Orientadores: Jansle Vieira Rocha, Rubens Augusto Camargo Lamparelli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T02:24:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Figueiredo_GleyceKellyDantasAraujo_D.pdf: 15565532 bytes, checksum: e16561814c496d76444d5e593f47a240 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A soja é uma das principais commodities do mercado agrícola brasileiro, e está em constante especulação no mercado interno e externo. A estimativa da produtividade com precisão e antecedência utilizando o sensoriamento remoto representa um importante avanço na procura de formas objetivas para previsão de safras no Brasil, uma vez que pode auxiliar a avaliação de rendimento da cultura, servir de apoio à segurança alimentar, ao planejamento econômico e a gestão dos recursos naturais. No entanto, ainda não há no país um sistema operacional para estimar produtividade. O principal objetivo desse estudo foi propor uma metodologia para estimar, por município, a produtividade da soja, baseado em dados espectrais (EVI/MODIS) e dados históricos de rendimento durante os anos safra 2000/2001 a 2010/2011 no estado do Paraná. Esses dados foram utilizados para estabelecer a correlação entre EVI e produtividade da soja por pixel utilizando duas abordagens: por mês (outubro a abril) e por estágios fenológicos (emergência a maturação, emergência a floração, floração a maturação, floração ao enchimento dos grãos), criando-se então dois tipos de mapas de correlação. Com isso foi possível detectar pixels que tinham as melhores correlações ao longo do tempo e ainda encontrar o período mais adequado para estimar a produtividade. Os resultados mostraram que a maior correlação foi encontrada no período de pico vegetativo da cultura para ambas as abordagens. Em seguida comparou-se o desempenho dos mapas de correlação com máscaras de culturas especificas para estimar a produtividade. Os mapas de correlação apresentaram resultados mais significativos, com RMSE de 0.173 ton/ha, enquanto a máscara de cultura específica apresentou RMSE de 0.294 ton/ha. Em seguida selecionamos os pixels temporalmente estáveis dentro dos mapas de correlação por meio da técnica de estabilidade temporal, a fim de incluir somente pixels que apresentassem o mesmo padrão temporal de desenvolvimento durante a safra. A técnica apresentou-se eficiente, selecionando desde pixels puros a pixels com alguma porcentagem da cultura dentro dele, assim, estes pixels foram utilizados para estimar a produtividade da soja durante os onze anos de estudo, também utilizando as abordagens por mês e por fase fenológica. Para a primeira abordagem o período de pico vegetativo apresentou melhor resultado, sendo o mês de fevereiro o que apresentou valores mais próximos aos dados oficiais com RMSE de 0.187 ton/ha, na segunda abordagem o melhor desempenho foi para o período de floração a maturação com RMSE de 0.193 ton/ha e o índice de concordância de Willmott foi de 96% para fevereiro e 95.8% durante a floração e maturação. Esta metodologia mostrou ser eficiente para estimar a produtividade por mês, assim é possível utilizá-la como ferramenta auxiliar na previsão de produtividade / Abstract: Soybean is one of the main commodities of the Brazilian agricultural market, and is subject to constant speculation in internal and external markets. Timely and accurate yield estimation using remote sensing represents an important advance in the search for objective crop forecasting in Brazil, since it may help government to plan storage and/or acquisition of food, serving as support to food security, decision making and management of natural resources. However, an operating crop yield estimating system is not currently available in the country. The main goal of this study was to propose a methodology to estimate soybean yield at county level, based on spectral data (EVI/MODIS) and historical yield data during 2000/2001 to 2010/2011 cropping season, in Parana state. These data were used to establish the correlation between EVI and soybean yield at pixel level using two approaches: by month (October to April) and by phenological stages (emergence to maturity, emergence to flowering, flowering to maturity, flowering to grain filling), generating two types of correlation maps. It was possible to detect pixels that had the best correlation over the crop cycle and still find the most suitable period to estimate yield. The results showed that the highest correlation was found in the vegetative peak period of the crop for both approaches. Then I compared the performance of correlation maps against crop specific mask to estimate soybean yield. The correlation maps showed meaningful results with RMSE of 0.173 ton/ha while the crop specific mask showed RMSE of 0.294 ton/ha. Then I selected the temporally stable pixels within the correlation maps using the temporal stability technique in order to include only pixels that presented the same temporal development pattern during the crop cycle. The technique was efficient, once selected pure pixels or pixels with some percentage of the crop, so these pixels were used to estimate soybean yield during the eleven years of study; also using the approaches by month and by phenological stages. For the first approach the vegetative peak showed better results and February showed values closest to official data with RMSE of 0.187 ton/ ha, the best performance of the second approach was the period from flowering to maturity, with RMSE of 0.193 ton/ ha and Willmott agreement index of 96% for February and 95.8% for the flowering to