Pas de résumé / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’Afrique est un continent aux nombreuses opportunités et un continent d’avenir. Autrefois délaissé, l’Afrique est aujourd’hui au cœur du développement. C’est ainsi qu’avec la mondialisation, les investissements directs étrangers n’ont pas cessé de croître, permettant ainsi à ce continent d’être l’un des principaux bénéficiaires de ces investissements. Avec l’ampleur grandissante des investissements directs étrangers (IDE), plusieurs auteurs se sont penchés sur les facteurs attractifs ainsi que sur les effets de ces IDE sur les pays d’accueil. Malgré la multitude d’études sur le sujet, très peu font référence à l’Afrique. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser les facteurs d’attractivité et les impacts des IDE en Afrique, et ce, à travers une analyse multidimensionnelle (dimension économique et environnementale). On a procédé à une analyse économétrique basée sur des équations simultanées. En effet, cette analyse a permis d’observer des corrélations entre les investissements directs étrangers, la croissance économique, le capital humain, les ressources naturelles, l’ouverture au commerce extérieur ainsi que le transfert de technologie. On a également remarqué une corrélation entre les flux d’investissements directs étrangers et l’émission du dioxyde de carbone. Mots-clés : Investissements directs étrangers, attractivité, OLI, impacts, Afrique, croissance économique, environnement, CO2, pollution, équations simultanées. / Africa is a continent with many opportunities and a future continent. Formerly abandoned, Africa is today at the heart of development. Thus, with globalization, foreign direct investment has continued to grow, enabling the continent to be one of the main beneficiaries of these foreign direct investments. With the growing magnitude of foreign direct investment (FDI), several authors have examined the attractive factors and the effects of these FDI on host countries. Despite the multitude of studies on the subject, very few refer to Africa. The objective of this research was to analyze the attractiveness factors and the impacts of FDI in Africa through a multidimensional analysis (economic and environmental dimension), an econometric analysis based on simultaneous equations was carried out. This analysis revealed correlations between foreign direct investment, economic growth, human capital, openness to foreign trade, and technology transfer. There was also a correlation between foreign direct investment flows and CO2 emissions. Key words: Foreign direct investment, attractiveness, OLI, impacts, Africa, economic growth, environment, CO2, pollution, simultaneous equations.

This thesis starts by arguing that the civil conflicts that erupted in the African Great Lakes are rooted in a continuous pursuit of power, in which ethnic, regional and political identifiers are used by the contenders for power to rally community support. In an introductory chapter, I go back to the colonial era, drawing attention to Burundi and Rwanda, and then describe in more details Burundi's refugee crisis, ex-combatants' demobilization and the 2010 elections, all of which will be addressed in the subsequent chapters. <p><p>In the second chapter, entitled "On the Instrumental Power of Refugees: Household Composition and Civil War in Burundi", I study changes in household composition following household's exposure to civil war in Burundi. The analyses rely on a panel dataset collected in rural Burundi in 2005 and 2010. To address concerns over the endogenous distribution violence, I use an instrumental variables strategy using the distance to refugee camps, in which the Hutu rebellion was organized from the mid-1990s onwards. The analysis focuses on the impact of violence on demographic changes within households.<p><p>The third chapter, entitled "Who Benefited from Burundi's Demobilization Program?" and co-authored with Olivier Sterck (University of Oxford) and Philip Verwimp (ULB), assesses the impact of the demobilization cash transfers program, which took place from 2004 onwards in post-war Burundi. In the short run, we find that the cash payments had a positive impact on beneficiaries' consumption, non-food spending and investments. Importantly, it also generated positive spillovers on civilians in their home villages. However, both the direct impact and the spillovers seem to vanish in the long run. Ex-combatants' investments in assets were not productive enough to sustain their consumption pattern in the long run, as they ultimately ran out of demobilization money. <p><p>In the fourth chapter, entitled "From Rebellion to Electoral Violence. Evidence from Burundi" and co-authored with Andrea Colombo (ULB) and Olivier Sterck (University of Oxford), we aim at understanding the triggers of electoral violence in 2010, only a few months after the end of the war. We find that an acute polarization between ex-rebel groups -capturing the presence of groups with equal support - and political competition are both highly conducive to electoral violence. Disaggregating electoral violence by type, we show that these drivers explain different types of violence. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that ethnic diversity is not associated with electoral violence in post-conflict Burundi. <p><p>In the last chapter, entitled "Who Benefits from Customary Justice? Rent-seeking, Bribery and Criminality in sub-Saharan Africa" and co-authored with Olivier Sterck (University of Oxford), we have a closer look at the judicial system of Uganda, an important institution in a post-conflict economy. In many African countries, customary and statutory judicial systems co-exist. Customary justice is exercised by local courts and based on restorative principles, while statutory justice is mostly retributive and administered by magistrates' courts. As their jurisdiction often overlaps, victims can choose which judicial system to refer to, which may lead to contradictions between rules and inconsistencies in judgments. In this essay, we construct a model representing a dual judicial system and we show that this overlap encourages rent-seeking and bribery, and yields to high rates of petty crimes and civil disputes. <p><p>In Burundi, history has shown that instability in one country of the Great Lake region may destabilize the whole area, with dramatic effect on civilian population. Understanding the dynamics laying at the origin of violence, during and after civil conflict, is crucial to prevent violence relapse in any form, from petty criminality to larger scale combats. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished