Bibliography: pages 161-168. / Hierdie studie het gemik op 'n herwaardering van Elise Muller se bydrae tot die Afrikaanse letterkunde. Hennie Aucamp het met Elise Muller. Verhale en essays 1942-1981, die eerste stap tot herwaardering geneem ten opsigte van Elise Muller en haar prosawerk. So ook het Nel in haar skripsie met waardering gekyk na die bekende en haas onbekende werk van Muller. Hierdie nuwe kyk na die werk van Elise Muller word in die tesis verder gevoer. Dit poog om die onbekende, "ander" Elise Muller op die voorgrond te stel. Ten einde die "ander" Muller te belig, was dit nodig om te let op die tradisionele Muller. 'n Ondersoek na beide Muller se vernuwende en tradisionele bydrae tot die Afrikaanse letterkunde het dit duidelik laat blyk dat sy heel gebalanseerd en genuanseerd te werke gaan met die tradisionele Afrikaner ideologieë.

Bibliography: p. 274-279. / The aim of this thesis was the systematic investigation of the relative pronoun in South African texts from 1652 to 1900 to ascertain when the first divergences from the Dutch occurred, to what extent these increased and how far the use of the Afrikaans relative pronoun was established by 1900.

Leroux se stelselmatige vernietiging van die mite, die kuns, die skrywer en wesentlik die kosmos deur sy oeuvre, word dan ook moontlik nie net vermag nie, maar aanvaarbaar gemaak, deur sy aanwending van die humoristiese skryfwyse wat relativerend werk ten opsigte van die inhoud van sy werk, maar ook ten opsigte van die leser se reaksie daarop. Sander die humor sou sy virtuele kosmiese ontploffings (oos die moderne sub-atomiese fisika) te verpletterend en psigies ontwrigtend wees vir die mees te mense. Deur "waarhede" met humor te klee, bied die skrywer 'n uitweg vir die leser: hy kan alles as 'n groot grap (weliswaar nie altyd in "goeie" smaak nie) klassifiseer en so sy angs by die oorweging van die moontlike implikasies onderdruk.

Voetskrif was written in 1975 while the poet Breyten Breytenbach was awaiting trial in Pretoria. The anthology itself was published in 1976 and reflects the poet's seclusion in space and time. As such, the theme of exile once again comes to the fore in the work of this Afrikaans poet. Estranged from all immediate contact with the outside world, the poet looks inwards. In order to fill the void, he relies on his memory to conceptualize a world in terms of a reality of words. The exploration of space-time is done through the medium of imagination. Dreams and memories must suffice to reach beyond the boundaries of imprisonment. The poet's imagination also enables him to "mark time". He needs to breathe in death's house - the prison - and this is done by manipulating the word. The absence of time in the prison is transformed into the timelessness of thought as the poet strives through one poem after the other, to adapt himself and alleviate his distress. Each poem can be seen as an interlude delaying the flow of time. The typography of the poems may suggest that the lyric moment abolishes time. However, Breytenbach's existence in time and space cannot be ignored and the "here and now" always refers to the prison-cell. The use of the Zen-Buddhistic concept of time and the "here and now" may convey a sense of apathy to the Western mind, yet the poet is clearly preoccupied with time and space.

