Os modelos convencionais de agricultura exigem o uso intensivo de implementos e insumos agrícolas. Este fato, associado à falta de orientação técnica e ao manejo agrícola inadequado, leva a um desequilíbrio do meio com modificações na biota do solo e consequentes alterações no pH, ciclo da matéria orgânica e diminuição da capacidade adsortiva, favorecendo, por exemplo, os processos de contaminação do solo, águas superficiais e subterrâneas. As características e propriedades do solo, como a textura, estrutura e teor de matéria orgânica, associadas a fatores como o clima, relevo e concentração dos agrotóxicos aplicados, afetam a mobilidade destes, de acordo com suas propriedades físico-químicas, influenciando diretamente na sorção das substâncias potencialmente tóxicas. Neste contexto, a pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização do agrotóxico carbofurano, buscando identificar possíveis riscos de contaminação e os fatores que influenciam no sistema solo-água-planta de acordo com o perfil de manejo agrícola. Para tanto, escolhemos duas vertentes sob o mesmo tipo de manejo e cultivo de pupunha, porém, com materiais de origem diferentes. A área de estudos está localizada no município de Iporanga, onde o cultivo de palmito pupunha e a utilização do ingrediente ativo carbofurano são comuns. Utilizando-se do método do perfil de manejo foram abertas trincheiras ao longo das duas vertentes para a descrição morfológica e coleta de solo. Foram coletados ainda palmito e água bruta próxima à área, visando a detecção de resíduos do agrotóxico. Os resultados das análises não indicaram resíduos de carbofurano em nenhuma das amostras, constatando que não há contaminação do solo, das águas superficiais e do palmito. O estudo mostrou que, apesar de se encontrarem sob um mesmo tipo de manejo, as diferenças de material de origem, características físicas e químicas e morfologia das vertentes resultariam em diferentes processos de retenção, transporte e transformação dos contaminantes. / The conventional models of agriculture demand the intensive use of agricultural implements. This fact, associated with poor technical guidance and inadequate agricultural management, leads to an imbalance of the environment with changes to the soil biota and consequent alterations in pH, organic matter cycle and reduction of adsorptive capacity, favoring, for instance, the contamination processes of the soil, surface water and groundwater. The characteristics and properties of the soils, such as texture, structure and organic matter content, associated with factors such as climate, landforms and the concentration of pesticides affect the mobility of the latter, as a consequence of their physico-chemical properties, directly influencing the sorption of potentially toxic substances. In this context, the goal of this research was to evaluate the use of the defensive carbofuran, in order to identify possible contamination risks and the factors that influence the soil-water-plant system according to the type of agricultural practices. Therefore, we chose two slopes under the same type of agricultural practices and cultivation of the pupunha palm tree, but with different source materials. The study area is located in the municipality of Iporanga, where the cultivation of the pupunha and the use of carbofuran are common. Using the crop profile method, trenches were opened along the two slopes for morphological description and collection of soil samples. Pupunha and water were also collected near the area, aiming the detection of agrotoxic residues. The results of the analysis did not indicate residues of carbofuran in any of the samples, noting that we found no contamination of the soil, surface water or the pupunha. The study showed that, although the two slopes were under the same type of agricultural practice, the differences in source material, physical and chemical characteristics and the morphology of the slopes would lead to differences in retention, transportation and transformation of the contaminants.

