Faculty of Health Sciencs School of physiology 0010633J bnkeh@uycdc.uninet.m / Blood pressure (BP) is a heritable trait. However, the loci responsible and the mechanisms by which these genes determine BP are uncertain. Based on widely published data regarding frequent phenotypic characteristics that exemplify essential hypertension (EHT) in persons of African ancestry, in the present thesis I explored the role of gene candidates most likely to contribute to BP in this group. In this regard a high frequency of persons of African descent experience increases in BP in response to an enhanced salt intake (salt-sensitive hypertension). In addition, many patients of African origin with EHT fail to respond to inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with an appropriate decrease in BP, a factor that cannot be explained entirely on the basis of reduced plasma renin levels in this group. Thus, I evaluated the role of several gene variants that could influence either renal salt handling or the activity and effects of the renin-angiotensin system on BP in subjects of African ancestry. Although the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene has at least 3 variants in the promoter region that influence angiotensinogen expression and which occur with a remarkably high frequency in populations of African ancestry, their role in this group is still controversial. To-date, interactions between these variants have not been considered. Using a casecontrol study design in a sample of 1325 subjects, as well as association analysis with 24 hour ambulatory BP (ABP) values in 626 hypertensives, I confirmed that an independent effect of functional AGT gene variants on the risk for EHT or 24 hour ABP was weak at best. Importantly, however, interactions between the -20A C and -217G A variants were noted to strongly impact on the risk for EHT as well as ABP. Furthermore, interactions between the -20A C and -217G A variants played a major role in iii contributing toward the variability of ABP responses to ACE inhibitors, but not calcium channel blockers in this population group, with genotype determining whether or not ACE inhibitor responses occurred. Although the 825C T polymorphism of the guanosine triphosphate (G) protein 3 subunit (GNB3) gene influences the activity of a substance that modifies renal salt handling, namely the Na+/H+ exchanger, its impact in hypertensives of African descent is controversial. In the present thesis I confirmed in a large sample that the GNB3 variant was not associated with the risk for EHT or ABP values in subjects of African ancestry. However, because the activity of the exchanger is enhanced in obesity I hypothesised that the GNB3 gene variant could mediate a clinically relevant BP effect by modifying the impact of body size on BP (type I or II genetic effect). Indeed, GNB3 genotype proved to be a strong determinant of the impact of body size on systolic BP values, with genotype determining whether or not the effect occurred. The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) have an important influence on renal salt handling. The T594M polymorphism of the -subunit of the ENaC gene only exists with a relatively high frequency in subjects of African ancestry. Previous studies conducted in this population group in relatively small samples have indicated that the ENaC and ANP gene variants determine BP in subjects of African descent. In a larger sample of subjects of African descent I demonstrated that the T594M polymorphism of the ENaC gene has no impact on BP in this population group. However, my results suggest that the ANP gene may be a candidate worthy of further study. In conclusion, the results described in this thesis provide evidence that lends some clarity to the role of likely gene candidates for BP control in people of African descent. iv Importantly, data from this thesis suggest that interactions between functional variants of specific loci (e.g the AGT gene), and clinically relevant type I or II genetic effects (no independent actions, but modifier gene effects, e.g, GNB3) should be considered before excluding loci as playing an important role in BP control. Moreover, this thesis provides the first substantial data to indicate that gene variants determine the variability of BP responses to pharmacological agents in hypertension in this population group.

