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Factors contributing to the foster care backlog : service providers’ perspectives and suggestionsNgwenya, P. M. (Phindile M.) 01 1900 (has links)
The backlog in foster care applications has been an issue in the Department of Health and Social Development, Johannesburg office, for the last number of years, resulting in foster care placement applications accumulating and families’ quality of life being affected and compromised. The service providers are inundated with high caseloads. Foster care applications could take up to a year or longer before they are processed and finalised at the Children’s Court.
The aim of the study was to explore and describe the factors contributing to the foster care backlog from the service providers’ perspective and to provide suggestions to address this continuing backlog. The researcher employed a qualitative research approach and an explorative, descriptive and contextual research design. Factors such as high caseloads, lack of resources and lack of support and training from management were identified as contributing to the backlog. Recommendations made are the immediate filling of vacant posts, induction of new social workers, provision of adequate resources and infrastructure as well as the division of foster care services. / Social Work / M.A. (Mental Health)
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The experience and views of indigent older persons in Atteridgeville on the Indigency policy / programme of local governmentLatakgomo, Christabela Nthabiseng 02 1900 (has links)
The Indigency Policy / Programme was introduced by the Tshwane Municipality in 2000 to alleviate poverty by assisting the poor with subsidized limited basic municipal services. The goal of this study was to explore the experiences and views of indigent older persons in Atteridgeville of the Indigency Policy / Programme of the Tshwane Municipality.
Limited literature was available on the topic and hence the researcher undertook a qualitative study that was exploratory and descriptive in nature to explore this unknown area.
The key recommendations were: There is a need for active involvement and availability of municipal social workers; continuous monitoring, education and evaluation by the municipality for the communities. It was recommended that the Municipality conduct a full scale research on indigents` experience and perceptions/ views of their Indigency Policy / Programme in Tshwane. / Social Work / M. A. (Mental Health)
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Natural resource management and local knowledge in transition : an anthropological perspective from the Laka of MapelaEckert, Britta 12 1900 (has links)
This study sets out to analyse the relevance of cultural values and perceptions, which
form the basis of the "local knowledge" of grassroots people, in the natural resource
management of the Laka of Mapela who live in the former Lebowa homeland in the
Northern Province of South Africa. Due to the fact that political transitions affect the
traditional authority system, it further explores the role of traditional leaders regarding
control and decision-making over natural resources as well as the activities of
oppositional groups at local level, and their attitudes towards land tenure issues. Natural
resource management is approached holistically because, in grassroots perceptions,
the natural world does not "stand on its own" and is not dissected into manageable units
but forms part of a wider cosmos which is made up of human beings, nature and the
supernatural. A happy life of people, fertile soils and rich botanical resources are
inseparable from harmony in the cosmos. Misfortune, natural resource degradation and
scarcity are consequently explained with a state of flux, or imbalance, in these cosmic
relationships which have to be restored by people in order to survive. The general
conclusions suggest that these local perceptions of natural resource management
cannot be ignored from the development arena as well as by outside scientists and
practitioners. Rather, in order to develop more progressive approaches for sustainable
management in the former homelands, policies and plans have to be compatible with
the worldview of local people to enhance their acceptance and implementation. / Anthropology and Archaeology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Anthropology)
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Gender issues in development : an African rural perspectiveFetsha, Angela Joy Nosipho 11 1900 (has links)
The need to carry out an analysis of gender issues in development stems from a concern about the persistent inequalities surrounding African rural women. Women assume social and economic roles inside and outside the household but their contribution does not receive due recognition. Having being excluded from crucial
decision making processes, their productive roles have been secondary to their reproductive responsibilities.
