Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-152). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2008. / Advisor: Anne Fletcher; submitted to the School of Human Environmental Sciences. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Jun. 2, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-56).

Thesis (MA)--Georgia State University, 2005. / Gabriel P. Kuperminc, committee chair ; Julia Perilla, Greg Jurkovic, committee members. Includes bibliographical references (p. 38-41).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010. / Prepared for: Dept. of Psychology. Title from title-page of electronic thesis. Bibliography: leaves 141-160.

Thesis (M.P.A. )--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 2005. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2932. Typescript. Abstract precedes thesis as 2 preliminary leaves (iii-iv). Includes bibliographical references ( leaves 91-93 ).

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2013-10-18T16:50:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Igor Paploski Historia natural...2013.pdf: 1824673 bytes, checksum: 82176aba4d2b6446b2fb171b23ca4e2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-18T16:50:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Igor Paploski Historia natural...2013.pdf: 1824673 bytes, checksum: 82176aba4d2b6446b2fb171b23ca4e2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Leptospirose é causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira e é transmitida aos humanos pela urina de animais contaminados. Apenas uma parcela dos indivíduos infectados desenvolvem manifestações clínicas graves que requerem hospitalização e são potencialmente fatais. Os fatores que determinam que uma infecção por Leptospira evolua de forma autolimitada e outra progrida para uma doença grave e fatal ainda são pouco claros. Nós hipotetizamos que características demográficas como o sexo e a idade influenciem o risco de progressão clínica de indivíduos infectados pela Leptospira. OBJETIVO Investigar a influência do sexo e da idade no risco de progressão clínica da leptospirose após a infecção e estimar a razão entre o número de infecções subclínicas para cada caso grave e cada óbito por leptospirose em comunidades com alta transmissão da doença. MÉTODO Um estudo de coorte foi conduzido entre 2003 e 2006 para determinar a incidência de infecções subclínicas por Leptospira no bairro de Pau da Lima, uma comunidade carente de Salvador - BA . Paralelamente, pacientes com leptospirose grave e óbitos por leptospirose foram identificados através de vigilância populacional ativa no Hospital Couto Maia, em Salvador. Foi calculada a incidência de leptospirose grave e a mortalidade por leptospirose para áreas da cidade com características socioeconômicas similares a da área do estudo de coorte. Todas as incidências foram estratificadas por faixa etária e sexo, sendo em seguida comparadas através de razões de risco. RESULTADOS Foi identificada uma incidência média anual de 23,8 (IC 95%, 19,7 – 28,8) casos de infecção subclínica/1.000 habitantes na área da coorte. Em habitantes de áreas da cidade com características socioeconômicas similares a da área do estudo de coorte a incidência média anual de formas graves foi de 8,2 (IC 95%, 7,0 – 9,4) casos/100.000, sendo que a mortalidade por leptospirose média anual nesta população foi de 1,6 (IC 95%, 1,2 – 2,0) óbitos/100.000 habitantes. Homens apresentaram um risco 2,0 (IC 95%, 1,6 – 2,6) vezes maior de desenvolverem infecções subclínicas, 6,1 (IC 95%, 5,2 – 7,2) vezes maior de desenvolverem infecções graves e 0,6 (IC 95%, 0,4 – 1,0) vezes menor de evoluir para óbito do que mulheres. Indivíduos da faixa etária de 25 a 34 anos e de 35 a 44 anos de idade apresentaram um risco de desenvolverem infecções subclínicas 2,5 (IC 95%, 1,8 – 3,6) e 1,3 (IC 95%, 0,8 – 2,3) vezes maior, respectivamente, em comparação aos com idade entre 5 a 14 anos, enquanto que os indivíduos das mesmas faixas etárias apresentaram riscos de leptospirose grave de 4,5 (IC 95%, 2,2 – 9,0) e 5,1 (IC 95%, 2,5 – 10,3) vezes, respectivamente. Estima-se que ocorreram 289 e 1.510 infecções subclínicas para cada caso grave e para cada óbito, respectivamente, identificados e analisados neste estudo. CONCLUSÕES O sexo e a idade influenciam de risco de infecção subclínica, grave e de óbito por leptospirose. Homens tem maior risco de infecção subclínica e grave, entretanto mulheres apresentam maior letalidade de leptospirose. O risco para infecções subclínicas alcança o pico em indivíduos de 25 a 34 anos, entretanto o risco para infecções graves e óbito não se comporta da mesma maneira e aumenta com a idade. / INTRODUCTION Leptospirosis is caused by a bacteria of the genus Leptospira and is transmited to humans by the urine of infected animals. Only a portion of infected individuals develop severe clinical manifestations that require hospitalization and are potentially fatal. The factors that determine if a Leptospira infection will evolve in a self-limiting while others will progress to a severe and fatal disease are still unclear. We hipothesize that demographic characteristics such as age and gender influence the risk of clinical progression of individuals infected with Leptospira. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of gender and age on the risk of clinical progression of leptospirosis after infection and estimate the infection to disease and infection to death ratio in communities with high disease transmission. METHODS A cohort study was performed between 2003 and 2006 to determine the incidence of subclinical infections of leptospirosis at Pau da Lima, a poor community of Salvador. In addition, patients with severe leptospirosis and deaths by leptospirosis were identified through active surveillance population at the infectious disease state reference hospital, in Salvador. We calculated the incidence of severe leptospirosis and mortality by leptospirosis in areas of the city with similar socioeconomic characteristics of the area of the cohort study. All incidences were stratified by age and sex, and then compared using risk ratios. RESULTS The mean annual incidence of subclinical infection was 23.8 (95% CI, 19.7 to 28.8) per 1,000 residents in the cohort area. The mean annual incidence of severe leptospirosis was 8.2 (95% CI, 7.0 – 9.4) cases per 100,000 inhabitants in areas with similar socioeconomic characteristics of the area of the cohort study. The mean annual mortality for individuals of the same area was 1.6 (95% CI, 1.2 – 2.0) per 100,000 inhabitants. Males have 2.0 (95% CI, 1.6 - 2.6) times the risk of developing subclinical infections, 6.1 (95% CI, 5.2 - 7.2) times the risk to develop severe infections and 0.6 (95% CI, 0.4 to 1.0) times the risk to evolve to death, compared to females. Individuals aged from 25 to 34 years and 35 to 44 years had a risk of developing subclinical leptospirosis 2.5 (95% CI , 1.8 - 3.6) and 1.3 (95% CI, 0,8 - 2.3) times greater, respectively, when compared to individuals aged 5 to 14 years, while individuals of the same age had a risk for severe leptospirosis 4.5 (95% CI, 2.2 - 9.0) and 5.1 (95% CI, 2.5 - 10.3) times greater, respectively. It is estimated that there were 1,510 and 289 subclinical infections for every death and severe leptospirosis cases, respectively, identified and analyzed in this study. CONCLUSIONS Age and gender influences the risk of subclinical and severe infection, and death from severe leptospirosis. Males have a higher risk of subclinical and severe infection, but females have higher lethality of leptospirosis. The risk for subclinical infection peaks in individuals aged 25 to 34 years, however, the risk for severe infection and death by leptospiris does not evolve in the same manner, increasing with age.

Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da presença/ausência dental em relação a colonização de periodontopatógenos em recém-nascidos, crianças e adultos/idosos. Método: Estudo do tipo transversal, no qual foram incluídos 43 recém-nascidos (2,840,16 meses), quarenta crianças com dentição mista (9,331,99 anos) trinta adultos/idosos dentados (61,77,05 anos) e 31 adultos/idosos desdentados (60,068.67 anos). Avaliou-se por reação em cadeia da polimerase a presença de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Treponema denticola e Micromonas micros dos sítios extra-sulculares (dorso da língua e mucosa bucal) e intrasulculares (sulco / bolsa periodontal). As frequências bacterianas foram analisadas através do teste Qui-quadrado, e o risco da presença bacteriana em função do dente foi calculado com o auxílio do teste Odds Ratio. Resultados: C. rectus foi a bactéria de maior prevalência em todos os grupos avaliados. P. gingivalis não foi detectada em recém-nascidos ou em crianças, enquanto P. intermedia apenas não foi encontrada nos recém-nascidos. Os adultos/idosos desdentados, contrariamente aos recém-nascidos, apresentaram P. gingivalis em sítios extra-sulculares. Comparando as amostras extrasulculares conjutamente (dorso de lingual e mucosa bucal), o grupo de crianças apresentou maiores prevalências para todos os patógenos avaliados, em relação aos recém-nascidos. Já nos grupos de adultos/idosos estes apresentaram todas as bactérias examinadas, com diferença estatística para P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia, T. denticola e M. micros no grupo dentado (P<0,05). Conclusão: De forma geral, periodontopatógenos foram detectados tanto em indivíduos dentados quanto nos desdentados independentemente da idade. Apesar dos grupos dentados apresentarem maiores prevalências bacterianas, a presença dental não representou risco aumentado para a ocorrência bacteriana. Os resultados sugerem ainda que uma maior atenção profissional deve ser dispensada em relação aos indivíduos desdentados tanto na colonização bacteriana inicial da dentição decídua/mista quanto na colonização tardia relacionada ao planejamento dos implantes dentários. / Aim: The aim of this study was evaluate the impact of teeths presence/absence according to the presence/absence of periodontal pathogens in newborns, children and adults/elderly. Methods: This cross-sectional estudy included 43 newborns (2.84 1.60 months), forty children with mixed dentition (9.33 1.99 years) thirty dentate adults/elderly (61.77.05 years) and 31 edentulous adults/elderly (60.068.67 years). The presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Treponema denticola and Micromonas micros of extra-sulcus samples (dorsum of the tongue and cheek mucosa) and intra-sulcus samples (gingival sulcus/ periodontal pocket) were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction. Bacterial frequences were analized by Chi-square test, and the Odds Ratio for the presence of periodontal pathogens colonization according to the presence of the teeth in dentate population, was also calculated. Results: C. rectus was the more prevalent bacteria in all studied age-groups. P. gingivalis was not find in newborns and children, while P. intermedia was detected except in newborns. Edentulous adults/elderly, differently from newborns, showed P. gingivalis in extra-sulcus samples. When the extra-sulcus samples (dorsum of the tongue and cheek mucosa) were analized together, childrens group showed higher prevalences than newborns, for all studied pathogens. Both adults/elderly groups presented all bacteria, with statistical difference for P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia, T. denticola and M. micros in dentate group (P<0.05). Conclusions: In general, periodontal pathogens were detected in dentate and edentulous subjects, irrespective of the age. Despite dentate groups showed higher bacterial prevalences, the presence/absence of the teeth did not represent a risk for pathogens occurrence. The results also sugested that more professional attention must be taken to edentulous subjects for initial colonization of primary and mixed dentition and colonization ralated to subsequent oral implants.

