This doctoral thesis explores the agrarian development in 20th Estonia and the role of family farming during three major agricultural transformations. It consists of four papers and an introductory chapter for which the common departure are the situation appearing in the Estonian farming landscape after the regained independence in 1991. The first three studies analyse comparative aspects on Estonia's interwar experiences with focus on land reform, agricultural co-operation, and agricultural export development. The fourth study focuses on the role of private plots during the Soviet period and the conversion of these into subsistence holdings after 1991. By merging the perspectives in these papers, the introductory chapter explores the impacts and legacies of previous transformations on the post-Soviet agricultural transformation up to 2004. The thesis specifically analyses the long-term effects of perceptions of markets and the role of agricultural production, changes in the agrarian property relations, organisation of agricultural production and co-operation. In analytical terms, this is discussed from the perspectives of continuity and discontinuity. Besides the several societal changes affecting the agrarian property relations in 20th century Estonia, the radical and decisive shifts have also affected markets, trade and economic integration. Since the end of the First World War, Estonia has been quickly thrown between different economic-political systems and legal environments. From the perspective of the small state’s dependence on trade and reliance on a few markets, the upheavals in the early 1920s, after World War II, and not least the fall of the Soviet Union, Estonia’s long-term economic development has been significantly affected. In this context the role of agriculture has changed. Most important, however, this dissertation shows how the idea of small-scale family farming survived throughout the planned economic period and became an indispensable production unit, even though it turned out to be a myth as soon as the Soviet system was dissolved and the exposure to international competition began after 1991.

El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó en la Molinería El Agricultor SAC, ubicado en la ciudad de Jaén, departamento de Cajamarca. Donde se pudo analizar el proceso productivo de pilado de arroz, con el objetivo principal de aumentar la eficiencia; misma que se considera baja, por no alcanzar el porcentaje nacional mínimo establecido, el cual debe tener un valor de 69%. Para ello, se procedió a realizar un diagnóstico acerca de la situación actual de la empresa, para lograr identificar las principales causas del problema, haciendo uso de herramientas de ingeniería como los son los diagramas de análisis de procesos DAP, DOP, Ishikawa y Pareto Como resultado, se evidenció las actividades con más frecuencia que limitaban la eficiencia del proceso, mismas que están relacionadas a la escasa capacitación al personal; en segunda instancia existen problemas con el secado artesanal, el cual es causal de exceso de tiempo generando retrasos en la entrega de pedidos. Y, por último, problemas relacionados a las paradas no programadas producto de las maquinas. Como consecuencia, el registro de su producción no alcanza a percibir los 400 sacos de arroz pilado/día, trabajando las 8 horas diarias establecidas; valor que debe tener de acuerdo a la capacidad de su línea de producción. Es por ello que, solo se tiene registro de 331 sacos de arroz pilado/día, siendo variable en los meses del año. Una vez identificadas las actividades limitantes del proceso, se propuso mejoras como la implementación de un plan de mantenimiento preventivo con la finalidad de reducir las paradas no programadas. Además, la adquisición de una secadora industrial para poder reducir el cuello de botella y poder llegar a los niveles de producción óptimos. Así mismo, mejoras que estén enfocadas a la mano de obra, teniendo operarios más capacitados para el desarrollo de sus labores. Finalmente, se hizo la evaluación económica, teniendo como resultado un TIR del 77,7% y un costo beneficio de S/1,32 es decir, por cada sol invertido se llegará a tener una ganancia del S/0,31 para la empresa. / This research work was carried out at the El Agricultor SAC Molinería, located in the city of Jaén, department of Cajamarca. Where the productive process of rice piling could be analyzed, with the main objective of increasing efficiency; which is considered low, because it does not reach the established minimum national percentage, which must have a value of 69%. To do this, a diagnosis was made about the current situation of the company, to identify the main causes of the problem, using engineering tools such as the DAP, DOP, Ishikawa and Pareto process analysis diagrams. As a result, the most frequent activities that limited the efficiency of the process were evident, which are related to poor staff training; Secondly, there are problems with artisanal drying, which causes excess time, generating delays in the delivery of orders. And, finally, problems related to unscheduled stops caused by the machines. As a consequence, the record of their production does not reach the 400 bags of piled rice/day, working the established 8 hours a day; value that should have according to the capacity of your production line. That is why there is only a record of 331 bags of piled rice/day, being variable in the months of the year. Once the limiting activities of the process were identified, improvements were proposed such as the implementation of a preventive maintenance plan in order to reduce unscheduled stops. In addition, the acquisition of an industrial dryer to reduce the bottleneck and reach optimal production levels. Likewise, improvements that are focused on labor, having more trained operators to carry out their work. Finally, the economic evaluation was made, resulting in an IRR of 77,7% and a cost benefit of S/1,32 that is, for each sole invested there will be a profit of S/0,31 for the company.

Rural Ethiopia rolled-out a program for the establishment of farmers’ collective action groups known as ‘Farmers’ Development Groups’ (FDGs), in 2007, based on presumed common interest of smallholder farmers. Although the government trusts that FDGs fetch fast and widescale agricultural transformation as part of the participatory agricultural extension system, systematic study and evidence on what motivates smallholder farmers to act collectively, the group dynamics, long term impact and transformative potential of the agricultural extension groups is scarce. Using the expectancy-value theory in social-psychology, this study explores what drives smallholders to act collectively; their participation level and benefits in groups, particularly for women and the youth; and the extent to which farmers’ groups attain intended agricultural transformation goals of productivity and commercialization. The study collected a mix of qualitative and quantitative data in 2016, through 46 key informant interviews; 8 focus group discussions with farmers, and a survey of randomly selected 120 smallholder farmers (30 percent women) in four sample woredas (districts) of Ethiopia. The findings of the study are drawn through a content analysis, and descriptive and correlation analysis of the qualitative and quantitative data, respectively. The study findings show that social identity, and not ‘common interest’ motivates smallholder farmers to join and participate in FDGs. The study provides evidence that participation in FDGs enhances smallholder farmers’ adoption and use of agricultural technologies, where 96 and 84 percent of the farmers who received extension messages in the group on crop and livestock production, respectively, applied the message. Consequently, by 2015 more than 85 percent of the survey respondent farmers reported above 10 percent increase in crop and livestock productivity. Nevertheless, the nature of the incremental changes brought by the collective actions are not transformative, nor sustainable. Extension groups have limited contribution to commercialization of smallholders, where only 20 percent of the FDG members participate in output marketing. More so, FDGs avail limited collective opportunity for the landless youth, and married female farmers in a rural society where difference in power, status and privilege prevail. It also limits deviation of thought among the rural community. Limited access to inputs and technology; large family size; limited access to farm land; over dependence of the extension system on ‘model’ farmers and public extension agents, and poorly designed sustainability features bound the transformative potential of FDGs. The study forwards a set of five recommendations to unleash the potential of FDGs: reconsider the group design to be identity congruent; ensure inclusiveness for young and female farmers; empower and motivate voluntary group leaders; encourage collective marketing and; invest in sustainability features of the group. / Development Studies / Ph. D. (Development Studies)