maturity period. This methodology showed to be efficient to estimate yield monthly, thereby it is possible to use it as an auxiliary tool in yield forecast / Doutorado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Doutora em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: José Maria Ferreira Jardim da Silveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T19:46:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lambais_GuilhermeBerseRodrigues_M.pdf: 2333646 bytes, checksum: 23fc7a6ce4567b3b3ea6b60a69dd8507 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Formula-se nesta dissertação um modelo conceitual de organização econômica e produção agrícola para domicílios assentados pela reforma agrária 'new wave'. Este modelo conceitual integra a literatura tradicional sobre direitos de propriedade, organização da firma e a relação inversa da produtividade-área. Assim como também procura contribuir para a literatura com a incorporação de uma corrente normalmente dissociada da questão agrária, qual seja a interrelação entre auto-seleção, desigualdade de riqueza e armadilhas de pobreza. Ao se estabelecer esta base de literatura, chega-se a um modelo conceitual onde a estratégia de produção adquire caráter predominante na causalidade estrutural da produção agrícola dos domicílios. Mais ainda, esta estratégia é em partes determinada pela auto-seleção do programa; no caso, se o domicílio entrou no programa com requerimentos de subsistência, isto é, com problemas de segurança alimentar. As hipóteses centrais são: (1) na definição das "variáveis de estratégia", se estas forem negativamente correlacionadas com a existência de culturas permanentes e pastos e com o nível de ativos, então se confirma que estas são determinadas pela auto-seleção por motivos de segurança alimentar. E (2) no modelo estrutural de produção, as variáveis de estratégia têm, por consequência, forte impacto negativo na produtividade. Os modelos são testados para 204 domicílios para os anos 2000 e 2006, constituindo um painel balanceado, com um procedimento amostral desenhado para uma avaliação de impacto, o que resolve o problema de endogenidade da política. Através da aplicação de técnicas econométricas lineares e não-lineares, estima-se o modelo conceitual, o qual confirma as hipóteses. Ou seja, as variáveis da estratégia têm efeito predominante na produtividade agrícola do domicílio. Além disso, as variáveis indicando o nível de ativos, a existência de rebanho animal, trabalho animal, irrigação e trabalho coletivo também são determinantes na produtividade. Apesar destas variáveis serem primeiramente ligadas às características do domicílio, do projeto e do desenho institucional, elas são fundamentalmente derivadas da estratégia de produção escolhida pelo domicílio, a qual, por sua vez, não é uma escolha a partir do nada, mas que depende também das condições de auto-seleção. Como conclusão do trabalho, procura-se repensar a questão da focalização e condicionalidade da política de reforma agrária 'new wave', a qual pode ser melhor adaptada levando em consideração a preponderância do processo de seleção em situações de insegurança alimentar e da importância da escolha de estratégia de produção por um domicílio assentado. Condicionalidades teriam, então, que ser criadas em direção ao nível de ativos e tipo de ativos, principalmente em relação a rebanho animal e irrigação / Abstract: We formulate in this dissertation a conceptual model of economic organisation and agricultural production for households settled by new wave land reform. This conceptual model integrates the traditional literature about property rights, the organisation of the firm, and the inverse productivity-size relationship. By the same token, it aims for contributing to the literature with the incorporation of a stream normally dissociated from the 'agrarian question', which is the interrelation of self-selection, wealth inequality, and poverty traps. With the establishment of this literature foundation, we arrive at a conceptual model where the strategy of production acquires leading role in the structural causation of the household's agricultural production. Moreover, this strategy is determined in parts by self-selection of the programme; in the case, if a household joined the programme with subsistence requirements, that is, with problems of food security. The central hypothesis are: (1) on the definition of the "strategy variables", if those are negatively correlated with the existence of annual crops and pasture and with the level of assets, then it is confirmed that these are determined by self-selection due to issues of food security. And (2) in the structural model of production, the strategy variables have, by consequence, a strong negative impact on productivity. The models are tested for 204 households for the years 200 and 2006, comprising a balanced panel, with a sample procedure devised for an impact evaluation, which solves the problem of policy endogeneity. Through the application of linear and non-linear econometric techniques the conceptual model is estimated, which confirms the hypothesis. Namely, the strategy variables have predominant effect on households' agricultural productivity. Likewise, the variables indicating level of assets, the existence of livestock, animal labour, irrigation, and collective labour are also determinants on productivity. Even though these variables are primarily connected to characteristics of the household, the project, and the institutional design, they are fundamentally derived from the strategy of production