The purpose of this study was to highlight the negative impact imposed by gender oppression on women's economic and social progress. This necessitated an in-depth review of literature that included journals, books,
newspaper articles and general publications. The review reflected that women have undisputedly faced social, cultural, economic, political and educational barriers and that simple rhetoric has not done much to
alleviate women's subordinate position and dependency on men. Finally a suggested plan- of action followed to provide an axis around which gender issues in development should revolve. / Development Studies / M. Admin. (Development Administration)
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The illness experience of HIV-infected low-income Coloured mothers in the Winelands region : theoretical and practical implicationsHerbst, Elsa 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DPhil (Psychology))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Statistics show that young, heterosexual, low-income women are the fastest growing HIVinfected
population in South Africa and in the rest of the world. Despite the rapidly
growing numbers of women with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired
immune deficiency syndrome), there is a scarcity of research that focuses primarily on how
poor minority and disadvantaged women of colour experience being HIV-positive, how
these women actually live and cope with their diagnosis. Furthermore, no research studies
on minority groups, such as the Coloured women in the Western Cape, exploring these
issues have been reported. Consequently, there is an urgent need for research studies in
South Africa to explore the range of discourses revealed by low-income and minority
women regarding their lives and experiences of HIV/AIDS, in order to generate
understanding and knowledge which could contribute to possible interventions, support
and care.
The present study aimed to: 1) explore the psychosocial concerns and mental health needs
of HIV-infected low-income Coloured mothers in everyday life; 2) construct a testable
Grounded Theory regarding the illness experience of low-income Coloured mothers; and 3)
recommend guidelines for health workers. The study was a systematic analysis and
documentation of how the illness (HIV/AIDS) was constructed in narratives of one
particular group of women in South Africa.
Eleven suitable and willing HIV-infected Coloured mothers were recruited by means of
convenience and theoretical sampling. The research study was conducted within a socialconstructionist
framework where the focus was on how HIV-infected, low-income Coloured
women make sense of their world and illness experience. Grounded Theory was applied
within the framework of qualitative research to analyse the data and to explore the
participants’ constructions of the illness. As qualitative measure, a semi-structured in-depth
interview schedule was developed according to Grounded Theory protocol. To reach the
aims of the present study, questions focused on specific behaviours, experiences, thoughts
and feelings that related to living with a positive HIV-diagnosis. In the participants’ accounts of their illness experience, two dominant discourses were
identified: a discourse of HIV/AIDS, within which the illness was constructed as an
stigmatised, incurable and deadly illness; as a shameful illness that someone should be
blamed for; and as being associated with secrecy, silence, separation, pain and suffering,
loss, and loneliness, as well as a discourse of mothering, what it means to be a “good”
woman/mother; constructed as someone that should primarily take care of her children
and family, and not be separated from them, or neglect or abandon them through illness
or death. It is suggested that the two dominant discourses found in the participants’
accounts of their illness experiences, namely the meaning of HIV/AIDS as an illness (a
stigmatised, incurable, and deadly illness, a shameful and blameworthy illness, an illness of
secrecy, silence, separation, pain and suffering, loss, and loneliness), and the imperatives
of mothering, what it means to be a “good” woman/mother (the primary caregiver of
children, someone who is connected, physically strong, healthy and productive, and
someone who is able to cope with her caregiving responsibilities even when in distress
herself) are irreconcilable.
It seems that these distressing and disempowering experiences of being HIV-infected,
while also being a primary caregiver and mother of children, caused the participants in the
present study severe psychological distress and suffering. Given these discourses and the
context of the participants’ lives within their specific socio-economic circumstances, namely
their lack of emotional and social support from friends and family, abusive relationships,
substance abuse, economic hardships, absence of treatment options, as well as their
experience of an incapacitating, incurable, stigmatised illness causing them severe physical
and psychological distress, it was argued that the majority of the participants in the
present study were in some state of depression and were in need of psychosocial support
and mental healthcare.
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Women's vulnerability, sexual power and prevention of stigma : what do prevention campaigns tell usBue, Martine Eriksen 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The HIV-epidemic that is evident in South Africa today is infecting more women than men. This is
mostly due to the vulnerability that women are facing in sexual relationships, where they are not able
to negotiate the terms and conditions of their sexual engagement. Patriarchy, the culture of masculinity
and a general male dominance influence women’s dependency on their man and agency inside and
outside of the home, and contribute to the oppression of women both generally in society and sexually.