<p dir="ltr">Routine testing of nutrient concentrations via plant tissue is an important component of in-season fertilizer management in maize (<i>Zea</i> <i>mays </i>L.) cropping systems. Accuracy of results are critical for nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) management, yet there is little scientific guidance on which leaf to sample during mid- to late-vegetative growth stages. Additionally, the whole-plant status of each macro-nutrient may be best represented by a different leaf position due to mobility differences among nutrients. Mobility of each nutrient and allocation within the plant may also be influenced by environmental factors, management strategies, and genotype selection. Field experiments were conducted in West Lafayette and Windfall, Indiana in 2021 and 2022. The objectives were to (1) evaluate N, P, K, and S concentrations of specific leaf positions and whole plants in response to N fertilizer rate (NR), planting density (PD), and genotype (G) treatments at multiple growth stages, and (2) determine the ability of various leaf positions to predict whole-plant concentrations of N, P, K, and S across multiple NR, PD, and G environments. The West Lafayette study compared three NR treatments applied as urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN, 28-0-0) at the V5 growth stage and included (1) Control, no N applied, (2) 151 kg N ha^-1, and (3) 241 kg N ha^-1. The Windfall study compared two side-dress UAN rates of (1) Control, no N applied, and (2) 224 kg N ha^-1 at two planting densities (sub-plot) of 49,400 plants ha^-1and 89,000 plants ha^-1 with 4 Pioneer^® genotypes (sub-sub-plot) including two historical double-cross hybrids and two modern single-crosses. Tissue sampling included the top-collared leaf and whole-plant at V8, the 8^th leaf, top-collared leaf, and whole-plant at V12, and the 8^th leaf, 12^th leaf, ear-leaf, top-collared leaf and whole-plant at R1. Tissue N concentrations were consistently responsive to NR and PD treatments at all stages, but bottom leaves better reflected NR changes. As a mobile nutrient, N concentrations were highest in the uppermost leaf positions by R1 (ear-leaf and top-leaf), yet regressions between individual leaf and whole-plant N% were highest in the lower leaf positions (8^th and 12^th leaf positions). This suggested that the more likely a specific leaf was to exhibit nutrient deficiency symptoms, the better it would be at predicting whole-plant concentrations of that nutrient. Regressions between individual-leaf and whole-plant N% (modern genotypes only) increased from V8 to R1 and regressions were best with the 12^th leaf position at both V12 and R1. Tissue S concentration responses to NR increased at later growth stages, and top-leaf S was a stronger reflection of whole-plant S than the 8^th leaf. Despite S concentration differences among leaf positions at R1, the strength of regressions between each leaf position and whole-plant S were similar. There was no optimal leaf position to represent whole-plant S. While leaf N and S concentrations were above whole-plant concentrations, leaf P and K concentrations exhibited the opposite dynamic. There was little leaf P response to experimental treatment factors, and although regressions for leaf P versus whole-plant P concentrations were far weaker than for N, S or K, the 8^th leaf position was preferred at V12 and R1 (R² of just 0.27 and 0.36, respectively). Potassium concentration response to NR was weak. However, leaf K% and whole-plant K% were highly related via regression, irrespective of NR, at all three stages. Prediction of whole-plant K was strongest with the 8^th leaf at V12 and the 12^th leaf at R1. In summary, optimum leaf sampling position was shown to vary with individual macronutrients and growth stages in maize. Although more research is essential, these preliminary results indicate that traditional sampling methods involving selection of the top fully-expanded leaf from V8 to silking, and the ear-leaf during post-silking stages, may not be the most reliable indicators of whole-plant nutrient status.</p>

<p dir="ltr"><a href="" target="_blank">Watermelon [<i>Citrullus lanatus </i>(Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] is one of the world's top three most consumed fruits.</a> Indiana cultivates approximately 7,000 acres of watermelons every year, ranking 6^th in the nation. More than 70% of this production is concentrated in and around Knox County, making Southern Indiana a key region for watermelon production in the States. Despite its significance, watermelon production faces many challenges, including erratic rainfall patterns exacerbated by climate change. Enhanced irrigation management has emerged as a critical strategy in mitigating negative environmental effects and in optimizing fertilizer applications.</p><p dir="ltr">Currently, Southern Indiana farmers have incorporated different irrigation and fertilization practices into watermelon production, yet the effects on production outcomes remain poorly understood. To bridge this gap in knowledge, this study aims to explore the effects of existing practices on watermelon yield and develop irrigation guidelines for optimal production in the region. The experiment was conducted at Southwest Purdue Agricultural Center, Vincennes, Indiana, in 2022 and 2023. Four treatments were applied: High Irrigation, Low Irrigation, No Irrigation, and Fertigation. Fertigation treatment received the same water application as the High Irrigation treatment. Fertilizers were applied pre-plant in the High, Low, and No irrigation treatments, while frequent fertigation was applied to the Fertigation Treatment. Soil moisture sensors measuring volumetric water content were used for irrigation decisions. In 2022, the irrigation thresholds were set at 15% water depletion at 1-ft depth for High Irrigation and Fertigation treatment, and 2-ft depth for Low Irrigation. In 2023, the irrigation threshold for Low Irrigation was adjusted to 40% water depletion at 1-ft depth.</p><p dir="ltr">While soil moisture levels in the bed at the different depths varied notably among treatments, no significant differences in yield by weight were observed. The minimal impact of irrigation on watermelon yield suggests that rainfall provides sufficient water, preventing yield-reducing stress. However, the Fertigation and High Irrigation treatments yielded more fruit than the Low Irrigation and No Irrigation treatments. The dry periods in both years coincided with the watermelon fruit setting stages that may have contributed to the lower fruit set in the Low Irrigation and No Irrigation treatments. Fertigation showed a higher early yield than the other treatments in 2022. Analysis of soil and tissue nitrogen levels indicated that sole nitrogen application before planting could result in excessive soil nitrogen levels during vegetative growth. This excess nitrogen might delay flowering and harvest. This project offers insights into enhancing irrigation and fertilization practices for watermelon production in southern Indiana.</p>

O manejo agrícola aplicado a um agrossistema pode determinar a qualidade e produtividade da área, além das interações biológicas que podem ser estabelecidas entre o cultivar e ecossistema local. A agricultura convencional é bastante reconhecida como um manejo eficiente e lucrativo. Por outro lado, a agroecologia tem ganhado visibilidade na agroindústria em reflexo do aumento na demanda por alternativas mais sustentáveis de produção. As diferenças entre ambos manejos podem refletir sobre a dinâmica microbiana, alterando a composição e estruturação das comunidades ali presentes. Os micro-organismos que habitam a superfície foliar da planta compõem o micro-ambiente denominado filosfera, descrito como um dos hábitats colonizáveis mais extensos. Devido a sua alta exposição a variáveis ambientais, diversos fatores podem interferir na comunidade bacteriana e definir a filosfera. Desta forma, o principal objetivo nesse estudo foi avaliar como o manejo agrícola interfere na composição bacteriana na filosfera, analisando ainda em escala temporal sua estrutura e abundância. A área experimental amostrada foi cedida pelo Centro de Pesquisa \"Mokiti Okada\", em Mogi Guaçu, São Paulo. As amostras foram coletadas de maneira representativa em diferentes linhas de tratamento, uma sob manejo convencional e outra sob manejo ecológico. Análises microbiológicas dependentes e independentes de cultivo permitiram identificar a comunidade bacteriana residente da filosfera de citros, a qual era compartilhada por ambos os manejos. Entretanto, análises de sequenciamento NGS (New Generation Sequencing) mostraram uma diferença significativa entre as comunidades bacterianas dos dois manejos, com o ecológico apresentando uma maior diversidade. Apesar do manejo ter se mostrado um importante fator na composição bacteriana, quando avaliado em função temporal, viu-se que as épocas de coleta interferem mais intensamente na estrutura das bactérias (p=0,0001), mostrando uma sobreposição dos diversos fatores ambientais que atuam sobre a filosfera. Os resultados ainda indicaram uma redução na abundância de bactérias, a qual pode estar relacionada com a aplicação extra de produtos cúpricos em ambas as áreas, em função do acometimento da \"pinta preta\" no pomar, o que instigou monitorar o cobre no tecido foliar. Quimicamente, micro-análises de XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) mostraram que há uma maior concentração de cobre nas folhas provenientes da área convencional, o que é resultado das maiores quantidades do produto que são aplicadas nesse tratamento. Além disso, foi possível o isolamento de bactérias do gênero Enterococcus na filosfera, as quais apresentam mecanismos de tolerância ao cobre, demonstrando que os produtos cúpricos podem ter selecionado esses organismos. Logo, esse estudo apresentou uma importante perspectiva do efeito do manejo agrícola sobre a filosfera, contribuindo para a compreensão da dinâmica microbiana na agricultura. / The