the 1950s - and that of the demographically older non-Blacks, among whom the Whites exhibit a fertility level way below the replacement rate of 2,1, while that of the Asians (Indians) and Coloureds has almost reached that rate. Since the former has a share of more than a dominant three-quarters in the aggregate South African population, the emphasis is inevitably on the economic consequences of rapid population growth and its attendant demographic magnitudes: fertility, mortality, migration, age and sex composition, spatial distribution and, what is called "economic quality" of the population as manifested in its supply of enterprise. The analysis is presented in the traditional supply and demand paradigm. Supply is examined by linking demographic forces to the five factors of production whose co-operation is responsible for the generation of the national product: entrepreneurship, (ordinary) labour, natural resources, technology and capital. The population has to generate an adequate supply of entrepreneurs, and the two human factors of production have to have one or more of the non-human factors at their disposal to accommodate the population economically. Proliferating human numbers can be destructive of natural resources, and in conflict with the formation of capital, the accumulation of technology and their potential economic welfare-enhancing operation. The demand aspects are analysed by linking on to the four macro demand components in the national accounts system: Household consumption, Government consumption, Investment (visa- vis saving) and foreign trade. Some of the issues discussed are: the stability deriving from a population elasticity of demand close to 1,0; the comparative significance of the population versus the affluence factor; the role of high fertility in the acquisition, at the election polls, of economic power via political power, and its consequences for the diversion of demand; the capital absorbed in "demographic investments"; and the significance of the South African factor endowment for its foreign trade. From the above analyses conclusions could be drawn about econormc growth, poverty, unemployment and the economic value of a life. In human populations, in sub-Saharan Africa at least, quantity is the adversary of quality. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is merkwaardig dat Bevolking, wat aan die middelpunt staan van die Rykdom van Volkere indien nie van die Armoede nie, so weinig aandag in die ekonomiese literatuur van Suid-Afrika geniet. Dit is waarskynlik waarom die regering in 1997 'n NUWE bevolkingsbeleid - so gespesifiseer in die konsepwitskrif - kan voorstel wat weinig aanduiding toon van 'n waardering vir die Ekonomie van Demografiese tendense. Hierdie dissertasie is 'n poging om te demonstreer waarom die leemte gevul moet word, en om spesifieke onderwerpe, binne die breëre raamwerk, vir verdere ondersoek aan die lig te bring. Die demografiese toneel in Suid-Afrika leen homself tot 'n treffende demonstrasie van die ekonomiese gevolge van demografiese tendense by wyse van 'n kontrastering van die ondervinding van die snelgroeiende, jeugdige Swart bevolking - met 'n totale fertiliteitsyfer (TFS) van nagenoeg 3.7, nadat dit gedurende die vyftigerjare 6,75 was - en dié van die demografies-ouer nie-Swart bevolking, onder wie die Blankes, met 'n TFS wat reeds ver benede verplasingskoers van 2,1 is, en Asiërs (Indiërs) en Kleurlinge wat alreeds byna daardie peil bereik het. Aangesien eersgenoemde etniese groep ook nog 'n oorheersende aandeel van meer as driekwart in die totale SA bevolkingsgrootte het, is dit onvermydelik dat die nadruk sal val op die ekonomiese gevolge van snelle bevolkingsgroei met die daarmee samehangende demografiese groothede: fertiliteit, mortaliteit, migrasie, leeftyd- en geslagsamestelling, geografiese verspreiding en ook "ekonomiese kwaliteit" soos dit in die aanbod van ondernemerskap gemanifesteer word. Die analise word in die tradisionele vraag en aanbod paradigma aangebied. Aanbod word ontleed deur demografiese faktore te koppel met die vyf produksiefaktore waarvan die samewerking vir die skepping van die nasionale produk verantwoordelik is: ondernemers, arbeid, natuurlike hulpbronne, tegnologie en kapitaal. Die bevolking moet 'n voldoende aantalondernemers verwek, en die twee menslike produksiefaktore benodig die bystand van een of meer van die niemenslike faktore, om die bevolking ekonomies te kan akkommodeer. Vermenigvuldigende mensegetalle kan vernietigend inwerk op natuurlike hulpbronne en kan in konflik verkeer met kapitaalvorming en tegnologie-akkumulasie en hul ekonomiese welsynsbevorderende werking. Die vraag-aspekte word analiseer deur aan te sluit by die vier makro vraagkomponente in die nasionale boekhoudingstelsel : huishoudelike verbruik, regeringskonsumpsie, belegging (vis-a-vis besparing) en buitlandse handel. Aangeleenthede wat onder die loep geneem word, sluit, onder andere, die volgende in: stabiliteit wat voorspruit uit 'n bevolkingselastisiteit van vraag wat nagenoeg 1 is; die vergelykende invloed van ekonomiese oorvloed teenoor die menslike getallefaktor; die rol van hoë fertiliteit in die verkryging van ekonomiese mag deur middel van die stembus en sy gevolge vir die omleiding van vraag; die kapitaal wat in "demografiese beleggings" geabsorbeer word; en die betekenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse produksiefaktorbegunstiging vir sy internasionale handel. Uit bogenoemde ontledings kan gevolgtrekkinge gemaak word ten opsigte van ekonomiese groei, armoede, werkloosheid en die ekonomiese waarde van 'n menselewe. In menslike bevolkings - minstens sover dit sub-Sahara-Afrika betref - staan kwantiteit in 'n adversatiewe houding teenoor kwaliteit.