Women have by this not the control over their own bodies and are for this reason in a high-risk
position of contracting HIV. The vulnerability is further linked to the stigmatisation that women
experience if they do try to negotiate preventative measures to reduce the risk of transmission. The
fear of being stigmatised as ‘loose’ or HIV-positive by both men and women if suggesting condom
use, inhibits women to propose the necessary actions for protection. Stigmatising behaviours also
impact on a person’s fear of becoming HIV-positive and reduces the likelihood of getting tested,
disclose one’s status to sexual partners and receive treatment.
This thesis examines cultural and socio-economic issues that contribute to gender inequality in South
Africa, and can generate stigma towards women on the basis of HIV and AIDS. This is done by using
radical feminism as the theoretical framework for contextualising how women are situated in the
South African society, in terms of general and sexual agency. Through the method of content analysis
and the findings from the theoretical framework, the thesis further analyses how the three HIVprevention
campaigns loveLife, Brothers for Life and TAC manage to address the issues related to
stigma based on HIV/AIDS, which are directed towards women. Race, class and gender are all factors that influence the likelihood of becoming HIV-infected and of
becoming stigmatised. Women’s low social status situates women in a position where they are more
probable to be the object of stigmatisation since they already are considered lower in rank. If the
women also are of colour, poor and low educated the chances of becoming stigmatised on the basis of
HIV and AIDS are even more likely, the same is the chances of becoming HIV-infected. This
indicates that poor, uneducated black women are the group that is most vulnerable towards
stigmatisation as well as towards HIV-transmission.
Socio-economic and cultural factors have a strong influence on the gender inequality in sexual
relationships found in South Africa, which cause HIV to spread and can generate stigmatising
behaviours. Stigmatisation on the basis of HIV/AIDS is therefore important to address in order to
reduce the number of new HIV-infections. The three campaigns analysed for this thesis did neither directly address stigma on a general level nor directed towards women. The campaigns are therefore
considered to be missing an important feature of HIV-prevention in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse Vigsepidemie infekteer meer vroue as mans. Dit is die geval weens die
kwesbaarheid wat vroue ervaar in seksuele verhoudings, waar vroue nie die mag het om die
omstandighede van hul seksuele interaksies te onderhandel nie. Patriargie, die kultuur van manlikheid
en ‘n algemene manlike dominansie beïnvloed vroue se mag en dra by tot die onderdrukking van
vroue, beide in die samelewing in die algemeen en in seksuele verhoudings. Om hierdie rede het vroue
nie beheer oor hul eie liggame nie en daarom ervaar hulle ‘n hoë risiko om MIV op te doen.
Hierdie kwesbaarheid word ook verbind aan die stigmatisering wat vroue ervaar wanneer hulle
probeer om voorkomende aksie te neem ten einde die risiko van Vigsoordrag te verminder. Die vrees
om deur mans en ander vroue gestigmatiseer te word as iemand met ‘losse sedes’, of as iemand wat
MIV-positief is wanneer hulle kondoomgebruik voorstel, weerhou vroue daarvan om die nodige
voorkomende aksie vir selfbeskerming te neem. Stigmatiserende gedrag het ook ‘n impak op ‘n mens
se vrees om MIV-positief te word en verminder die waarskynliheid dat jy jouself vir die virus sal laat
toets, dat iemand hul status aan seksuele maats sal verklaar, of behandeling sal ontvang. Diegene wat
reeds MIV onder lede het is bang om hul status te verklaar weens die gepaardgaande stigma.