agricultural management applied to a agrosystem is an important determinant for the quality and productivity of the crop yield, also for the biological interactions that can be stablished between the plants and the local ecosystem. Conventional agriculture has being well known as an efficient and lucrative crop management. On the other hand, agroecology has gaining visibility in the agroindustry due to increasing demand for a more sustainable production alternative. The differences between both approaches can reflect on the microbial dynamic, affecting the composition and structure of these communities. Microrganisms inhabitating the foliar surface correspond to a microenvironment called phyllosphere, which is described as one of the most extensive habitats. Due to its constant exposition to environmental variables, several factors can influence on the bacterial community and modulate the phyllosphere. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate how the agricultural management can impact on the phyllospheric bacteria, also considering a temporal effect on structure and abundance of these organisms. The experimental area was provided by \"Mokiti Okada\" Research Center, located at em Mogi-Guaçu, São Paulo. The samples were representativelly collected from two treatment lines, one under convencional management, and the other under ecological management. Afterwards, culture-dependent and independent microbiological analysis allowed to identify the resident bacterial community in citros phyllosphere, which was greatly shared bewteen both treatments. However, NSG (New Generation Sequencing) analysis demonstrated a significative difference between the bacterial community under conventional and ecological management, where the second one demonstrated a higher diversity, which can be related to the different approaches applied. Although the agricultural method have demonstrated an important factor on bacterial composition, when temporally evaluated, it was observed a more intense interferance on the bacterial structure by the time of sampling (p=0,0001), representing a possible overlap of environmental factors on the phyllosphere. The data also indicate a decrease in the abundance of bacteria that might be resulted from the extra use of cupric products, related to the impairment of \"black spot\" on the crop, what lead to a copper monitoring in the foliar tissue. Chemically, XRF micro-analysis (X-Ray Fluorescence) demonstrated that there is a higher concentration of copper on the leaves from the conventional area, which is resulted of the higher application of its products by this method. Moreover, a search for copper-tolerant microrganisms was conducted, and it was possible to isolate Enterococcus bacteria, which have copper tolerance mechanisms. This result implicate that the use of cupric products may have selected these microrganisms on citros phyllosphere. Therefore, this study presented an important perspective of how the agricultural management can influence the phyllosfere, which can contribute to undertand about the microbial dynamic and its roles on the agriculture.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o impacto da adoção do SOA em uma propriedade leiteira no Município de Castro - Paraná através da identificação e análise das atividades de valor que influenciam os “direcionadores de custos” de Porter (1989) e comparar com duas propriedades leiteiras de perfil semelhante, porém com o Sistema de Ordenha Convencional (SOC). A partir deste contexto, este trabalho busca avaliar como esta opção tecnológica sustenta o desenvolvimento das estratégias competitivas em propriedades leiteiras. Foi utilizado o método de estudo de caso, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, consulta a dados secundários e observação direta. Analisando as atividades de valor em cada direcionador explorado na propriedade que adotou o SOA, foi possível estabelecer principalmente que: a) ocorreu redução da mão de obra via aumento percentual da sua produtividade; b) redução de gastos com tratamento veterinário do rebanho através de análise automática do leite pelo robô, no momento da ordenha, identificando animais com problemas sanitários e, c) aumentou a produtividade do rebanho através do aumento do número de ordenhas/vaca/dia. Em especial, a adoção do SOA na propriedade leiteira estudada impactou positivamente no controle dos custos, porém, existem fatores não econômicos responsáveis pela aceitação e satisfação na adoção deste sistema, como razões sociais (melhora da qualidade de vida dos funcionários e do proprietário através da liberdade de monitorar a ordenha à distância sempre que oportuno). Complementarmente, observou-se que propriedades com SOA em fase inicial chegam a níveis de produtividade da mão de obra semelhantes à de propriedades com SOC em alta escala. Portanto, à medida que a propriedade com SOA expande as unidades robóticas, a ponto de chegar próximo à escala de animais de propriedades com SOC, o índice de produtividade da mão