The air that humans exhale contains various chemical markers whose levels have been associated with various respiratory disorders. Therefore, measurement of these markers offers a potential method of examining airway disease status. Furthermore, exhaled breath offers the advantage of being easy to collect and non-invasive. Hence, these exhaled breath markers are potentially of significant clinical use in examining airways. Therefore, examination of exhaled breath has become the subject of intense study. Current research is targeting the development of methods and parameters for looking at these markers. The goal of this cross-sectional pilot study was to consider the variability in the measurement of these exhaled breath markers between members of different ethnic populations. Specifically, measurements of the exhaled breath marker Nitric Oxide (NO) were compared between two ethnic groups (Caucasian men versus men of African descent). Ten healthy men in each group were studied to examine whether baseline NO measurements differed between them. In this study, a cross-sectional design was used. The study sample consisted of young, healthy men with no history of environmental allergies, asthma, or lung diseases and no significant smoking history. A total of twenty-five men volunteered for the study, including fourteen men of Caucasian descent and eleven men of African descent. Because four men were excluded and one withdrew, ten men in each ethnic group were included in the final analysis. The source population from which the sample was drawn included students and workers. All participants were residing in Florida at the time of study. Ideally, the target population for this study was young, healthy, working men. Large inter-measurement variation was seen between the participants of each ethnic group. This was hypothesized to be attributed to a tri-modal distribution due to the existence of 3 populations of subjects: (1) asymptomatic with normal airways, where NO levels were under 30 parts per billion (ppb); (2) asymptomatic with airway pathology, where NO levels were over 30 ppb; and (3) asymptomatic just before the onset of an upper respiratory tract infection, where NO levels were over 60 ppb. This pilot study did not find statistically significant evidence that there is a difference in the baseline exhaled breath NO measurements between the two ethnic groups studied. Nonetheless, in participants with NO levels under 30 ppb the mean of the African group was found to be 7.6 ppb lower than the mean of the Caucasian group when attempts were made to exclude individuals with underlying airway pathology or imminent upper respiratory tract infection. In order to find statistical significance in the results, a power analysis using the standard deviation of 7.7 ppb that was found in this study indicates that at least thirty-two eligible participants with NO levels under 30 ppb would be required. Only 13 such participants were examined in this study, Thus, at least fifty eligible participants would be required to find significant results. The implication is that even though statistical significance was not achieved, the crude mean averages differed between the two groups in participants with NO levels under 30 ppb. This implies that a larger-scale well-designed study is warranted before NO is used in clinical settings in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERT OLGA Pereira.pdf: 1621228 bytes, checksum: 959f77634a7d9857c42ebbdc0b27ad29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-17 / This work makes a call about the need to implement the quota system or inclusive policies at the Instituto Federal de Educação Sul-rio-grandense, Campus Pelotas. It demonstrates, through research, the history of exclusion experienced by black / African descendants from the colonial Brazil until today. It makes a reading and analyzing various laws of the black support in the pre-and post-abolitionist, and a look at the constitution of 1988, emphasizing many of the objectives listed there, such as: inequalities, cultural diversity, human dignity , and guarantees rights, social rights and basic fundamental, as well as the right to education as a fundamental human right for all and, finally, a critical view on the opinions for and against the quota system, its own Statute of Racial Equality, the which has yet to contemplate, with dignity, equal rights for African descendants. Such approaches have enabled analysis more committed against the black / African descent with respect to the inclusion through the Quota System. Thus, it is intended to deepen and scoring difficulties that make the rules guiding support to the black / African descendants in Brazilian society, something which is increasingly distant from the reality