Bibliography: pages 142-149. / Dit is lank reeds 'n aanvaarde feit dat poësie nie 'n spontane uiting van emosie deur middel van ritmiese taal is nie; die aard van poësie skakel juis spontane!teit uit. Die tradisionele definisie van poësie, naamlik die beskouing daarvan as nie-mimetiese genre teenoor prosa wat mimeties is, is onvoldoende. In stede hiervan kan poësie as genre beskou word in die konteks van die reoriëntasie wat plaasgevind het in literatuur- en taalstudie. Die moderne literere teorieë het as doel die omskrywing van literatuur as stelsel, en die konvensies onderliggend daaraan wat betekening moontlik maak. Ook in moderne literatuur word die klem geplaas op die taal- en literatuursisteem, en op die skeppende teenwoordigheid in die teks. Binne hierdie beskouing van literatuur verval die opposisie tussen poësie en prosa tot 'n groot mate. Modernistiese literatuur is 'n selfbewuste gebruik van taal, geskep deur 'n auteur wat kennis het van die onderliggende konvensies. Hierdie definisie van poësie word getoets aan die hand van kinderpoësie, aangesien die tradisionele beskouing van poësie 'n geskiktheid vir kinders impliseer. Die kind se ontwikkeling word kortliks bespreek en daar word aangedui dat die .kind se denkprosesse en belewing van die wereld poësie onbegrypbaar maak. Die kind se ontwikkeling word bespreek met verwysing na Jean Piaget se genetiese epistemologie en Heinz Remplein se samevattende beskouing. Die kind beskik nie oor die kennis in verband met die konvensionele aard van literatuur en taal wat benodig word om poësie te begryp nie; nog is kinders in staat om dit aan te leer. Die aard van die konvensies is abstrak, terwyl die kind konkreetheid vereis ten opsigte van die taalgebruik en die inhoud van literatuur. Ten slotte word verwys na volkspoësie, wat dikwels as primitief en ongevormd beskou word. Die "Klipwerk"-siklus van N P van Wyk Louw en Komas uit 'n Bamboesstok van D J Opperman word bespreek. Daar word aangetoon dat die vermoë om nostalgies te skryf oor die primitiewe 'n hoë mate van selfbewustheid en taalbewustheid vereis. Die auteur in hierdie verse is selfreflekterend en skep 'n werk wat die konvensies van literatuur uitwys, en terselfdertyd bevraagteken. Poësie is dus in wese 'n konvensionele gebruik van taal, waarvan die selfreflekterende aard spontane!teit en eenvoud ontken.

Bibliography: pages 235-244. / This study in literary semantics focuses primarily on aspects of the primordial. It proposes a functional description of the primordial, as well as a model to explain how language and linguistic processes are insufficient to bring about accurate communication in a social environment. Certain significant findings come to the fore in terms of the relationship between language, communication and the primordial reality. The study was begun with the basic premiss of a link between the specific symbols relating to mirrors and water, and the primordial dimension. The fact that there are general references to this concept over a fairly wide range of subjects and fields of study brought about the need to clarify somewhat the "grey area" that is called into question whenever such allusions are made. The reason for this confusion is that the idea of the primordial has been a very misunderstood concept. The term has in the past been used to a large extent as an academic buzzword, with users often not being aware of the full implications thereof. The little that is known about this subject often results in fairly serious misconceptions when the term is employed. The study attempts to describe and to define the concept of the primordial, with reference to two key aspects of this idea: the primordial dimension as a base for universal meaning and reference, and the primordial concept as the actual reference point for the related linguistic term. In this way it is shown that all referential and interpretative systems, such as language, are based loosely on the primordial.

