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The current research on non-migratory antiozonant systems for natural rubber follows a tripartite study involving the formulation of a coating compound with static and dynamic ozone testing of the coatings, a review of some commercial in-mould coating techniques and analysis of diffusion of a commercial antiozonant through a coating. An outline of the mixing of Nipol 1312, a low molecular weight nitrile butadiene rubber grade produced by leon Chemicals Inc., with other ingredients to produce a coating composition is also given. Test pieces of the natural rubber substrate were placed in pre-coated mould cavities and cured under compression to achieve covulcanisation between the substrate and the coating. All ozone tests were carried out under standard ASTM DI149-911D518-91 conditions. Results show that the formulated nitrile rubber coating compound is able to protect natural rubber from ozone attack with no migration of the antiozonant as in classical chemical antiozonant systems. An up to date patent search on in-mould coating techniques and systems was carried out and evaluated in conjunction with some current commercial coating methods. In this overview, more emphasis is laid on the nature of the coating material which subsequently determines the appropriate coating technique, than on the specific in-mould coating process applied. Post-mould coating work with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on natural rubber substrate was also assessed. An experimental and theoretical study of the diffusion of the antiozonant N,Isopropyl N-phenyl-pphenylenediamine (IPPD) through a protective coating on a natural rubber substrate is made in the project. This study shows that the protective coating is able to reduce the loss of antiozonant through diffusion while giving the rubber adequate protection from ozone. The study also demonstrates that the combination of a commercial antiozonant and a protective coating gives enhanced product service life and provides protection to damaged regions of the coating.

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Inflammation is implicated in a wide array of diseases and is associated with the ageing process: 'inflammageing' is the low-grade inflammation that occurs as an organism ages. I was particularly interested in age-related inflammation of the brain, thought to be mediated by microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). To this end, I carried out RNA sequencing of microglia from young (6 months) and aged mice (23 months). I found that microglia from aged mice have a very distinct transcriptome signature. Interestingly, pathways associated with mTOR signalling and inflammation were upregulated. Given the evidence that mTOR is a key modulator of ageing, I investigated its role in inflammation in microglia. Using a mouse model in which Rheb, a positive regulator of mTORC1, was knocked out in Csf1r-expressing cells (microglia and macrophages), I found that in vivo LPS stimulation caused a significant increase in the transcription of inflammatory genes in microglia from mTORC1-deficient mice compared to controls. The effect was further exaggerated in mTORC1-deficient aged mice, suggesting a role for mTORC1 in the priming of aged microglia. However, these transcriptome changes were not translated into protein; indeed, Csf1r-Cre; Rheb f/f mice showed reduced overall inflammation, as measured by sickness behaviour in the openfield test and by plasma cytokine levels. On the other hand, long-term treatment with rapamycin in vivo showed a very distinct phenotype, with reduced inflammation following LPS stimulation in young mice but no effect in aged ones. This PhD thesis sheds new light on pathways regulating microglia in ageing and has clinical implications for pathologies in which inflammation plays a major role.

The rapid ageing of Japan’s population is occurring in the midst of accelerating social change, causing a rethinking about what it means to grow old. Some older Japanese are pioneering new models for ageing through their involvement in groups known as time banks. These are non-profit organisations which trade time, a universal possession, rather than conventional currency for services. Time given in volunteering is banked for future redemption as assistance for the giver, with points paid per hour. This first study of the impact of time banks on the lives of older Japanese members aims to chart how such groups can help both their senior members and society as a whole.¶ Time banks now exist across the globe but the world’s first time bank was established in 1973 by a Japanese woman. She aspired to create a new form of currency that could give people greater control of their lives and foster warmer community links. The benefits that older time bank members derive include formation of new friendship networks to replace those lost by retirement and the chance to use old skills and learn new ones. Time banks can generate a new form of social capital that fosters traditional Japanese reciprocity and has ikigai or ‘sense of meaning in life’ as one of its main pillars.¶ This research is based on both three-months of fieldwork in Japan and an extensive literature review in Japanese, English and Chinese. It has been by aided by accessibility to the thoughts of the founders of four major time banks through their books and also by their group web sites. My study follows on from an MPhil thesis that compared ageing in China and Japan and draws on my experience living in Japan for 10 years between 1979 and 1991 in both Kansai and Kanto.¶ The literature indicates that social participation is a crucial component for maintaining both psychological and physical health in the later years. While this is a qualitative study and there is yet to be a qualitative review of the effects of time banks in Japan, feedback I received from older members of the first time bank shows that time banks can foster a meaningful later life. ¶ The 21st century has been dubbed that of the aged as greater mass longevity boosts their numbers to unprecedented levels. This thesis questions whether organizations such as time banks can make a significant difference to the quality of life that older people enjoy in this new era. The theoretical framework examines whether the social exchange that these groups nurture can enhance the social capital of their communities, creating a positive image for ageing.