experienced in terms of access to higher education / Este trabalho de pesquisa faz um chamamento sobre a necessidade de implantação do Sistema de Cotas ou de políticas inclusivas no Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense, Campus Pelotas. Demonstra, por meio da pesquisa, o histórico de exclusão social sofrida pelo negro/afrodescendente desde o Brasil-Colônia até a atualidade. Faz uma leitura e análise de diversas leis de amparo ao negro no período pré e pós-abolicionista, bem como um olhar sobre o texto constitucional de 1988, procurando enfatizar muito dos objetivos ali elencados, como: desigualdades, diversidade cultural, dignidade da pessoa humana, direitos e garantias, direitos sociais e fundamentais básicos, assim como o direito à educação como um direito humano fundamental a todos e, finalmente, uma abordagem crítica sobre as opiniões favoráveis e contrárias ao Sistema de Cotas e ao próprio Estatuto da Igualdade Racial, o qual ainda não conseguiu contemplar, com dignidade, uma igualdade de direitos para os afrodescendentes. Tais abordagens possibilitaram análises mais comprometidas em relação ao negro/afrodescendente no que se refere à inclusão por meio do Sistema de Cotas. Com isso, pretende-se, aprofundar e pontuar as dificuldades norteadoras que tornam a legislação de amparo ao negro/afrodescendente na sociedade brasileira algo cada vez mais distante da realidade vivenciada em termos de acesso ao Ensino Superior

A obesidade comum é atualmente um dos problemas de saúde pública mais importante no mundo, frequentemente associada a outros distúrbios tais como hipertensão, diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares e câncer. Apesar da alta prevalência de obesidade em diversas populações, muitos dos estudos relacionados aos seus fatores de risco genéticos foram realizados com indivíduos de ascendência europeia ou asiática, mas foram poucos os realizados com populações de origem africana ou nativas americanas. Nosso trabalho tem por objetivo geral investigar potenciais fatores de risco genéticos associados ao sobrepeso e à obesidade em populações afrodescendentes remanescentes de quilombos do Vale do Ribeira - SP, comunidades rurais semi-isoladas, previamente bem caracterizadas do ponto de vista clínico, genealógico e genético-populacional. Nossa amostra constituiu-se de 759 indivíduos, pertencentes a doze populações de remanescentes de quilombos (Abobral, São Pedro, Galvão, Ivaporunduva, Pedro Cubas, André Lopes, Nhunguara, Sapatu, Pilões, Maria Rosa, Poça e Reginaldo), dos quais foram obtidos amostras de DNA, dados clínicos, informações genealógicas e medidas antropométricas. A investigação dos fatores de risco genéticos associados ao sobrepeso/obesidade foi realizada por duas abordagens: (1) estudo de associação baseado em famílias (N = 584, 59 famílias) e (2) estudo de associação populacional com indivíduos não aparentados (N=305). Foram selecionados para estudo nove polimorfismos em oito genes candidatos: LEP rs2167270, LEPR rs1137101, ADRB2 rs1042713, PPARG rs1801282, PLIN1 rs2289487, RETN rs1862513, INSIG2 rs7566605, FTO rs1121980 e FTO rs1421085. As análises de associação baseadas em família indicaram que, nessas populações, apenas o polimorfismo PLIN1 rs2289487 está associado significativamente com o grupo de risco em relação à razão cintura-quadril (RCQ >=0,85 para mulheres e >=0,90 para homens; P=0,013). Aparentemente não existem trabalhos anteriores que verificaram a associação deste polimorfismo com a obesidade por essa metodologia. As análises do estudo populacional com indivíduos não aparentados mostraram associação significativa entre: (i) o alelo G no polimorfismo LEPR rs1137101 e a variação do índice de massa corporal (IMC; P=0,027); (ii) o alelo G do polimorfismo LEPR rs1137101 e o fenótipo de sobrepeso/obesidade (IMC>=25 Kg/m²; P=0,027); (iii) o alelo G no polimorfismo ADRB2 rs1042713 e o fenótipo de risco (IMC>=25 Kg/m²; P=0,029); (iv) o polimorfismo PLIN1 rs2289487 (genótipo GG) e os menores valores do IMC (P=0,025); (v) o polimorfismo FTO rs1121980 (alelo G) e o fenótipo de risco (IMC>=25 Kg/m²), assim como a variação do IMC (P=0,037 e P=0,022 respectivamente); e (vi) o alelo A no polimorfismo FTO rs1421085 e maiores valores da circunferência da cintura (Cc; P=0,016) e da razão cintura-quadril (RCQ; P=0,030). Tomados em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem a participação dos genes LEP, LEPR, ADRB2, PLIN1 e FTO no aumento da predisposição ao sobrepeso e à obesidade nas populações remanescentes de quilombos. Por fim, as elevadas estimativas de herdabilidade dos três fenótipos investigados (IMC=33%, Cc=33% e RCQ=70%) reforçam a relevância do papel dos fatores genéticos no acúmulo de gordura corporal. O trabalho apresentado é resultado