Hierdie tesis ondersoek kulturele en sosio-ekonomiese kwessies wat bydra tot geslagsongelykheid in
Suid-Afrika, en wat stigma kan veroorsaak teenoor vroue met betrekking tot MIV and Vigs. Die studie
analiseer dan of Vigsveldtogte hierdie stigma kan aanspreek. Dit word gedoen deur radikale
feminisme toe te pas as ‘n teoretiese raamwerk om vroue se plek in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing te
kontekstualiseer, beide in terme van algemene en seksuele mag. Die metode van inhoudsanalise word
toegepas om drie Vigsvoorkomingsveldtogte (loveLife, Brothers for Life en TAC) te analiseer en vas
te stel of en hoe hulle kwessies wat betrekking het op stigma teenoor vroue aanspreek. Sosio-ekonomiese en kulturele faktore het ‘n sterk invloed op die geslagsongelykeid in seksuele
verhoudings in Suid-Afrika; dit lei daartoe dat MIV versprei word en kan stigmatiserende gedrag
vererger. Om hierdie rede is dit belangrik dat MIV/Vigsvoorkomingsveldtogte stigmatisering
aanspreek ten einde gedrag te wysig en om die getal nuwe Vigsbesmettings te laat daal. Die drie
veldtogte wat in hierdie tesis geanaliseer is het beide nagelaat om stigma direk aan te spreek op ‘n
algemene vlak, en was ook nie direk gerig op vroue nie. Die veldtogte kan daarom beskou word as
ontoereikend deurdat hulle belangrike komponente van MIV-voorkomig in Suid-Afrika misgekyk het.
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Citizenship and belonging: An analysis of the Zimbabwean diasporaMaswikwa, Belinda 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Immigrant societies are in the midst of heated debates about citizenship and what it means to belong to their nation-states. The main purpose of this study is to conduct exploratory and descriptive research into the concept of belonging to a host country, in order to advance an understanding of this under-conceptualised, yet topical issue. The project was based on an extensive review of literature from the fields of psychology, sociology and political science, as well as on the responses from an empirical, quantitative survey of Zimbabweans living in South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The findings reveal that Zimbabwean respondents are frustrated with perceived attempts to exclude them from becoming full and equal members of host societies. Zimbabweans who feel that they will never truly belong or be fully accepted by host countries have subsequently developed a heightened sense of attachment to Zimbabwe, as a way of differentiating themselves from the dominant population. The main conclusion that can be drawn is that belonging, inclusion and identification with a host country is a complex process that involves three separate stakeholders namely the host country, members of the dominant group, and the immigrants themselves. This research thus argues that the problem of immigrant integration should be viewed through multiple lenses, by including the influence of various stakeholders. Doing so would lead to a more nuanced understanding of the forces influencing belonging, and could potentially lead to the formulation of more comprehensive and more targeted policies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Immigrante samelewings is in die midde van hewige debatte oor burgerskap en wat dit beteken om te behoort tot hul nasie-state. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie is om in verkennende en beskrywende ondersoek van die konsep “gasheer land intergrasie”, ten einde 'n begrip van hierdie vooraf onder-gekonseptualiseerde maar tog hedendaags belangrike konsep, te formuleer. Die projek is op 'n omvattende oorsig van die literatuur gebaseer uit die gebied van sielkunde, sosiologie en politieke wetenskap, sowel as op die antwoorde van' ʼn empiriese, kwantitatiewe opname van Zimbabwiërs wat in Suid-Afrika, die Verenigde Koninkryk en die Verenigde State van Amerika gehuisves is. Die bevinding van die studie toon dat die Zimbabwiese proefpersone gefrustreerd is met die waargenome pogings van uitsluiting deur lede van die gasheer lande ten opsigte van volle gelykstelling met bogenoemde lede. Zimbabwiërs wat voel dat hulle sal nooit werklik behoort, of nie ten volle aanvaar sal word in gasheer-lande nie, het 'n verhoogde gevoel van verbinding ontwikkel met hul tuisland Zimbabwe, as ʼn manier van onderskeiding tussen hulself en die dominante bevolking. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking wat gemaak kan word, is dat groep behoorting, insluiting en identifikasie met 'n gasheer land 'n komplekse proses is wat drie afsonderlike belanghebbendes naamlik die gasheer land, die lede van die dominante groep en die immigrante hulself behels. Hierdie navorsing argumenteer dus dat die probleem van die immigrant integrasie uit verskeie perspektiewe geanaliseer moet word, deur die betrekking van die invloed van verskeie belanghebbendes. Dit sou lei tot 'n meer genuanseerde begrip van die kragte wat ʼn uitwerking het op intergrasie, en kan moontlik lei tot die formulering van meer omvattende en geringe beleide.
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Immigration and intolerance in South Africa, 1990-2001Dwyer, Chantal Glynn 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Many different categories of people move into South Africa daily. Each category has
its defined purposes for coming here such as seeking opportunities, a better life and in
some cases a safe haven. Many South Africans have become intolerant towards
immigrants entering the country. In some cases immigrants have to endure name
calling, harassment and in more extreme circumstances violent attacks.
This study proposes to focus on intolerance in South Africa from 1990 to 2001 and
describes whether South Africans have become more intolerant towards immigrants
over this period. It therefore focuses on certain groups in the South African society
based on ethnicity, level of education and category of employment.
A quantitative method is used by means of utilising already existing statistics from the
World Value Surveys conducted in 1990, 1995 and 200l. It also takes the form of a
longitudinal study by describing xenophobic and intolerant attitudes over an elevenyear
period. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Elke dag kom verskillende groepe mense na Suid-Afrika. Hulle het ook verskeie redes
waarom hulle hierheen kom. Sommige mag gelok word deur die geleenthede wat die
land hulle mag bied en ander vlug hierheen op soek na 'n veilige blyplek. Alhoewel
hulle hierheen kom vir definitiewe redes, word hulle nie deur alle Suid-Afrikaners
verwelkom nie. Hulle word dikwels die slagoffers van aanvalle en word ook gereeld
geteister.
Die doel van hierdie studie is om verdraagsaamheid in Suid-Afrika te analiseer deur
om na vreemdelingsvrees van Suid-Afrikaners teenoor immigrante te kyk. Die studie
wil die vlak van verdraagsaamheid tenoor immigrante vanaf 1990 tot 2001 beskryf.
Klem word op spesifieke groepe van Suid-Afrikaners geplaas naamlik rasse groep, die
vlak van geletterdheid so wel as werkskategorie.
Die studie gebruik dus 'n kwantitatiwe navorsingrnetode en statistieke van die World
Value Surveys wat in 1990, 1995 en 2001 gedoen is. Dit beoog om die veranderinge
in verdraagsaamheid oor 'n periode van elf jaar te beskryf.
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Weak states and child soldiering in Africa : contextual factorsVan Niekerk, Magdaleen 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MMil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Over the last forty years Africa has been one of the most conflict-ridden regions in the world,
resulting in untold human suffering. It has been estimated that between 1955 and 1999 some
nine to ten million people have died as a result of violent conflict in Africa. However, those
suffering the most in these wars are not merely the defenceless victims of conflict, but also its
active perpetrators. More than 120 000 children under the age of 18 years have been forced or
recruited to participate in armed conflicts across Africa. Although the use of children in armed
conflict is not a new phenomenon, it has never been as widespread and as brutal as during the
past decade.
Governmental organisations, non-governmental organisations, academic institutions, security
institutes and the media have conducted extensive research on the phenomenon of child
soldiers, specifically focusing on the demobilisation and reintegration of child combatants.
Surprisingly, not much research has been conducted on why particular states are more prone to
utilise these little soldiers than others.
This thesis attempts to fill that gap by analysing the circumstances under which children are
utilised as soldiers in Africa. This aim is divided into three subdivisions, namely to describe the
type of states in which children are utilised as soldiers, to analyse the conflicts in which child
soldiers are utilised, and to describe the socio-economic conditions that urge children to take up
arms.