<p>Syfte och frågeställningar</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att göra en undersökning av attityder till och uppfattningar kring kost, träning och hälsa hos personer i åldern 55-70 år. Ser de sambandet mellan sin livsstil och upplevda hälsa idag och i framtiden? Det var även av intresse att undersöka vad de vet om aktuella rön om kost och träning, om de agerar på det de läser, vilka rön de tar till sig och inte. Vidare studerades också deras attityder till motion, hur de upplever den och vilka effekter de tycker att den har, samt vad de upplever som hinder för att de skulle motionera mer. De tillfrågades även om kostvanor, då dessa är relevanta i sammanhanget.</p><p>Metod</p><p>En kvantitativ undersökning i form av en enkätundersökning befanns lämplig. Att genomföra den via Internet var mest praktiskt och smidigt. Respondenterna söktes via föräldrar, svärföräldrar, vänner och bekanta som i sin tur frågade sina föräldrar, vänner och så vidare.</p><p>Resultat</p><p>Det stora flertalet av respondenterna uppgav att de rörde en del på sig, huvudsakliga aktiviteter var promenader och/eller cykling. De sade sig också i stor utsträckning vara medvetna om idag vanliga hälsorön som förekommer i media och många uppgav att de följde en del av dem. Dock visade de på en viss försiktighet, alternativt hade vissa svårigheter med att ta till sig dem eftersom de ansåg att det kom ut för mycket råd som ofta var motstridiga - de hade helt enkelt inte tid och ork att sätta sig in i alla frågor. De var positiva till motion och dess effekter, men många angav att de skulle behöva någon form av hjälp för att komma igång eller för att öka deras aktivitetsnivå. De flesta hade gjort vissa anpassningar av sina kostvanor p.g.a. hälsoråd. Det finns en positiv korrelation mellan ett intresse för hälsokunskap och mera motion, och dessutom med bättre upplevd hälsa.</p><p>Slutsats</p><p>Den äldre generationen är någorlunda villig att ta till sig råd och förändra sin livsstil för att förbättra sin hälsa på sikt. De flesta upplever dock att de behöver hjälp med att komma över ofta praktiska hinder för att motionera mer regelbundet, och dessutom med att få en klarare bild av vad de faktiskt borde göra. Men med intresse och kunskap följer handling. Det finns således en utmärkt möjlighet för en hälsopedagog att göra en insats för denna generation.</p> / <p>Aim</p><p>The aim of this study has been to examine the attitudes towards nutrition, exercise and health in persons aged 55 to 70. Do they see the connection between the lifestyles they lead and their perceived health today and in the future? Moreover, what do they know about current research about nutrition and exercise? Do they act upon what they read? What advice do they apply in their lives? Their attitudes towards exercise, their experiences of exercise, what effect they have experienced, and what obstacles to increasing their exercising they experienced were also charted. Questions about nutrition were also brought up since these are relevant in this context.</p><p>Method</p><p>The investigation was conducted as a quantitative study in the form of a survey. It was done via the Internet as this was the most practical way. The respondents were chosen and contacted through parents, in-laws, and friends who in turn spread the word further.</p><p>Results</p><p>The majority of the respondents took part in regular physical activity, most commonly walking and/or cycling. Most respondents were aware of most health related advice and results of scientific studies common in the media today, claiming to follow some of them. They showed a certain hesitation and inability to fully get grips on them as it was their opinion that such results were overly abundant - they simply didn’t have the time or energy to form their own opinion. They were generally positive on exercise but many deemed they need help to get going or to increase their activity level. Most had made modifications to their diet in response to nutritional advice. There is a positive correlation between an interest in health and exercise, and also with better perceived health.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The generation of older adults are reasonably willing to accept and apply advice and change their lifestyle in order to improve their long term health. Most feel they need some help to get over obstacles of a practical nature preventing them from exercising more, and in order to get a clearer view of what they should do. But with interest and knowledge comes action. Thus it can be conclude that this is an excellent opportunity for a health advisor to have a positive impact on people of this generation.</p>

This is a study about fairly ordinary situations in elder care: how staff deal with older people’s influence, how staff talk about older people’s complaints, how family members talk about elder mistreatment, and how older people act in order to exert influence in a nursing home. However ordinary, these are situations where relational power is accentuated, accomplished and able to be empirically explored. The aim here is to analyze power and influence as social phenomena in elder care. More specifically, the aims are 1) to analyze the political and bureaucratic frame in which older people have formal “voice” options; 2) to analyze staff members’ “folk logic” as they respond to residents’ complaints in Swedish nursing homes; 3) to analyze how family members of care recipients define and sustain claims of elder mistreatment; and 4) to ethnographically depict how older people’s attempts at influence unfold in everyday interactions in a nursing home and how these attempts can be understood in the context of a “local routine culture.” Several kinds of empirical material have been used: 100 structured telephone interviews with local municipal officials, 13 qualitative interviews with nursing home staff, 21 interviews with family members of care recipients, and ethnographic data comprised of field notes and field-based interviews from five months of observation in a nursing home. The findings demonstrate the difficulties of turning policies about older people’s influence into practice. Yet, the main finding is not the “policy–practice gap” per se, but rather an understanding of how this gap is situationally shaped and maintained. The dissertation shows how the subtleties of actions and talk have powerful implications, and can constitute barriers to older people’s influence. Two examples are the “rhetoric of trivialization” and a “local routine culture”; both can easily and quite inconspicuously restrict older people’s autonomy and influence. A routine culture is a locally and situationally generated action repertoire and as such provides an understanding of how routines shape power relations in a nursing home. The findings also show how a rhetoric of trivialization can function as a power resource, through which older people’s and family members’ views are “made trivial” by the ways they are described and rhetorically treated by staff and local officials. Through the use of trivializing accounts, staff members legitimized their neglect of complaints and restrictions of older people’s influence. The study argues that by recognizing how older people’s influence is “made trivial,” we gain an understanding of how to accomplish just the opposite. Local routines and accountability practices have a strong inertia, but the findings indicate that if actors reframe influence and complaints, they may substantially affect power relations in elder care.

Den här boken visar upp ett smakprov av den forskning som bedrivs vid det Nationella institutet för forskning om äldre och åldrande (NISAL), Linköpings Universitet. Boken utgör också ett försök att ge en mer varierad och pro-blematiserande bild av äldre och åldrande än den som vanligen förekommer i litteratur om ålderdomens biologiska och psykologiska förändringar, vård och omsorg om äldre. Vilken är då den dominerande bilden inom äldre-forskningen?