de obra de propriedades com SOA torna-se superior. É possível concluir que a adoção do SOA causou alterações em algumas atividades de valor no período de adaptação e após este período. Comparando a propriedade com SOA frente as duas propriedades com SOC 1 e 2, observou-se diversas semelhanças nas atividades de valor de alguns direcionadores de custos, demonstrando que a decisão de optar por este sistema de ordenha vai além de questões econômicas e produtivas, mas também engloba questões sociais (qualidade de vida). / The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of AMS adopting in a dairy farm in the municipality of Castro - Paraná, through the identification and analysis of value activities that influence the "cost drivers" of Porter (1989) and compare with two dairy farms with similar profile, but with the Conventional Milking System (CMS). From this context, this study aims to assess how this technology option supports the development of competitive strategies in dairy farms. It was used the case study method, through semi-structured interviews, consultation with secondary data and direct observation. Analysing the value activities in each cost driver explored at the dairy farm that adopted AMS, It was possible established mainly that: a) there was a reduction of labour via percentage increase in productivity; b) reduced spending on veterinary care of the herd through automatic analysis of milk by the robot at the time of milking, identifying animals with health problems and, c) increased herd productivity through increasing the number of milking per cow per day. In particular, the adoption of AMS in dairy farm studied impacted positively on cost control. However, there are no-economic factors responsible for acceptance and satisfaction in the adoption of this system, as social reasons (improved the life quality of employees and owner through freedom to monitor the milking at distance, where appropriate). In addition, it was noted that dairy farms with AMS in the initial stage achieve to labour productivity levels similar to the dairy farms with CMS on a large scale. Therefore, as the property with AMS expands the robotic units, to the point to get near of the animal scale in dairy farms with CMS, the labour productivity index with AMS dairy farms become higher. It was concluded that the adoption of the AMS caused changes in some value activities in the adaptation period and thereafter. Comparing the dairy farm with AMS face the two dairy farms with CMS 1 and 2, there are some similarities in the value activities of some cost drivers, demonstrating that the decision to opt for this milking system goes beyond economic and production issues, but also includes social issues (quality of life).

No description available.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o impacto da adoção do SOA em uma propriedade leiteira no Município de Castro - Paraná através da identificação e análise das atividades de valor que influenciam os “direcionadores de custos” de Porter (1989) e comparar com duas propriedades leiteiras de perfil semelhante, porém com o Sistema de Ordenha Convencional (SOC). A partir deste contexto, este trabalho busca avaliar como esta opção tecnológica sustenta o desenvolvimento das estratégias competitivas em propriedades leiteiras. Foi utilizado o método de estudo de caso, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, consulta a dados secundários e observação direta. Analisando as atividades de valor em cada direcionador explorado na propriedade que adotou o SOA, foi possível estabelecer principalmente que: a) ocorreu redução da mão de obra via aumento percentual da sua produtividade; b) redução de gastos com tratamento veterinário do rebanho através de análise automática do leite pelo robô, no momento da ordenha, identificando animais com problemas sanitários e, c) aumentou a produtividade do rebanho através do aumento do número de ordenhas/vaca/dia. Em especial, a adoção do SOA na propriedade leiteira estudada impactou positivamente no controle dos custos, porém, existem fatores não econômicos responsáveis pela aceitação e satisfação na adoção deste sistema, como razões sociais (melhora da qualidade de vida dos funcionários e do proprietário através da liberdade de monitorar a ordenha à distância sempre que oportuno). Complementarmente, observou-se que propriedades com SOA em fase inicial chegam a níveis de produtividade da mão de obra semelhantes à de propriedades com SOC em alta escala. Portanto, à medida que a propriedade com SOA expande as unidades robóticas, a ponto de chegar próximo à escala de animais de propriedades com SOC, o índice de produtividade da mão de obra de propriedades com SOA torna-se superior. É possível concluir que a adoção do SOA causou alterações em algumas atividades de valor no período de adaptação e após este período. Comparando a propriedade com SOA frente as duas propriedades com SOC 1 e 2, observou-se diversas semelhanças nas atividades de valor de alguns direcionadores de custos, demonstrando que a decisão de optar por este sistema de ordenha vai além de questões econômicas e produtivas, mas também engloba questões sociais (qualidade de vida). / The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of AMS adopting in a dairy farm in the municipality of Castro - Paraná, through the identification and analysis of value activities that influence the "cost drivers" of Porter (1989) and compare with two dairy farms with similar profile, but with the Conventional Milking System (CMS). From this context, this study aims to assess how this technology option supports the development of competitive strategies in dairy farms. It was used the case study method, through semi-structured interviews, consultation with secondary data and direct observation. Analysing the value activities in each cost driver explored at the dairy farm that adopted AMS, It was possible established mainly that: a) there was a reduction of labour via percentage increase in productivity; b) reduced spending on veterinary care of the herd through automatic analysis of milk by the robot at the time of milking, identifying animals with health problems and, c) increased herd productivity through increasing the number of milking per cow per day. In particular, the adoption of AMS in dairy farm studied impacted positively on cost control. However, there are no-economic factors responsible for acceptance and satisfaction in the adoption of this system, as social reasons (improved the life quality of employees and owner through freedom to monitor the milking at distance, where appropriate). In addition, it was noted that dairy farms with AMS in the initial stage achieve to labour productivity levels similar to the dairy farms with CMS on a large scale. Therefore, as the property with AMS expands the robotic units, to the point to get near of the animal scale in dairy farms with CMS, the labour productivity index with AMS dairy farms become higher. It was concluded that the adoption of the AMS caused changes in some value activities in the adaptation period and thereafter. Comparing the dairy farm with AMS face the two dairy farms with CMS 1 and 2, there are some similarities in the value activities of some cost drivers, demonstrating that the decision to opt for this milking system goes beyond economic and production issues, but also includes social issues (quality of life).

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o impacto da adoção do SOA em uma propriedade leiteira no Município de Castro - Paraná através da identificação e análise das atividades de valor que influenciam os “direcionadores de custos” de Porter (1989) e comparar com duas propriedades leiteiras de perfil semelhante, porém com o Sistema de Ordenha Convencional (SOC). A partir deste contexto, este trabalho busca avaliar como esta opção tecnológica sustenta o desenvolvimento das estratégias competitivas em propriedades leiteiras. Foi utilizado o método de estudo de caso, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, consulta a dados secundários e observação direta. Analisando as atividades de valor em cada direcionador explorado na propriedade que adotou o SOA, foi possível estabelecer principalmente que: a) ocorreu redução da mão de obra via aumento percentual da sua produtividade; b) redução de gastos com tratamento veterinário do rebanho através de análise automática do leite pelo robô, no momento da ordenha, identificando animais com problemas sanitários e, c) aumentou a produtividade do rebanho através do aumento do número de ordenhas/vaca/dia. Em especial, a adoção do SOA na propriedade leiteira estudada impactou positivamente no controle dos custos, porém, existem fatores não econômicos responsáveis pela aceitação e satisfação na adoção deste sistema, como razões sociais (melhora da qualidade de vida dos funcionários e do proprietário através da liberdade de monitorar a ordenha à distância sempre que oportuno). Complementarmente, observou-se que propriedades com SOA em fase inicial chegam a níveis de produtividade da mão de obra semelhantes à de propriedades com SOC em alta escala. Portanto, à medida que a propriedade com SOA expande as unidades robóticas, a ponto de chegar próximo à escala de animais de propriedades com SOC, o índice de produtividade da mão de obra de propriedades com SOA torna-se superior. É possível concluir que a adoção do SOA causou alterações em algumas atividades de valor no período de adaptação e após este período. Comparando a propriedade com SOA frente as duas propriedades com SOC 1 e 2, observou-se diversas semelhanças nas atividades de valor de alguns direcionadores de custos, demonstrando que a decisão de optar por este sistema de ordenha vai além de questões econômicas e produtivas, mas também engloba questões sociais (qualidade de vida). / The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of AMS adopting in a dairy farm in the municipality of Castro - Paraná, through the identification and analysis of value activities that influence the "cost drivers" of Porter (1989) and compare with two dairy farms with similar profile, but with the Conventional Milking System (CMS). From this context, this study aims to assess how this technology option supports the development of competitive strategies in dairy farms. It was used the case study method, through semi-structured interviews, consultation with secondary data and direct observation. Analysing the value activities in each cost driver explored at the dairy farm that adopted AMS, It was possible established mainly that: a) there was a reduction of labour via percentage increase in productivity; b) reduced spending on veterinary care of the herd through automatic analysis of milk by the robot at the time of milking, identifying animals with health problems and, c) increased herd productivity through increasing the number of milking per cow per day. In particular, the adoption of AMS in dairy farm studied impacted positively on cost control. However, there are no-economic factors responsible for acceptance and satisfaction in the adoption of this system, as social reasons (improved the life quality of employees and owner through freedom to monitor the milking at distance, where appropriate). In addition, it was noted that dairy farms with AMS in the initial stage achieve to labour productivity levels similar to the dairy farms with CMS on a large scale. Therefore, as the property with AMS expands the robotic units, to the point to get near of the animal scale in dairy farms with CMS, the labour productivity index with AMS dairy farms become higher. It was concluded that the adoption of the AMS caused changes in some value activities in the adaptation period and thereafter. Comparing the dairy farm with AMS face the two dairy farms with CMS 1 and 2, there are some similarities in the value activities of some cost drivers, demonstrating that the decision to opt for this milking system goes beyond economic and production issues, but also includes social issues (quality of life).

This thesis creates a part of more extensive scientific study, which evaluates effects of different agricultural management on ecological functions and on landscapes´s water regime in source water areas of Bohemian Forest. A one of examined characteristic of catchment is biodiversity of plant and animal communities. The aim of my thesis is a comparsion of diversity of small terrestrial mammals in three catchments with similar nature conditions, but different management. Small terrestrial mammals is a group of vertebrates often used for study of enviromental state, because of their high reprodctive potential, good invasive ability and ability to indicate the changes in environmental quality. The master thesis is a follow-up to a previous bachelor thesis and extends it significantly. A teoretical part involves literary review of small mammals´s occurrence in Bohemian Forest, their micro-habitat preferences and the effect of management on the biodiversity of their communities. Practical part of the thesis contains evaluation of the results of capture-mark-release trapping, which took place from June to September of the years 2007 and 2009. In those two years 52 individuals were captured. From this amount, 7 individuals were captured twice. Captured small mammals were included into 5 species, whose occurrence in studied localities was expected. There were yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis - 22 individuals), field vole (Microtus agrestis - 6 individuals), common vole (Mircotus arvalis - 10 individuals), bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus {--} 2 individuals) and common shrew (Sorex araneus - 5 individuals). In the Bukový potok catchment 20 individuals were captured in 2007 and only 2 individuals in 2009. They belong to species: Apodemus flavicollis, Clethrionomys glareolus and Sorex araneus. In catchment of Mlýnský potok no individual was captured in 2007 and 10 individuals of only one species (Mircotus arvalis) were captured in 2009. In Horský potok catchment 5 individuals were captured in 2007 and 8 individuals in 2009. Three species were found: Apodemus flavicollis, Microtus agrestis, Clethrionomys glareolus a Sorex araneus. The largest positive change of abundance between 2007 and 2009 was found in the Mlýnský potok catchment. The largest fall of abundanace was in the catchment of Bukový potok. Only in catchment of Horský potok the relatively stable abundance was noticed. The thesis was supported by projects: MSM 6007665806, NAZV-QH82106 a NPV2-2B08006.