An analysis of the child soldier-phenomenon suggests that it transpires in weak states. These
states exhibit very distinct characteristics, including serious problems of legitimacy, the absence
of one cohesive national identity, the presence of opposing local strongmen, high levels of
institutional weakness, economic underdevelopment, and a vulnerability to external international
forces. The weakness of these states is created by the fragmentation of social control amongst
various social organisations, which is in turn caused by the expansion of the world economy
from Europe and also by colonialism. This fragmentation poses immense challenges to state
leaders and forces them to adopt very distinct political policies, which put certain limitations on
the process of state-making.
In response to this, leaders have adopted a number of social, political and economic strategies.
These, together with the socio-economic conditions - specifically poverty - within weak states
often create civil violence. These strategies include political centralisation, authoritarianism,
ethnic politics, the manipulation of democratic processes and mechanisms, patronage politics and the manipulation of state economic structures and policies. However, in order to
successfully execute these strategies, rulers need wealth-creating resources, which usually
result in the exploitation of scarce natural resources. Warlords and local strongmen also exploit
resources to purchase arms to combat both government forces and opposing strongmen. In
addition, large international private companies cash in on the financial advantages accrued from
conflict. This leads to the formation of entrenched war economies. In the end then, these wars
becomean excuse to plunder natural resources for private enrichment.
A very distinct characteristic of these conflicts is the widespread use of child soldiers. All the
armed groups in Africa's wars, including government armed forces, paramilitary groups and
armed opposition groups, are to a greater or lesser extent guilty of recruiting, forcefully
conscripting, press-ganging and deploying child soldiers.
However, states that utilise child soldiers all exhibit similar socio-economic characteristics.
Poverty is endemic. Famine is widespread and magnifies the problems caused by war and
poverty even further. The provision of medical and health care is insufficient because of the
vast number of war wounded and the destruction of hospitals and clinics. This is also
aggravated by the high numbers of HIV/AIDS sufferers. Schools are destroyed, educational
systems are often poorly developed and illiteracy is widespread. In addition, due to years of
war and civil unrest, millions of people are displaced and forced to become refugees. These
socio-economic characteristics create the ideal breeding ground for the recruitment of child
soldiers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oor die afgelope veertig jaar was Afrika een van die mees konflikgedrewe streke in die wêreld
wat op onbeskryflike menslike lyding uitgeloop het. Dit is bereken dat tussen 1955 en 1999
ongeveer nege tot tien miljoen persone gesterf het as gevolg van die gewelddadige konflikte in
Afrika. Maar diegene wat die meeste in sulke oorloë gely het, was nie maar net die weerlose
slagoffers van die konflik nie, maar hulle was inderdaad ook aktiewe deelnemers daaraan. Meer
as 120 000 kinders onder die ouderdom van 18 jaar is gedwing of gewerf om aan gewapende
konflik regoor Afrika deel te neem. Alhoewel die deelname van kinders aan gewapende konflik
nie 'n nuwe verskynsel is nie, was dit nog nooit so wydverspreid en so brutaal soos tydens die
afgelope dekade nie.
Regeringsorganisasies, nie-regeringsorganisasies, akademiese instellings, sekerheidsinstellings
en die media het uitgebreide navorsing onderneem oor die verskynsel van
kindersoldate, en spesifiek gefokus op die demobilisering en herintegrasie van kinderkrygers.
Verbasend genoeg is nie veel navorsing gedoen oor waarom spesifieke state meer gereed
staan om hierdie klein soldaatjies aan te wend as andere nie.
Hierdie tesis poog om hierdie kennisgaping te vul deur die omstandighede waaronder kinders
as soldate in Afrika aangewend word, te analiseer. Die doel hiermee word in drie onderafdelings
verdeel, naamlik om die tipes state te beskryf waarin kinders as soldate aangewend word, om
die konflikte te analiseer waarin kindersoldate gebruik word en ook om die sosio-ekonomiese
omstandighede te beskryf wat kinders aanspoor om die wapen op te neem.