de uma investigação cuidadosa sobre os componentes genéticos associados à regulação do peso corporal em uma população brasileira afrodescendente (com características históricas, ambientais e genéticas peculiares), corroborando a hipótese de que a obesidade comum nas populações quilombolas do Vale do Ribeira é condicionada por um mecanismo poligênico modulado por fatores ambientais importantes como o sedentarismo e a transição nutricional / One of the main international health problems is the common obesity and it is frequently associated with other disorders such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Despite the high prevalence of obesity in many populations, most association studies related to genetic risk factors have been carried out in subjects of European or Asian ancestry, but few studies were performed in African or in Native American populations. The aim of our study was to investigate potential genetic risk factors related to overweight and obesity in African-derived quilombo remnants from Vale do Ribeira region - São Paulo, Brazil. These rural semi-isolated communities were previously well characterized in terms of clinical, genealogical and population data. Our sample was composed by 759 individuals belonging to twelve different quilombo remnants (Abobral, São Pedro, Galvão, Ivaporunduva, Pedro Cubas, André Lopes, Nhunguara, Sapatu, Pilões, Maria Rosa, Poça e Reginaldo), whose DNA samples, clinical data, pedigree information and anthropometrical measures were already collected. The analyses of genetic factors related to overweight and obesity were performed by means of two different approaches: (1) family-based association (N=584, 59 families), and (2) population-based association with non-related individuals (N=305). Nine polymorphisms in eight obesity candidate genes were selected: LEP rs2167270, LEPR rs1137101, ADRB2 rs1042713, PPARG rs1801282, PLIN1 rs2289487, RETN rs1862513, INSIG2 rs7566605, FTO rs1121980 and FTO rs1421085. The family-based association analyses showed that the risk allele G from PLIN1 rs2289487 is significantly associated with the risk group in relation to waist to rip ratio phenotype (WHR >=0.85 for women and >=0.90 for men; P=0.013). Apparently, there have been no previous studies that investigated the association of this polymorphism with obesity by means of this approach. The population-based study showed a significant association between: (i) the allele G of the polymorphism LEPR rs1137101 and body mass index variation (BMI; P=0.027); (ii) the allele G of the polymorphism LEPR rs1137101 and overweight/obesity phenotype (BMI>=25 Kg/m²; P=0.027); (iii) the allele G of the polymorphism ADRB2 rs1042713 and the group of risk in relation to BMI (BMI>=25 Kg/m²; P=0.029); (iv) the polymorphism PLIN1 rs2289487 (genotype GG) and the lower BMI values (P=0.025); (v) the polymorphism FTO rs1121980 (allele G) and the group of risk in relation to BMI (BMI>=25 Kg/m²), as well BMI variation (P=0.037 and P=0.022; respectively); and (vi) the allele A of the polymorphism FTO rs1421085 and the higher values of both waist circumference (WC; P=0.016) and waist to hip ratio (WHR; P=0.030). Altogether, our results suggest that LEP, LEPR, ADRB2, PLIN1, and FTO polymorphisms genes are related to predisposition to overweight and obesity in quilombo remnants population. Finally, the high heritability estimates of the three investigated phenotypes (BMI=33%, WC=33% and WHR=70%) highlight the important role of genetic factors in body fat accumulation. We presented in this work a careful investigation about the genetic component of body weight regulation, using African-derived Brazilian populations (with peculiar historical, environmental and genetical characteristics) as a model. This study strengthens the hypothesis that obesity predisposition in the quilombos from Vale do Ribeira is conditioned by polygenic mechanism, which is modulated by important environmental factors such as sedentary lifestyle and nutritional transition

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-22T12:57:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) PatriciaMaurer.pdf: 1214978 bytes, checksum: 59751fb7a14586f406187c0afea9a8ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-22T12:58:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) PatriciaMaurer.pdf: 1214978 bytes, checksum: 59751fb7a14586f406187c0afea9a8ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-22T12:58:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) PatriciaMaurer.pdf: 1214978 bytes, checksum: 59751fb7a14586f406187c0afea9a8ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-24 / A população negra apresenta elevado risco cardiometabólico, contudo em estudos populacionais a incidência de síndrome metabólica (SM) nesta população é baixa. Neste contexto, parece existir um paradoxo relacionado aos critérios diagnósticos da SM, o que faz com que a presença da mesma seja subestimada em negros. Esta condição traz consigo a necessidade da busca de marcadores mais fidedignos das condições patológicas e do risco cardiometabólico destes indivíduos. Um possível biomarcador é o óxido nítrico (NO), cuja dosagem de metabólitos como nitrito/nitrato (NOx) tem se mostrado associada a alguns critérios da SM, como obesidade e diabetes, entretanto a literatura carece de trabalhos mais específicos para avaliar se níveis alterados de óxido nítrico estão associados com alterações metabólicas e doenças cardiovasculares na população negra. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os níveis de NOx como marcador de alterações cardiometabólicas em afrodescendentes, bem como sua relação com parâmetros laboratoriais na população negra. Participaram do estudo 202 indivíduos autodeclarados negros, a maioria mulheres, com idade média de 45 anos. A avaliação antropométrica demonstrou que a maioria da população estudada estava com IMC médio classificado como obesidade grau 1 e com cintura abdominal alterada. A SM foi verificada em 61% da amostra. Os níveis de nitrito/nitrato foram distribuídos em percentis, o percentil 50%=122,3μmol/L foi escolhido como ponto de corte. Valores de NOx<122,3 μmol/L foram associados com maiores Índices de Massa Corporal (p=0,015), circunferência abdominal (p=0,037) e circunferência de quadril (p=0,040). Quanto aos critérios bioquímicos, o NOx associou-se significativamente aos níveis de glicose (p=0049), triglicerídeos (p=0,046), albumina (p=0,034), ácido úrico (p=0,019) e uréia (p=0,052). Na avaliação inflamatória e de estresse oxidativo, apenas a carbonilação de proteínas (p=0,002) foi associada ao NOx, em que o dano foi maior nos indivíduos que tinham valores de NOx menor do que o percentil 50%. Não houve nenhuma associação entre o NOx e o perfil hematológico. Por estar relacionado principalmente com obesidade, dislipidemias, glicose e triglicerídeos, o NOx foi considerado um bom preditor de risco cardiometabólico na população negra, principalmente de progressão de doença, além de ser um teste adaptado facilmente à rotina laboratorial e possível de ser programado em analisadores automáticos e semi-automáticos, necessitando de pouca preparação da amostra. / The black population has a high cardiometabolic risk, however low incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this context, there seems to be a paradox related to the diagnostic criteria of MetS, which makes the presence of the same is underestimated in blacks. This condition shows the need to look for a more reliable markers of actual pathological conditions and cardiometabolic risk of these individuals. A possible marker is nitric oxide (NO). The dosage metabolic nitrite/nitrate (NOx) have been shown to be associated with certain criteria of the metabolic syndrome, such as obesity and diabetes, however the literature lacks more specific studies to assess whether altered levels of nitric oxide are associated with metabolic and cardiovascular disease among blacks. The aim of this study was to analyze the NOx levels as a marker of cardiometabolic alterations in Brazilian blacks, as well as its relationship with anthropometric, biochemical, inflammatory and oxidative stress in the black population. The study included 202 self-declared black people, mostly women, average age 45 years. Anthropometric assessment showed that most of the study population had an average BMI classified as grade 1 obesity and altered waist circumference. The metabolic syndrome was found in 61% of the sample. NOx levels were distributed in percentiles, the 50% percentile = 122,3μmol / L was chosen as the cutoff point. NOx values <122.3 μmol/L were associated with higher body mass index (p=0.01), waist circumference (p=0.03) and hip circumference (p=0.04). As to biochemical criteria, the NOx was significantly correlated to blood glucose levels (p=0.04), triglycerides (p=0.04), albumin (p=0.03), uric acid (p=0.01) and urea (p=0.05). In inflammatory and oxidative stress assessment, only protein carbonylation (p<0.01) was associated with the NOx, in which the damage was greater in subjects who had NOx values lower than the 50% percentile. There was no association between NOx and the blood profile. To be mainly related to obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose and triglycerides, the NOx was considered a good predictor of cardiometabolic risk in black population, mainly of disease progression as well as being an adapted easily to laboratory test routine and can be programmed in analyzers automatic and semi-automatic, requiring little sample preparation.

Applied research project (D. Min.)--School of Theology and Missions, Oral Roberts University, 2006. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 243-249).

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Este trabalho consiste em uma pesquisa participante realizada em uma escola pÃblica municipal de Fortaleza. Possui carÃter empÃrico e tem como principal objetivo contribuir para a aplicaÃÃo da Lei Federal n. 10.639/03 atravÃs da realizaÃÃo de atividades interativas com os alunos do perÃodo da tarde das turmas de infantil ao 5 ano. A proposta das oficinas foi criar mecanismos de valorizaÃÃo da cultura negra nessa escola. Estando o estado do Cearà sob o estigma de que âaqui nÃo hà negrosâ, muitos alunos e professores negam seu pertencimento Ãtnico, o que dificulta as aÃÃes direcionadas à valorizaÃÃo da HistÃria e Cultura Africana e Afro-brasileira em nosso estado. Outro fator citado relevante que interfere de forma negativa nas relaÃÃes Ãtnico-raciais dentro da escola, alavancando preconceitos, à a quase que total invisibilidade de personagens negros na mÃdia e na literatura, ou quando existem, ocupam papÃis irrelevantes ou malignos. As atividades realizadas na escola tiveram carÃter antirracista e evidenciaram o negro como figura de destaque. Para tanto, elas procuraram se enquadrar especialmente nas Ãreas de Literatura, HistÃria e EducaÃÃo ArtÃstica, sendo estas consideradas prioritÃrias no contexto escolar pela Lei Federal n. 10.639/03. Como anÃlise final, foi possÃvel verificar como os alunos reagiram de forma positiva com a introduÃÃo de conteÃdos sobre as populaÃÃes africanas e afrodescendentes. Ademais, ocorreram mudanÃas significativas na escola como tentativa de garantir a continuidade de atividades de valorizaÃÃo da cultura negra. / This work consists of a participatory research in a public school in Fortaleza. It has empirical character and its main objective is to contribute to the implementation of Federal Law 10.639/03 by conducting interactive activities with students in the afternoon classes with the groups of children from infant education to 5th period. The purpose of this research was to create mechanisms for recovery the Black Culture in this school. Concern to the stigma that state of Ceara "has not black people hereâ, many students deny their ethnic origins, which makes it more difficult the actions directed to the recovery of history and Afro-Brazilian and African culture in our state. Another factor cited as relevant that interfere negatively in the ethno-racial relations in the school, leveraging prejudices, is the almost total invisibility of black characters in the media and literature, and when they exist, deal with irrelevant or malignant roles. The activities at school were anti racist. To this end, they sought to fit especially in the areas of literature, history and art education, which are considered priorities in the school context by Federal Law 10.639/03. As the final analysis, it was possible to see how students reacted positively to the introduction of content about African people and their descent. Furthermore, it was noticed significant changes in the school as an attempt to ensure the continuity of recovery of Black culture.