A instalação e progressão da doença periodontal estão associadas à presença de fatores de risco destacando-se entre eles determinadas espécies bacterianas. A proposta do presente estudo do tipo transversal foi avaliar por PCR a prevalência de A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythensis e C. rectus no sulco gengival e na mucosa do dorso da língua e da bochecha em crianças com 2 a cinco e seis a 12 anos e adolescentes com 13 a 18 anos. Foram realizadas associações dos periodontopatógenos com idade, sexo e condição periodontal. A condição periodontal foi estabelecida pelos índices de placa (IP), gengival (IG), profundidade de sondagem e nível de inserção clínica. Na análise estatística foram utilizados os testes Qui-Quadrado e Exato de Fisher para comparar freqüências das variáveis qualitativas; t-Student para a variável IP; Mann-Whitney para a variável IG. As bactérias de maior e menor prevalência foram respectivamente C. rectus (94%) e P. gingivalis (2%), sendo esta última somente encontrada em sulco gengival de adolescentes. A faixa etária de menor idade apresentou as prevalências bacterianas mais baixas. O sexo não interferiu na prevalência microbiana da população estudada. Observou-se uma pior condição clínica quando parâmetros periodontais estiveram associados a T. forsythensis e P. intermedia. / The installation and progression of periodontal diseases are associated with risk factors in witch there are some bacterial species. The aim of this cross-sectional study was evaluate by PCR the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythensis e C. rectus in gingival sulcus and mucosa of tongue and bucca of children with 2 to five and six to 12 years old and adolescents with 13 to 18 years old. Associations of periodontal pathogens with age, gender and periodontal condition were realized. Children (2 - 5; 6 -12 years old) and adolescents (13 -18 years old) were included in this study. The periodontal condition was established by plaque index (IP), gingival index (IG), probing depth and attachment clinical level. On statistical analysis were used Qui-Squared test and Exact Fishers test for comparison of qualitative variables frequencies , t-Student for analyses of IP, Mann-Whitney tests for analyses of IG. The bacteria of major and minor prevalence were respectively C. rectus (94%) and P. gingivalis (2%), the last one was only observed in adolescents gingival sulcus. The youngest age group showed the lowest bacterial prevalence. Gender did not interfere on bacterial prevalence of population studied. We observed a worse clinical condition when periodontal parameters were associated with T. forsythensis e P. intermedia.