'n Analise van die kindersoldaatverskynsel dui aan dat dit in swak state voorkom. Hierdie state
openbaar besonderse kenmerke, insluitende ernstige probleme rakende legitimiteit, die
afwesigheid van 'n enkele samebindende nasionale identiteit, die aanwesigheid van plaaslike
sterk leiers, hoë vlakke van institusionele swakhede, ekonomiese onderontwikkeling en In
blootstelling aan eksterne internasionale kragte. Die swakhede van hierdie state het ontstaan
deur die fragmentering van sosiale beheer onder verskeie sosiale organisasies, wat op hul
beurt veroorsaak is deur die uitbreiding van die wêreldekonomie vanuit Europa en ook deur
kolonialisme. Hierdie fragmentering gee aanleiding tot ontsaglike uitdagings vir staatsleiers en
dwing hulle om onderskeidende politieke beleidsrigtings toe te pas wat weer sekere beperkings
op die proses van staatsvorming plaas.
In antwoord hierop het leiers 'n aantal sosiale, politieke en ekonomiese strategieë aanvaar.
Tesame met die sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede - en spesifiek armoede - skep hierdie strategieë dikwels burgerlike geweld binne swak state. Sulke strategieë sluit in politieke
sentralisasie, outoritêre oorheersing, etniese beleidsrigtings, die manipulering van demokratiese
prosesse en meganismes, die politiek van beskerming en begunstiging, asook die manipulering
van die staat se ekonomiese strukture en beleidsrigtings. Maar om hierdie strategieë suksesvol
uit te voer, benodig die heersers welvaartskeppende hulpbronne wat gewoonlik uitloop op die
uitbuiting van skaars natuurlike hulpbronne. Gewapende aanvoerders en plaaslike
onderdrukkers plunder ook hulpbronne om wapens aan te skaf om sowel regeringsmagte asook
opponerende onderdrukkers te beveg. Daarby trek internasionale private maatskappye ook
voordeel uit die finansiële opbrengste wat uit konflik verkry word. Dit alles lei tot die
totstandkoming van verskanste oorlogsekonomieë. In die finale analise word hierdie oorloë
bloot 'n verskoning om natuurlike hulpbronne vir eie verryking te plunder.
'n Baie onderskeidende kenmerk van hierdie konflikte is die wydverspreide aanwending van
kindersoldate. AI die gewapende groepe in Afrika se oorloë, insluitende regerings se
gewapende magte, paramilitêre groepe en gewapende opposisiegroepe, is almal tot mindere of
meerdere mate skuldig aan die werwing, gewelddadige rekrutering en aanwending en ook die
ontplooiing van kindersoldate.
State wat kindersoldate gebruik, toon almal soortgelyke sosio-ekonomiese kenmerke. Armoede
is endemies. Hongersnood is wydverspreid en vererger die probleme wat deur oorloë en
armoede veroorsaak is. Die voorsiening van mediese- en gesondheidsorg is onvoldoende as
gevolg van die hoë aantal HIVNigslyers. Skole is vernietig, onderwysstelsels is dikwels
onderontwikkeld en ongeletterdheid is wydverspreid. As gevolg van jare se oorloë en burgerlike
onrus word miljoene mense verder ook uit hul huise gedryf en gedwing om vlugtelinge te word.
Hierdie sosio-ekonomiese kenmerke skep die ideale teelaarde vir die werwing van
kindersoldate.
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Poverty and dependency in Cape Town : a sociological study of 3,300 dependents receiving assistance from the Cape Town General Board of AidWagner, O. J. M. (Oloff Jacobus Marais),1904- January 1936 (has links)
Thesis (D. Phil.)--University of Stellenbosch, 1936. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming beskikbaar nie
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