This thesis sought to evaluate whether the increased risk of heat-related illness observed in black-African descendants stems from impairements in local- and whole-body heat loss responses in this ethnic group. To evaluate this, in separate studies local- (study 1) and whole–body (study 2) heat loss responses were compared in young men (18-30 y) of black-African (n=21) and Caucasian (n=21) descent, matched for physical characteristics and fitness and born and raised in the same temperate environment. In study 1, we compared nitric oxide-dependent skin blood flow and sweating responses in young men of black-African (n=10) and Caucasian (n=10) descent during rest, exercise, and recovery in the heat. Both groups rested for 10-min, and then performed 50-min of moderate-intensity exercise at 200 W/m2, followed by 30-min of recovery in hot-dry heat (35°C, 20% RH). Local cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC%max) and sweat rate (SR) were measured at two forearm skin sites treated with a) lactated-Ringer (Control), or b) 10 mM NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME, NO synthase-inhibitor). L-NAME significantly reduced CVC%max throughout rest, exercise, and recovery in both groups (both p<0.001). However, there were no significant main effects for the NO contribution to CVC%max between groups (all p>0.500). L-NAME significantly reduced local SR in both groups (both p<0.050). The NO contribution to SR was similar between groups such that L-NAME reduced SR relative to control at 40 and 50 min into exercise (both p<0.050). In study 2, we assessed whole-body total heat loss (evaporative + dry heat exchange) in black-African (n=11) and Caucasian (n=11) men using direct calorimetry. Participants performed three, 30-min bouts of semi-recumbent cycling at fixed metabolic heat productions (and therefore matched heat loss requirements between groups) of 200 (light), 250 (moderate), and 300 W/m2 (vigorous), each followed by 15-min recovery, in dry heat (40°C, ~13% relative humidity). Across all exercise bouts, dry (p=0.435) and evaporative (p=0.600) heat exchange did not differ significantly between groups. As such, total heat loss during light, moderate and vigorous exercise was similar between groups (p=0.777), averaging ((mean (SD)); 177 (10), 217 (13) and 244 (20) W/m2 in men of black-African descent, and 172 (13), 212 (17) and 244 (17) W/m2 in Caucasian men. Accordingly, body heat storage across all exercise bouts (summation of metabolic heat production and total heat loss) was also similar between the black-African (568 (142) kJ) and Caucasian groups (623 (124) kJ; p=0.356). This thesis demonstrates that ethnicity does not influence NO-dependent cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in healthy, young black-African descent and Caucasian men during exercise in the heat. Furthermore, we extend upon these observations by showing no differences in whole-body dry and evaporative heat exchange and therefore body heat storage.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OLGA Pereira.pdf: 1606396 bytes, checksum: eccb92b8f0255c62fd4905a87d676334 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-17 / This work makes a call about the need to implement the quota system or inclusive policies at the Instituto Federal de Educação Sul-rio-grandense, Campus Pelotas. It demonstrates, through research, the history of exclusion experienced by black / African descendants from the colonial Brazil until today. It makes a reading and analyzing various laws of the black support in the pre-and post-abolitionist, and a look at the constitution of 1988, emphasizing many of the objectives listed there, such as: inequalities, cultural diversity, human dignity , and guarantees rights, social rights and basic fundamental, as well as the right to education as a fundamental human right for all and, finally, a critical view on the opinions for and against the quota system, its own Statute of Racial Equality, the which has yet to contemplate, with dignity, equal rights for African descendants. Such approaches have enabled analysis more committed against the black / African descent with respect to the inclusion through the Quota System. Thus, it is intended to deepen and scoring difficulties that make the rules guiding support to the black / African descendants in Brazilian society, something which is increasingly distant from the reality experienced in terms of access to higher education / Este trabalho de pesquisa faz um chamamento sobre a necessidade de implantação do Sistema de Cotas ou de políticas inclusivas no Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense, Campus Pelotas. Demonstra, por meio da pesquisa, o histórico de exclusão social sofrida pelo negro/afrodescendente desde o Brasil-Colônia até a atualidade. Faz uma leitura e análise de diversas leis de amparo ao negro no período pré e pós-abolicionista, bem como um olhar sobre o texto constitucional de 1988, procurando enfatizar muito dos objetivos ali elencados, como: desigualdades, diversidade cultural, dignidade da pessoa humana, direitos e garantias, direitos sociais e fundamentais básicos, assim como o direito à educação como um direito humano fundamental a todos e, finalmente, uma abordagem crítica sobre as opiniões favoráveis e contrárias ao Sistema de Cotas e ao próprio Estatuto da Igualdade Racial, o qual ainda não conseguiu contemplar, com dignidade, uma igualdade de direitos para os afrodescendentes. Tais abordagens possibilitaram análises mais comprometidas em relação ao negro/afrodescendente no que se refere à inclusão por meio do Sistema de Cotas. Com isso, pretende-se, aprofundar e pontuar as dificuldades norteadoras que tornam a legislação de amparo ao negro/afrodescendente na sociedade brasileira algo cada vez mais distante da realidade vivenciada em termos de acesso ao Ensino Superior