This study examined how different background noise conditions affected the spoken language production of young (18-25) and older (60-85) adults when performing a story retell task. Participants included 10 female and 10 male young adult (YA) participants, as well as 10 female and 10 male older adult (OA) participants. Participants retold stories in a silent baseline and five background noise conditions (conversation, monologue, phone call, cocktail, pink noise). Speech fluency and language production measures (cohesive and coherent utterances, lexical-phonological errors, grammatically correct words, Moving Average Type Token Ratio (MATTR), speech rate, and disfluent words) were compared between groups and across conditions. Results reveal that background noise led to an increase in speech rate for the OA compared to the YA group. A main effect was also found for disfluent words, specifically between the phone call and conversation condition, as well as the pink noise and phone call conditions. The OA also experience background noise benefits in relation to speech fluency (conversation and phone call conditions) and lexical production (conversation condition). The YA group experience background noise costs in relation to speech rate in the phone call condition. These findings suggest that background noise benefits discourse more for OA and interferes more for YA.

This study examined peer group processes in the classroom that can potentially explain how motivationally "rich" children get "richer" whereas motivationally "poor" children get "poorer." In contrast to research on group processes which focuses on socialization from group to individual, this study focuses on contributions from the individual to his/her group. The viewpoint taken for this study is that children actively choose group members based on their own self-system state, thereby creating their own peer environments in which they develop.Viewed as open complex systems, children's natural peer groups were examined using data collected from students and their teachers at five measurement points across a school year in four grade 4/5 classrooms. Out of 112 students, data were obtained for 94 (51 male, 43 female) children regarding their classroom engagement, peer network affiliations, and associative preferences ("ideal groups" of classmates with whom they would like to hang out). In an effort to overcome some of the challenges that group researchers face, methodologies argued to reliably capture children's networks and to measure the network's psychological characteristics were used. In addition, a hierarchical systems framework was applied whereby the underlying group processes could be examined across time. Two of seven hierarchical perspectives were used to examine influences from the individual to his/her network. Focusing first on the changing nature of a child's network, findings revealed a pattern of robust equilibrium. Networks showed an initial period of rapid change in member turnover (approximately 45%) during the first few months and then evolved quickly toward a stable (attractor) state of approximately 25% turnover the remainder of the year. Focusing next on the proximal processes by which the peer network emerges--selection and elimination--children were found to be more similar to those whom they would like to select than those whom they would like to eliminate. Taken together, the findings suggest that the child creates a peer context in the classroom that is stimulating and compatible to his/her own changes in engagement across the school year, thereby providing a possible explanation for how the motivationally "rich" get "richer" and the "poor" get "poorer".