chosen by the household, which, in turn, is not a choice out of nowhere, but that depends on the conditions of self-selection. In conclusion to the dissertation, we aim at rethinking the issue of targeting and conditionality of the new wave land reform policy, which can be better adapted taking into consideration the preponderance of the selection process in situations of food insecurity and the importance of the choices of strategy of production by a settled household. Conditionalities would have, then, to be created in the direction of the level of assets and type of assets, chiefly in relation to livestock and irrigation / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Magister Economicae - MEcon / Despite its recent remarkable economic growth, Ethiopia remains one of the poorest countries in the world. More than 80 percent of Ethiopians obtain their livelihood from traditional low-productivity agricultural activities. Due to lack of water storage facilities and the erratic nature of rainfalls, most farmers don’t have access to water to produce more than one crop per year and hence there are frequent crop failures due to droughts which have made the country one of the highest food insecure nations and receiver of food aid. It is evident that a comprehensive effort is required to increase crop and agricultural production through different intensification and productivity enhancement mechanisms and reduce rural household’s food insecurity and poverty. In line with this the Government of Ethiopia and different NGO’s have been promoting irrigation technology as a viable option in enhancing farm productivity and efficiency improvements.By integrating field observations, economic theory, and econometric analysis, this study assess the extent to which access to irrigation technology affects the level of technical efficiency in Gorogutu district of Eastern Ethiopia. The analysis is based on primary household-level data collected from 100 randomly selected households in 20010/11 cropping season. To analyze the effect of the technology on technical efficiency, three different Cobb-Douglas type of Stochastic Production Functions were estimated. More so, to explore different socio- economic and institutional determinants of technical efficiency in the study district, an inefficiency effect model was estimated using the one step procedure.The result from the estimated models has shown that farm households in the study area are not technically efficient and there is a chance to increase output by using the technology and mix of production input used by the best farm household (with 20 percent technical inefficiency). In addition, it also showed that households with access to irrigation technology are more technically efficient (84 percent technical efficiency) than those without access to the technology (77 percent technical efficiency). And household’s access to irrigation technology, access to extension service and distance travelled from farm plot to homestead are a significant determinant of technical efficiency in the study area.The study recommended, among other things, as a country that has a huge potential for irrigation development, utilization of this potential and providing irrigation technology to farm households will have a huge impact on the livelihoods of the majority of the poor. Evidently, efforts tailored towards this end would be very essential in militating against the high levels of poverty that is persistent in the communities

The adoption of the Millennium Development Goal 1(MDG 1) of reducing the rate of poverty to half of the 1990-level by 2015 has been a challenge faced by the developing countries including South Africa. The foundations of democracy have to be continuously assessed so that the obstacles faced by South Africa as it strives towards sustainable democracy are addressed. With agricultural sector identified as having the potential to alleviate poverty compared to the mining sector, manufacturing sector and services sector, it faced the challenges that include: (i) accelerating agricultural productivity; (ii) reducing poverty and vulnerability; and (iii) narrowing rural-urban income disparities. The identification of the critical linkages in the agricultural development framework allows for effective strategic planning, effective decision making and appropriate policy formulation. Expectedly, the sector has attracted considerable fiscal policy interest and public investments. The primary aim of this research study is to assess the extent to which smallholder agricultural productivity growth alleviates poverty in South Africa. The statistical and econometric techniques namely; Johansen technique of co-integration analysis (1995), analysis of covariance and correlation, Vector Error Correction Model, are employed in this research study. The data description, data sources, expected relationship between variables and indexation of data are done. The drivers and cause-effect relationships between agriculture and poverty reduction are investigated. The employed models allowed for an exploration of plausible future growth in agricultural elasticity of poverty and the possibility of reducing poverty level in South Africa. The data is obtained from the National Department of Agriculture from 1994 -2013. The analysis of the results strongly confirms that agricultural productivity has a significant inverse relationship to the levels of poverty in South Africa. The outcome of the analysis will contribute to improved decision making on the use of public funds in agriculture.