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-08-18T13:59:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARISTANE DE SOUSA ROSA.pdf: 6850489 bytes, checksum: a4c1542ca7573a9562622bd71121a4a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T13:59:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARISTANE DE SOUSA ROSA.pdf: 6850489 bytes, checksum: a4c1542ca7573a9562622bd71121a4a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-18 / The city of St. Louis was seduced by a rhythm that captured the soul of a large population of low income black Maranhao, the reggae. Once nominated Brazilian in Athens, City of Tiles, Island of Love, the capital of Maranhão has given the codename of 'Brazilian Jamaica', in reference to music of the Caribbean that are proliferating in every corner of the island. The Culture from Maranhão - widely recognized by the drum-to-Creole, the bumba-meu-boi, the cacuriá, the Feast of the Divine and terreiros Mine - now, therefore, to be represented by reggae, which came in waves of the cultural industry from the mid-l970. Although disputed by some advocates of "cultural authenticity", the Jamaican roots were adopted by large segments of the population and the Ludovicense black youth, becoming an important element of ethnic identity and leisure. This dissertation investigates mystical characteristics, religious and political inequalities that condemn ethnic and social differences, from the lyrics and music played widely known in the city and showing how the Jeje diaspora overcome problems of construction of identity, to incorporate the reggae as its cultural heritage. The results collected in the ethnographic field research indicate the broad social significance of this heritage, embodied in rituals, in Pan-African colors and recurring images of lion-man who has set propitious scenario for claims of citizenship and political rights. The phenomenon studied provides visibility to the bluff of traditions attributed to a restricted social group dominant in Maranhão and processes of "cleaning" historically experienced by Africans and descendants. To better situate the complex social and symbolic in which the party was conceived and established as language identity, this interpretative bias resubmit the Jamaican rhythm, seeking the roots in Ancient Egypt to the aesthetic use of Dreadlocks and the ancient rite of passage from a Masai people emblematic figure of the lion. / A cidade de São Luís foi seduzida por um ritmo que conquistou a alma de grande parte da população maranhense negra de baixa renda, o reggae. Outrora nomeada de Atenas Brasileira, Cidade dos Azulejos, Ilha do Amor, a capital do Maranhão passou a receber o codinome de 'Jamaica brasileira', em menção à música do Caribe que se proliferou por todos os cantos da ilha. A cultura maranhense - amplamente reconhecida pelo tambor-de-crioula, o bumba-meuboi, o cacuriá, a Festa do Divino e os terreiros Mina - passou, assim, a ser representada pelo reggae, que veio nas ondas da indústria cultural a partir de meados da década de l970. Apesar de contestado por alguns defensores da “autenticidade cultural”, o roots jamaicano foi adotado por amplos segmentos da população e da juventude negra ludovicense, tornando-se um importante elemento de lazer e identidade étnica. Esta dissertação investiga características místicas, religiosas e políticas que denunciam desigualdades étnicas e sociais, partindo das letras musicais amplamente tocadas e conhecidas na cidade e revelando como a diáspora jeje superou problemas de construção da identidade, ao incorporar o reggae como seu patrimônio cultural. Os resultados colhidos na pesquisa de campo etnográfica indicam o amplo significado social deste patrimônio, materializado nos rituais, nas roupas coloridas com cores panafricanas e nas recorrentes imagens de lion-man que passou a configurar cenário propício para reivindicações de cidadania e direitos políticos. O fenômeno estudado fornece visibilidade ao blefe de tradições atribuídas a um restrito grupo social dominante no Maranhão e aos processos de “higienização” vivenciados historicamente pelos africanos e descendentes. Para melhor situar a complexidade social e simbólica na qual o reggae foi concebido e estabelecido como linguagem identitária, este viés interpretativo reapresenta o ritmo jamaicano, buscando no Egito Antigo as raízes estéticas para o uso dos dreadlocks e no milenar ritual de passagem do povo Masai a figura emblemática do leão.