Essa dissertação tem como proposta analisar o desenvolvimento do colonialismo português, com seus avanços e retrocessos, e entender como a formação de uma ordem política africana, centralizada e autônoma, se contrapôs às iniciativas efetivas de colonização portuguesa no sul de Moçambique em 1895. Após a Conferência de Berlim (1884-1885), acirraram-se as disputas pelos territórios africanos e a posse da província de Moçambique viu-se seriamente ameaçada pelo interesse britânico e por seu projeto expansionista de ligar o Cairo ao Cabo. Nesse contexto, o anseio britânico em anexar o sul de Moçambique, escoadouro natural de toda a produção da África do Sul, nessa época uma colônia inglesa, resultou no envio de representantes ao poder que parecia desafiar e sobrepor ao de Portugal na região - o do Reino de Gaza. Diante da ameaça crescente à posse da província, o governo português reuniu esforços concentrados enviando as tropas encarregadas de subjugar o Reino de Gaza e garantir a ocupação efetiva desse território. A pesquisa percorreu o período entre 1821 e 1897 que, submetido à análise, fornece as bases necessárias à compreensão de como a presença portuguesa passou de acuada a ofensiva e de como o movimento migratório nguni no começo do século XIX gerou um Reino africano soberano capaz de ameaçar a posse de Moçambique por Portugal. O objetivo é compreender como, em conjunto, esses processos desenvolveram-se, modificaram-se mutuamente e engendraram transformações profundas tanto para os projetos portugueses como para as populações africanas dessa área. / This dissertation thesis proposes to analyze the development of the Portuguese colonialism and its advances and setbacks and to understand how the formation of a centralized and autonomous political order in Africa opposed to effective initiatives of the Portuguese colonization in the south of Mozambique in 1895. After the Conference of Berlin (1884-1885), disputes for African territories were reinforced and the possession of the province of Mozambique was strongly threatened by the British interest of linking Cairo to Cape Town. In that specific context, the British longing to attach the south of Mozambique, \"natural\" outflow for the whole South African production, at that time, an English possession, had as a result the sending of representatives who seemed to match or even overcome their Portuguese counterparts in the region, that is to say, in the kingdom of Gaza. Facing the growing threat of losing their control over the area, the Portuguese government gathered their military resources, sending them in order to subjugate the kingdom of Gaza and guarantee the effective occupation of that area. This research covered the period from 1821 to 1897 that, submitted to analysis, supplies the necessary basis to the understanding of how the Portuguese presence went from defensive to offensive and how the Nguni migratory flow in the beginning of the 19th century generated an African sovereign kingdom capable of representing a threat to the Portuguese possession of Mozambique. The objective of this study is to understand how, as a whole, those processes mutually unfolded and transformed themselves and also how they represented deep transformations in both the Portuguese projects and the life of the African populations in that area.

Essa dissertação tem como proposta analisar o desenvolvimento do colonialismo português, com seus avanços e retrocessos, e entender como a formação de uma ordem política africana, centralizada e autônoma, se contrapôs às iniciativas efetivas de colonização portuguesa no sul de Moçambique em 1895. Após a Conferência de Berlim (1884-1885), acirraram-se as disputas pelos territórios africanos e a posse da província de Moçambique viu-se seriamente ameaçada pelo interesse britânico e por seu projeto expansionista de ligar o Cairo ao Cabo. Nesse contexto, o anseio britânico em anexar o sul de Moçambique, escoadouro natural de toda a produção da África do Sul, nessa época uma colônia inglesa, resultou no envio de representantes ao poder que parecia desafiar e sobrepor ao de Portugal na região - o do Reino de Gaza. Diante da ameaça crescente à posse da província, o governo português reuniu esforços concentrados enviando as tropas encarregadas de subjugar o Reino de Gaza e garantir a ocupação efetiva desse território. A pesquisa percorreu o período entre 1821 e 1897 que, submetido à análise, fornece as bases necessárias à compreensão de como a presença portuguesa passou de acuada a ofensiva e de como o movimento migratório nguni no começo do século XIX gerou um Reino africano soberano capaz de ameaçar a posse de Moçambique por Portugal. O objetivo é compreender como, em conjunto, esses processos desenvolveram-se, modificaram-se mutuamente e engendraram transformações profundas tanto para os projetos portugueses como para as populações africanas dessa área. / This dissertation thesis proposes to analyze the development of the Portuguese colonialism and its advances and setbacks and to understand how the formation of a centralized and autonomous political order in Africa opposed to effective initiatives of the Portuguese colonization in the south of Mozambique in 1895. After the Conference of Berlin (1884-1885), disputes for African territories were reinforced and the possession of the province of Mozambique was strongly threatened by the British interest of linking Cairo to Cape Town. In that specific context, the British longing to attach the south of Mozambique, \"natural\" outflow for the whole South African production, at that time, an English possession, had as a result the sending of representatives who seemed to match or even overcome their Portuguese counterparts in the region, that is to say, in the kingdom of Gaza. Facing the growing threat of losing their control over the area, the Portuguese government gathered their military resources, sending them in order to subjugate the kingdom of Gaza and guarantee the effective occupation of that area. This research covered the period from 1821 to 1897 that, submitted to analysis, supplies the necessary basis to the understanding of how the Portuguese presence went from defensive to offensive and how the Nguni migratory flow in the beginning of the 19th century generated an African sovereign kingdom capable of representing a threat to the Portuguese possession of Mozambique. The objective of this study is to understand how, as a whole, those processes mutually unfolded and transformed themselves and also how they represented deep transformations in both the Portuguese projects and the life of the African populations in that area.