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-06T13:31:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação.pdf: 10717536 bytes, checksum: 2dde555896b4171b8f684053b12d4cb8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T13:31:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação.pdf: 10717536 bytes, checksum: 2dde555896b4171b8f684053b12d4cb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / CAPEs / O clima semiárido do Nordeste Brasileiro representa um desafio para o adequamento das atividades agropecuárias, pois a irregularidade das chuvas associada a um planejamento ineficiente gera vulnerabilidades socioambientais crônicas. Por esta razão, o presente estudo procurou investigar a relação entre a dinâmica climática e os manejos agrários no ambiente semiárido da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Taperoá, localizada no centro do estado da Paraíba. Objetivou-se, a partir das relações investigadas, fornecer ferramentas para o planejamento de políticas territoriais de convivência com clima semiárido. Em um primeiro momento, foi realizada uma análise dos centros de ação atmosféricos responsáveis pela escala primária de circulação e produtores dos tipos de tempo sobre a área de estudo. Também foram estudadas as interações da grande escala de circulação atmosférica com as características geográficas locais, responsáveis pelas diferenciações climáticas em escala secundária. Em uma segunda etapa do trabalho procurou-se relacionar dados de produção agropecuária aos de chuva. As correlações lineares de Pearson demonstraram fracas relações da precipitação com o número anual de cabeças de gado e relações mais fortes com dados anuais de produção das lavouras temporárias (milho e feijão), especialmente no setor oriental da bacia. Diante desse fato, foi investigado o suprimento de água das culturas agrícolas de milho e feijão através da relação entre os dados de evapotranspiração mensal dessas plantas e de precipitação. Como complemento a essa abordagem metodológica, a partir de balanços hídricos climáticos e dos cultivos, foi estimada a disponibilidade de água no solo e para cultivo de milho, feijão, Capim Buffel e palma. O milho e o feijão se mostram bastantes vulneráveis à variabilidade pluviométrica na bacia hidrográfica estudada, enquanto o Capim Buffel e palma se mostraram mais eficientes no aproveitamento da água disponível. Na terceira etapa do trabalho procurouse investigar as adaptações técnicas de duas fazendas, localizadas no alto curso Rio Taperoá, à sazonalidade da chuva durante os anos de 2013 e 2014. Apesar das dificuldades observadas, essas fazendas mantiveram-se produzindo em um período de seca intensa por utilizarem elementos biológicos adaptados, e por desenvolverem tecnologias de planejamento que possibilitaram melhor convívio com a variabilidade da chuva. Os resultados encontrados corroboram a necessidade de um planejamento agrário que considere o ritmo e dinâmica climática, sendo capaz de conservar e promover manejos da terra que valorizem os recursos socioambientais locais. / The Brazilian northeastern semi-arid climate poses a challenge to the adaptation of agricultural activities, as the irregularity of rainfall associated with an inefficient planning generates chronic social and environmental vulnerabilities. For this reason, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between climate dynamics and agricultural managements in the semiarid environment of the river basin Taperoá, located in the center of the state of Paraíba. The objective was to provide tools for planning territorial policies of coexistence with semiarid climate based on the relations investigated. At first, was performed an analysis of the atmospheric action centers responsible for the primary scale circulation and producers of the types of weather over the area of study. The interactions between the large scale atmospheric circulation and local geographical features, responsible for climate differences at secondary level were also studied. In a second stage of the study, it was sought to relate agricultural production data to those of the rain. The Pearson’s linear correlations showed weak links between rainfall and the annual number of cattle and stronger relations with annual production data of temporary crops (corn and beans), especially in the eastern sector of the basin. Given this fact, the water supply of crops of maize and beans were investigated by relating the monthly data from these plants evapotranspiration and precipitation. As a complement to this methodological approach, the water availability in the soil and for the cultivation of maize, beans, Buffel grass and palm was estimated from climatic and crops water balance. Maize and beans were shown to be quite vulnerable to rainfall variability in the studied basin, while Buffel grass and palm were more efficient in the use of available water. In the third stage of the study, it was sought to investigate the technical adjustments of two farms located in the upper reaches of Rio Taperoá, to the rain seasonality during the years 2013 and 2014. Despite the difficulties encountered, these farms remained in producing during a period of intense drought because of using adapted biological elements and developing planning technologies that allowed better contact with the variability of the rain. The results corroborate the need for an agrarian planning that consider the pace and climate dynamics, being able to keep promoting land managements that the use of local environmental resources.