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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Assuming a postmodern perspective, this literature study attempts to address unprivileged dichotomies in an endeavour to make audible the silence surrounding women, emotion and anger. In alignment with the postmodern assumptions of relativity, the tracing of anger involves acknowledging the physiological, social, intrapersonal, interpersonal, behavioural, cognitive and phenomenological propensities thereof. In a postmodern attempt to contextualise the discussion and to trace the relation of women and the female gender stereotype to anger, a selection of etiological perspectives and theories on anger are viewed within the cultural contexts thereof. Juxtaposed in a Western culture privileging reason to emotion, individuality and autonomy to relationship centeredness, a hypothetical understanding of the association between women and emotion is construed. The gender stereotypical erasure of anger from the female repertoire is also addressed. Integrating these assumptions with the possible positive and negative outcomes of anger, a preliminary understanding of the mechanism of and the silence surrounding women and anger is offered. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met 'n postmodernistiese aanslag poog die literatuurstudie om ongepriviligeerde dichotome aan te spreek en die stilte in die literatuur rondom vroue en woede hoorbaar te maak. In pas met die postmodernistiese aannames van relatiwiteit, vereis die beligting van woede erkenning aan die fisiologiese, sosiale, intrapsigiese, interpersoonlike, kognitiewe en fenomenologiese manifestasies daarvan. In 'n postmodernistiese poging om die bespreking te kontekstualiseer en om die verhouding tussen vroue en woede na te speur, is 'n seleksie van etiologiese perspektiewe en teoriëe oor woede binne die relevante sosio-kulturele konteks bespreek. Geposioneer in 'n Westerse kultuur, wat rede bo emosie en individualiteit en outonomie bo verhoudingsgerigtheid stel, is 'n hipotetiese verstaan van die verhouding tussen vroue en emosie gekonstrueer. Die beperkings wat geslagsrolstereotipes op vroue se uitdrukking van woede plaas, is ook aangeraak. Deur die gegewe te integreer met die moontlike positiewe en negatiewe impak van woede, is 'n voorlopige verstaan daarvan, asook van die stilte rondom vroue en woede gebied.

published_or_final_version / Psychology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Sports Science / Master / Master of Science in Sports Science

This paper investigates whether managers that have a propensity for personal tax aggressiveness are associated with tax avoidance at the firm level. Motivated by Dhaliwal, Erickson, and Heitzman (2009) and Hanlon and Heitzman (2009), I construct a measure of personally tax aggressive ("aggressive") managers and determine whether corporate tax avoidance activities increase in their presence. The results of my study indicate that aggressive managers are associated with firm-level tax avoidance. The neoclassical view would suggest that aggressive managers' tax expertise could benefit shareholders through lower tax payments. Since aggressive managers extract their personal tax savings from shareholders, non-tax agency costs potentially increase in their presence. This has implications for the association between aggressive managers and firm value. Using the framework established through the agency view of tax avoidance (Desai and Dharmapala, 2008) I find that on average the presence of aggressive managers is associated with increased firm value. However, consistent with recent research, governance is an important moderating factor whereby firm value in the presence of aggressive managers tends to increase only for relatively better-governed firms.