Magister Artium - MA (English) / After the 1976 student uprising, South Africa entered a period of increased violent state repression. The struggle against apartheid also became increasingly globalised, as can be seen in the UN resolution and the rise of various international anti-apartheid organisations. My thesis looks at the various ways in which art was used as a response to the crisis of late apartheid in the 1980s, focusing on a landmark international exhibition, the Art Contre Apartheid exhibition which opened in Paris on 1983. It examines the context and history of the Art Contre Apartheid collection, and follows its path to its current location at the Mayibuye Archive at the University of the Western Cape, where it mostly languishes in packing crates. My research locates its analysis of the works in broader debates around art and politics during the struggle years in South Africa, but also to highlights the continuities and contrasts between international responses to apartheid, and local struggle art produced in the period surrounding the launch of the exhibition. Some of most compelling works of art in the collection depict the human form, and register acts of torture. The analysis focuses specifically on depictions of a fragmentation and dismemberment of the human body. Drawing on Elaine Scarry's argument about the limitations of language as an adequate response to trauma, my research develops an analysis of these works that demonstrates how the body becomes a privileged site in which violent political contestations are made visible. The thesis also deals extensively with the 'absence of form', which highlights the various instances in the ACA collection where abstract art was used as a signifier of pain, and thus the unspeakable effects of apartheid.

This thesis is a study of British colonial policy in southern Afiica in the 1 gill centwy. More specifically it looks at how British imperial policy, in the period 1875 to 1881, played itself out in two British colonies in southern Africa, Wlder the direction of a British imperial agent, William Owen Lanyon. It sets Lanyon in the context of the frontiers and attempts to link the histories of the people who lived there, the Africans, Boers and British settlers on the one han~ and the histories of colonial policy on the other. In doing so it also unravels the relationship between Lanyon and his superiors in London and those in southern Africa. In 1875 Owen Lanyon arrived in Griqualand West, where his brief was to help promote a confederation policy in southern Africa. Because of the discovery of diamonds some years earlier, Lanyon's administration had to take account of the rising mining industry and the aggressive new capitalist economy. He also had to deal with Griqua and Tlhaping resistance to colonialism. Lanyon was transferred to the Transvaal in 1879, where he was confronted by another community that was dissatisfied with British rule: the Transvaal Boers. Indeed, in Pretoria he was faced with an extremely difficult situation, which he handled very poorly. Boer resistance to imperial rule eventually came to a head when war broke out and Lanyon and his officials were among those besieged in Pretoria. In February 1881 imperial troops suffered defeat at the hands of Boer commandos at Majuba and Lanyon was recalled to Britain. In both colonies Lanyon was caught up in the struggle between the imperial power and the local people and, seen in a larger context, in the conflict for white control over the land and labour of Africans and that between the old pre-mineral South Africa and the new capitalist order. He made a crucial contribution to developments in the sub-continent and it is remarkable that his role in southern Africa has thus far been neglected. / History / D.Litt. et Phil. (History)

This thesis is a study of British colonial policy in southern Afiica in the 1 gill centwy. More specifically it looks at how British imperial policy, in the period 1875 to 1881, played itself out in two British colonies in southern Africa, Wlder the direction of a British imperial agent, William Owen Lanyon. It sets Lanyon in the context of the frontiers and attempts to link the histories of the people who lived there, the Africans, Boers and British settlers on the one han~ and the histories of colonial policy on the other. In doing so it also unravels the relationship between Lanyon and his superiors in London and those in southern Africa. In 1875 Owen Lanyon arrived in Griqualand West, where his brief was to help promote a confederation policy in southern Africa. Because of the discovery of diamonds some years earlier, Lanyon's administration had to take account of the rising mining industry and the aggressive new capitalist economy. He also had to deal with Griqua and Tlhaping resistance to colonialism. Lanyon was transferred to the Transvaal in 1879, where he was confronted by another community that was dissatisfied with British rule: the Transvaal Boers. Indeed, in Pretoria he was faced with an extremely difficult situation, which he handled very poorly. Boer resistance to imperial rule eventually came to a head when war broke out and Lanyon and his officials were among those besieged in Pretoria. In February 1881 imperial troops suffered defeat at the hands of Boer commandos at Majuba and Lanyon was recalled to Britain. In both colonies Lanyon was caught up in the struggle between the imperial power and the local people and, seen in a larger context, in the conflict for white control over the land and labour of Africans and that between the old pre-mineral South Africa and the new capitalist order. He made a crucial contribution to developments in the sub-continent and it is remarkable that his role in southern Africa has thus far been neglected. / History / D.Litt. et Phil. (History)