French-speaking countries in West Africa have a long history of inter-state cooperation that goes to the French colonization of the region. The culmination of their integration resulted in the creation of L'Union Economique et Monétaire Quest Africaine, UEMOA (The West African Economic and Monetary Union). With its financial and monetary arrangements, which include a common currency and a central bank, UEMOA is one of the most far-reaching examples of economic integration among developing countries. UEMOA's main advantage has thus been its "depth." What makes the study of Francophone regionalism in West Africa even more interesting at this particular time is the fact that it is taking place within the context of a new wave of integration characterized by a trend towards broader regional integration in West Africa. The efforts towards broader integration in West Africa are reflected in the activities of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS has been able to engage in integration activities in a broad range of sectors. The existence of the two integration schemes has raised questions regarding the chances for the successful accomplishment of regional integration in West Africa. More specifically, UEMOA has been seen as posing an obstacle to the progress of the larger sub-regional grouping of ECOWAS. In this study, it is argued to the contrary, that UEMOA does not constitute an obstacle to ECOWAS. The research demonstrates that UEMOA and ECOWAS complement each other in the process of West African integration. The concept of "depth" and "scope" of integration are introduced to illustrate the complementarity between the two West African integration schemes. UEMOA's depth is presented as a necessary complement to ECOWAS' scope. As a result, this analysis demonstrates that Francophone regionalism can indeed make a substantial contribution to West African integration.

Initial representations of the Rwanda genocide in the Western media were at best inaccurate and at worst, stereotypical, citing African "tribal savagery" and "centuries-old tribal hatred" as the reason for the mass killings. Two major human rights organizations, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, had the opportunity to correct media portrayals and help shape the agenda for policymakers. The purpose of this study was to take a critical look at media portrayals and discover whether these two nongovernmental organizations played a role in influencing the coverage. An extensive media analysis of three elite Western newspapers found that NGOs were the single largest source of nuanced political explanations countering stereotypes of African "tribal warfare." Human Rights Watch, in particular, played a pivotal role in sensitizing the media to the genocide's character as a planned, politically motivated campaign.

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Introduction: Efforts on wasting have been slow with wasting prevalence in some contexts exceeding the emergency threshold of 15% even without a humanitarian emergency. The overall aim of this research is to contribute to our understanding of wasting prevention. The research looks at the impact and sustainability of multisectoral programming and the temporal distribution of wasting, helping our understanding of what programs needs to be put in place and when. Across all three studies the research focuses on children (6–59 months) in eastern Chad. Specific Aim 1: The research looks at the sensitivity of seven nutrition indicators to a multisectoral intervention and different analysis approaches using panel data (2012, 2014, 2015) on 1420 households from a randomized control study. Using three regression models–a generalized linear model on cross-sectional cohorts of children; a mixed-effects model on household panel data following the worst-off child in the household; and a mixed-effects model on child panel data–the study found that children receiving the intervention had better nutrition outcomes. The child panel analysis showed the most robust results: the odds of a child being severely wasted was 76% lower (CI: 0.59–0.86, p = 0.001), the odds of being underweight was 33% lower (CI: 0.15–0.48, p = 0.012), and the weight for height z-score (WHZ) was 0.19 standard deviations higher (CI: 0.09–0.28, p = 0.022) in the treatment versus control group. The study provides evidence for multisectoral interventions to tackle wasting and the value of panel child data. Specific Aim 2: This research follows the same households evaluated in specific aim 1, but with a focus on the treatment communities two years (2017) after the cessation of the multisectoral intervention to evaluate program impact sustainability. The research uses the same three regression models as described under specific aim 1 across six nutrition indicators on 517 children between 2015 and 2017. For children who were born during the program, there was a significant improvement in underweight, weight for age z-score (WAZ), and height for age z-score (HAZ). Boys 6–23 months born after the end of the program, on the other hand, were significantly more likely to be underweight or wasted, and had lower WHZ and WAZ compared to boys born during the program and girls born during and after the program. Thus, while program impact is sustainable on the child level, it is not on the household level, with children born into intervention households, but not the intervention itself showing worse nutritional outcomes. The research findings underscore the importance of sex-differentiation in programming and analysis. Specific Aim 3: The research looks at a small subset of the households evaluated in the previous specific aims but focusing on the temporal distribution in wasting. The research uses 16 months of data (May 2018–August 2019) following 188 children (6–59 months) across 90 households applying a mixed-effects harmonic regression on WHZ and the odds of being wasted, testing for multiple and non-symmetrical seasonal peaks. The analysis shows two peaks of wasting. The primary larger peak occurs at the start of the rains, while the secondary smaller peak corresponds to the start of the harvest period. This pattern does not correspond to existing seasonality literature in unimodal dryland contexts and thus illustrates the importance of testing for multiple within-year peaks rather than resting on the assumption of one, and aligning seasonality analysis with inter-year climatic variability and grounding it in local understanding.