A cardinal development goal of the Zimbabwean government is agricultural mechanization through the acquisition and use of tractors by arable crop farmers in communal and resettlement state land. This research project therefore aimed at investigating the impact of mechanization on agricultural productivity focusing on farmers in Bindura district of Zimbabwe who benefitted under the ongoing farm mechanization program. The existing land policy and the issue of technical efficiency in agricultural productivity are assumed to be the drivers of the program. It is likely that these key issues will constitute an important consideration in determining the sustainability of the mechanization policy. A multistage sampling technique was used to randomly select 90 farmers in the study area. The Cobb Douglas approach and Logistic regression were used to analyze data obtained from the respondents. Results revealed that tractor use was positively influenced by household size, access to extension services and crop output equivalent. Education, land area cultivated, stoniness negatively influenced the probability of adoption of mechanized farming. Furthermore, the technical efficiency estimate of adopter and nonadopters of mechanized farming showed no difference in their level of technical efficiency in agricultural productivity that was 64 percent on average. The level of observed inefficiency was increased by slope, stoniness and household size while age reduced technical inefficiency. It is recommended that government should consolidate the present gains arising from extension services. Also, environmental factors such as slope (topography) and stoniness, which constituted major disincentives in communal areas, could be overcome if government and farmers can identify and open up new areas of farmland for occupation by farmers.

Food aid and domestic food production capacities in Zimbabwe have been compromised by the poor performance in the country’s agricultural sector, which has necessitated an increase in and a continual need for humanitarian assistance over the past decade. The country’s commercial cereal food import capacity has not been an exception as it has also been greatly affected by the poor performance of the agricultural sector and the shortage of foreign currency that hit the country in the past few years. Secondary data on food aid, commercial cereal imports and cereal food production was obtained from World Food Programme (WFP), Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the Grain Marketing Board (GMB) of Zimbabwe and from Zimbabwe Statistics (ZimSTATS) databases. This time series data was then analysed in the Vector Autoregression (VAR) analysis. Trends observed in the time series data reveal that commercial cereal food imports and cereal food aid inflows to Zimbabwe had been increasing between 1988 and 2008. Domestic cereal food production levels however were observed to have been declining within the same period. The restricted VAR model which was specified to investigate the short and long term effects of food aid on food production and on commercial food imports in the country revealed a low statistically significant positive relationship between domestic food production and food aid volumes. Results from the model also indicated a negative relationship between commercial food imports and food aid volumes. This means that as food aid volumes to Zimbabwe increase, the volume of commercial cereal food imported into Zimbabwe falls. This result therefore suggests that food aid in the country had a displacement effect on commercial cereal food imports in the short term. The results of the Granger causality test and the estimation of the Impulse Response Functions also helped to confirm and reinforce these findings from the vector error correction model. The conclusions drawn from the study were that the responsiveness of domestic food supply, that is, cereal production, to food aid inflows in the short term has been elastic. That is to say, an increase in food aid inflows would influence an increase in the level of domestic food production in the short term. However, in the long term, findings confirm that food aid does indeed discourage domestic food production in the country. Also, for the relationship between food aid and commercial food imports, it can be concluded from the study findings that food aid in the short term has caused a reduction in commercial food imports whereas in the long term, food aid inflows have actually stimulated the commercial food import capacity. In recommendation, the Government of Zimbabwe, the private and public institutions as well as the Non-Governmental Organisations should partner and work together in defining the criteria for vulnerability assessment, food aid targeting and distribution, and in the implementation of strategies for ensuring national food availability. Such partnerships would help in ensuring the sustainability of food aid and food security in Zimbabwe, which is the main goal.