Verhandeling ingelewer vir die graad Magister Artium in die Lettere an Wysbegeerte aan die Universiteit van Zululand, = Dissertation submitted for the degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, 1995. / Afri: = In bierdie verbandeling word bepaalde aspekte van oorganklikbeid in Afrikaans ontleed. Hoewel akademiese bandboeke, pedagogiese grammatikas en woordeboeke infonnasie oor oorgankl~eid bevat, word die begrip nfu-ens sistematies uiteengesit me. In die eerste boofstuk word On prinsipiele verantwoording gemaak vir die bestudering van oorganklikbeid in Afrikaans. Nadat daar in die ·tweede boofstuk On saaklike uiteensetting gegee is van die prinsipes waarop die kognitiewe grammatika berus, bied die derde boofstuk On oorsig van die sienings wat gevestigde Engelse en Afrikaanse grammatikabronne buldig oor oorganklikbeid. Die vierde en vyfde boofstukke gee onderskeidelik uiteensettings van die rolgrammatika as benadering om oorganklikbeid te bestudeer en die gestaltgrondslag waarvolgens entiteite binne On gebeure-opset waargeneem word tydens die aansetfase van roltoekenning. In die sesde boofstuk word die onoorganklike en oorganklike werkwoorde van letterlike gebeure bebandel. In boofstuk sewe word die gevolgtrekkings van die ondersoek aangebied. = Engl: Various aspects of transitivity in Afrikaans are analyzed in this dissertation. While academic handbooks, pedagogic grammars and dictionaries contain information regarding transitivity there is no source where it is presented systematically. The first chapter motivates the need for such a research project on transitivity in Afrikaans. The second chapter sketches the tenets underlying cognitive grammar. The third chapter reviews the way in which various English and Afrikaans textbooks approach transitivity. The fourth chapter details the way in which transitivity is dealt with in cognitive grammar. The fifth chapter deals with the gestalt perceptions that people form of entities during the onset phase of semantic role designation. Chapter six deals with Afrikaans intransitive and transitive verbs of literal events while the conclusions arrived at in the course of this project arc presented in chapter seven.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / In this study the role of culture in magazine translation in South Africa is investigated. This research is done against the backdrop of the ‘cultural turn’ in translation studies that started in the 1980’s. Culture is now regarded as one of the most important elements in translation and therefore the culture of the target text readers should be taken into account during the translation process. The cultural turn consists of two main elements, namely descriptive translation studies and the functionalist approach. The core element of descriptive translation studies is ‘norms’. In this study the norms of Toury and Chesterman are discussed in a literature study and then they are applied to magazine translation. In the light of a practical investigation it became clear that these norms play a vital role in the production of translated magazines. One of the most important aspects of the functionalist approach is the way in which the various role players in the translation process influence target texts. This study focuses on the role that initiators, translators and readers play in the production of translated magazines. Initiators are responsible for choosing texts to be translated. They also provide translators with guidelines for the translation process. It became evident that ‘ideal’ magazine translators should have sound language skills, cultural knowledge and research skills. They should also have an ‘ethical code’ according to which they translate. The readers of translated magazines have a huge influence on the production of such magazines. They play an important role in the choice of articles, advertisements, et cetera that appear in magazines. They also influence translators’ choices on micro level.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / In this translation corpus study a monolingual comparable corpus of translated and nontranslated Afrikaans newspaper articles from Die Burger are compared with the use of WordSmith Tools 4. WordSmith Tools generates statistics, word lists and concordances that can be sorted in a variety of ways. The data generated for the translated and nontranslated subcorpora are then compared. This study follows on a translation corpus study of Afrikaans rugby articles by RG Bam (2005), which found that translated language differs from nontranslated language and that it also differs from the results for English in a similar study. The difference between the findings for English and Afrikaans is attributed to the commonality of the rugby articles. For this study the domains are extended to include topical articles, arts and entertainment, business news, foreign news and sport (rugby, athletics, soccer, cricket, bicycling, hockey and gholf). With the extended domains, my results are similar to the previous Afrikaans study regarding type-token ratio, average word length and lexical density, but not with regard to average sentence length and convergence. My finding on sentence length agrees with the finding for English newspaper articles. However, it is clear that Afrikaans translated articles differ from Afrikaans nontranslated articles and that Afrikaans differ from the way in which English translated articles differ from English nontranslated articles. A further extension on Bam's study is the use of an automatic Afrikaans part-ofspeech tagger that was developed by CTeXT in 2005. The tagged data was applied with good results to the calculation of lexical density and in determining the number of pronouns in the distinct subcorpora. Because corpus translation studies is a relatively young field, the methodology suggested by Laviosa-Braithwaite (1995) for corpus studies in English is tested to see whether it is applicable to Afrikaans. The methodology is in the form of hypotheses. Certain aspects are investigated easily by means of WordSmith Tools, but other aspects, such as die occurrence of superordinates, is not so readily applicable to the corpus methodology.