This thesis is concerned with the ways in which museums have been used as vehicles to convey notions of the nation. It looks specifically at the Iziko Museums of South Africa's social history sites that deal with the subject of slavery. It is concerned with the absence of a narrative of slavery at Iziko museums before the demise of Apartheid and looks the historical and socio-political changes that lead to its emergence in South African historical consciousness. It is a study of the history of museums as well as the ways in which history has been used in museums. It looks at the ways Iziko, as a national museum, has guarded and promoted ideas of the nation as decided by the state. The thesis examines with the ways in which the museum has transformed since its inception in the colonial period up to the present day. The time period investigated is 1855 to 2016. Guiding questions for the thesis are: for what purpose were museums created in South Africa; what are the implications of colonial practice on the ways in which they functioned; why has the history of slavery has been disavowed in South African historical consciousness; what led to the rise of the study of slavery in South Africa; what has the emergence of the new museology meant for museum practice; how have heritage studies transformed the South African historical landscape. The thesis begins with a theoretical literature overview of museums more generally and its links with power and representation and the colonial regime. It then moves on to investigate the origin and history of Iziko museums by working through published literature on the subject, unpublished materials, other institutional materials found in the Iziko archive and interviews conducted with past and current employees. It then looks takes an historical survey of South African historiography and its exclusion of the history of slavery and later the emergence of such a narrative. Lastly it looks at how the nation has been narrated by the state after Apartheid and how the museum responded to the new dispensation. The thesis concludes that Iziko museums have transformed over the last two centuries in terms of the subject matter it studies. Museological activity has been diversified to include a range of subjects hitherto ignored in South African public consciousness due to the legacy of both colonialism and Apartheid. Most importantly it shows that the museum has continually responded to concepts of the South African nation and that national museums are inextricably tied to the nation-state.

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The point of my research is to reassess themes and notions of cultural imperialism and African perceptions and responses to foreign influences, while at the same time explore traditional cultural patterns, cultural identity, and continuity within the context of an ethno-history. It further brings together and subsumes scholars and Muslim intellectuals of nineteenth and twentieth-century African history from a variety of backgrounds and their learned and unique perspectives on the self-perceptions of African Muslims in the Senegambia. My initial project is to construct a historical and cultural account regarding how Murids in the Senegambia distinguish themselves as a particular group of African Muslims in West Africa based on identity and religious practices. It is significant because it attempts to examine the cultural and traditional identities of Wolof and Murid communities in the Diaspora within the social collective, while at the same time examine the interplay between the Arab cultural influences of Islam in conjunction with African religious customs and practices through the historical experiences of Cheikh Amadu Bamba Mbeke 1853-1927. By combining archival and oral testimonies with historical research, this paper will shed light on the initiatives and creativities of Amadu Bamaba, and how he shaped Wolof culture and continuities that distinctively characterizes the Senegambia. Further, it investigates how the continuity of Wolof history, culture, and identity is directly linked to Cheikh Amadu Bamba himself who is a central figure to Wolof collective identities. Moreover, it reveals how Amadu Bamba's tariqa served as an instrument for Wolof in the Senegambia to not only share essential attributes that constitute their identities as distinct Muslims, but also manifests how their practice of Islam sets them apart from the broader world of the religion itself. Although much of the scholarship of Africa pays particular attention to the legacy of imperialism and how it shaped post- colonial policies, there has been very little research regarding the idiosyncrasies and the ontological nature of conquered people, and how they have shaped alien influences to be compatible with their cultures. / History