The Soviet Union occupied her southern neighbor Afghanistan on Thursday, December 27, 1979. Soon after the occupation, significant impacts were felt on agriculture and other sectors of the economy. Agriculture was affected in many ways from the integrity of irrigation systems to the cultivation of opium poppies. Agricultural extension, as the main department within the Ministry of Agriculture, was severely affected in terms of programs, organization, personnel, budget, methods, relations with farmers, and transfer of improved technologies. This study was designed to assess the impacts of the occupation and identify recommendations for the future development of the system. A survey design was used. Sixty-two Afghans with detailed knowledge about the Soviet occupation and agriculture participated in the study. The survey included 34 mostly open-ended questions, covering three areas: demographic characteristics of respondents, impacts of the occupation, and prospects for the future of the Agricultural Extension System of Afghanistan. The majority of participants were highly educated and lived in North America after departing Afghanistan. The results also showed that during the occupation many participants were assigned to passive positions or lost their jobs. The occupation affected the attitudes of the farmers, reduced the cultivation of agricultural land, destroyed the infrastructure for delivering agricultural services, altered the types of crops grown and reduced the number of people working in agriculture. Millions of landmines remain a serious threat to those who return to farming. Recommendations are made for the Government, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Higher and Vocational Education, Agricultural Extension System, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), and International Aid Agencies. Agricultural extension rehabilitation should be given high priority to meet the emerging challenges of increasing agricultural production by adopting modern technology, generating suitable marketing channels for surplus agricultural products, providing equal development and working opportunities for Afghan women, protecting natural resources, utilizing professional returnees, and replacing poppy cultivation with regular food crops. Perceptual and structural obstacles may militate against providing proper support for agricultural development in Afghanistan. The overall reconstruction and development of the Afghan Agricultural Extension System is a prerequisite for the future development of the Afghan agriculture sector. Establishing a stable Afghan government and support from the international coalition are essential to rebuilding this important sector of the economy. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters by Coursework and Research Report in the Department of History, the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg / This study analyzes the “socialization of the countryside” and its consequences for agricultural production in Manica district during the postcolonial period from 1975 until 1987. The impact of this policy, developed by FRELIMO as guerrilla movement during the struggle of liberation of Mozambique (1964-1974) and as FRELIMO government from 1975 until 1987, has been analyzed here in historical perspective. During the struggle in liberated zones, FRELIMO along with the rural African population developed a collective form of production inspired by African socialism developed by President Julius Nyerere in Tanzania. FRELIMO’s new policy was implemented in whole country after independence in 1975, through the creation of the state companies, communal villages, and cooperatives of production between 1976 and 1987. This policy was implemented in the countryside without having the rural experience necessary to inform its functioning. Additionally, the weakness of human resources in its management of the policy further undermined its success. Furthermore, the war led by RRENAMO from 1976 until its end in 1992 weakened the state’s resolve. These three factors became the basic causes of the policy’s abandonment in 1983, and its replaced by the neo-liberal economic adjustment policy in 1987. / MT2016

No description available.

En el marco de esta investigación, se realizó un análisis del proceso de pilado de arroz ejecutado por la empresa SAN FABRI SAC, con el objetivo de incrementar su productividad. Este estudio comprendió una evaluación detallada de la situación actual de la empresa, abarcando la identificación de indicadores relacionados con la producción, productividad, eficiencia y capacidad. La productividad total se estableció en 0,4 sacos de arroz pilado/soles. Asimismo, se procedió a identificar las actividades del proceso mediante un cursograma analítico, revelando que la etapa de secado, realizada artesanalmente con una duración de 2880 minutos y una eficiencia del 56,20%, era el principal factor limitante. De igual manera, se detectó que la falta de mantenimiento preventivo generó 53 fallos en 2022, con un total de 513 horas de tiempo de parada. Conociendoxlasxcausas, se propuso la implementación de una secadora industrial y un plan de mantenimiento preventivo, logrando un aumento del 65% en la productividad global, un incremento del 22,54% en la eficiencia del proceso y una disminución del 69,57% en la capacidad ociosa. Por último, gracias a un análisis de costobeneficio, reveló que la empresa obtiene una ganancia de S/.0,68 por cada sol invertido. / In this research, an analysis of the rice piling process carried out by the company SAN FABRI SAC was carried out, with the aim of increasing its productivity. This study included a detailed evaluation of the current situation of the company, covering the identification of indicators related to production, productivity, efficiency and capacity. Total productivity was established at 0.4 bags of piled rice/soles. The process activities were identified using an analytical course, revealing that the drying stage, carried out by hand with a duration of 2880 minutes and an efficiency of 56.20%, was the main limiting factor. In addition, it was detected that the lack of preventive maintenance generated 53 failures in 2022, with 513 hours of downtime. In response, the implementation of an industrial dryer and a preventive maintenance plan was proposed, achieving a 65% increase in global productivity, a 22.54% increase in process efficiency and a 69.57% decrease in idle capacity. Finally, thanks to a cost-benefit analysis, it revealed a profit of S/. 0.68 for each sol invested.