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With the emergence of the global village concept over the last two decades, the role of the act of translation has increased in importance. As people became aware of the value and significance of texts in foreign languages, it ignited an interest in the act of translation. Translations were no longer regarded as inferior, but rather worthy of study. Prior to the emergence of interest in translation, the translation process had received little attention, but now slowly became the focus point as researchers sought to unravel its idiosyncrasies. No longer were researchers merely prepared to accept the fruits of the process, but they questioned how the process came about, why it happened and which circumstances, both internal and external, influenced it. This research set out to investigate the similarities and differences between sports texts originally written in Afrikaans and translated sports texts that were translated from English into Afrikaans. Prior research on this topic had pointed to a marked lexical difference between original and translated texts. It was further postulated that the differences and similarities were caused by the translation process itself and were inherent to it. The current research attempted to determine these similarities and differences by means of an electronic lexical analysis of the original and translated corpora using Wordsmith Tools. The results confirmed the findings done in prior research, namely that there were lexical differences between original and translated texts. This study indicated that the differences were not significant for the study at hand. It further indicated that the reason for the lack of a significant difference was due to the common nature of the subject matter and a large degree of shared information. It was further suggested that the statistics could have been different if the commonality of topic had not been present. Further research would need to be undertaken by expanding the size and scope of the corpora so as to be able to reach conclusions based on a greater variety of texts. At the same time this research suggested that a qualitative analysis of the texts should be done to support the quantitative findings of the research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As gevolg van die snelle ontwikkeling in kommunikasie oor die laaste twee dekades, het die rol van vertaling van groter belang geword. Soos mense die waarde en belangrikheid van tekste in vreemde tale agtergekom het, het daar nuwe belangstelling in die proses van vertaling ontstaan. Vertaalde tekste is nie meer as minderwaardig geag nie, maar het nou die teiken van navorsing geword. Voor die nuwe belangstelling in vertaling posgevat het, het die proses van vertaling min aandag gekry, maar dit het stadig maar seker die fokuspunt van navorsers geword wat die eienaardighede van die proses wou ontrafel. Navorsers was nie meer tevrede met net die produk nie, maar het die proses ook ondersoek en wou weet waarom die proses op 'n sekere wyse plaasgevind het en watter omstandighede, intern sowel as ekstern, 'n invloed daarop uitgeoefen het. Hierdie navorsing het ten doelom die ooreenkomste en verskille tussen sporttekste wat oorspronklik in Afrikaans geskryf is en tekste wat uit Engels vertaal is, te ondersoek. Vorige navorsing op dié gebied het daarop gedui dat daar waarneembare verskille tussen vertaalde en oorspronklike tekste is en dat die verskille aan die proses self toegeskryf kan word en dat dit inherent deel is daarvan. Huidige navorsing het ten doelom die moontlike ooreenkomste en verskille vas te stel met behulp van 'n elektroniese leksikale ontleding van die oorspronklike en vertaalde korpora met behulp van Wordsmith Tools. Die bevindings van hierdie navorsing het die vorige navorsingsresultate bevestig, naamlik dat vertaalde en oorspronklike tekste op leksikale vlak verskil. Die huidige navorsing het egter aangetoon dat die verskille nie beduidend is hierdie studie ontleed is. Dit het verder aangedui dat die rede hiervoor toegeskryf kan word aan die gemeenskaplikheid van die materiaal en die groot hoeveelheid gedeelde inligting. Die navorsing het ook aangedui dat die statistiek moontlik sou verskil het indien die gemeenskaplikheid nie teenwoordig was nie. Verdere navorsing moet onderneem word deur die grootte en omvang van die korpora uit te brei sodat afleidings gemaak kan word met behulp van 'n groter verskeidenheid tekste. Terselfdertyd het die navorser aanbeveel dat kwalitatiewe navorsing van die tekste uitgevoer word om die bevindinge van die kwantitatiewe navorsing te ondersteun.