No description available.

The use of neutron and charged particle induced reactions is briefly discussed and the experimental facilities employed in this work are described. The qualitative elemental composition of human lung tissues, taken from individuals deceased from non-lung-related causes, was determined by prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA), cyclic neutron activation analysis (CNAA), conventional neutron activation and proton induced X-ray emission analyses. In addition elemental concentrations were determined by CNAA and conventional activation. Concentration values for elements previously not extensively reported in the literature, Ce, Cl, F, Hf and Sc were obtained as well as values for 18 other elements. Fingernail samples were investigated in order to study the uptake of Se and Zn supplementation. The effect of the rate of excretion through fingernails of Se and Zn on the level of Na is described. The variations in the elemental concentrations from finger to finger are shown for Se, Cl, Na and K and the variations from hand to hand, of a control, are shown for Br, Cl, K, Mg, Na, Rb, S, Se and Zn. Concentration values for Br, Ce, S, and Se, for which values available in the literature are very few , are presented. Bone biopsy samples were collected from the iliac crest of subjects, divided into four groups depending on the length of dialysis treatment, aluminium levels in blood and bone pathology in terms of osteoporosis. Fluorine concentration in the samples were determined by CNAA and proton Induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) in conjunction with Rutherford backscattering (RBS). The relation between the A1 levels in the system and the F concentrations in the bone samples was investigated and the existence of a positive correlation between A1 and F was found. The effect of mass fractionation was tested for small and large sample fractions of Bowen's kale and the detection sensitivities were determined in counts/mg of sample. The concept of the sampling factor in CNAA was established for the comparative determination of elemental concentrations and the representative mass of Bowen's kale required for the determination of Br, Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, Rb, S, Se, Sm and V were found. Following the Chernobyl reactor accident, measurements of University of Surrey students returning from Kiev and Minsk were conducted for the neck region and the chest region. The activity of iodine (I-131) in the thyroid and the effective dose equivalent were calculated. The activities in the chest region for Cs-137, Zr-95 and the annihilation radiation were determined using a chest water-phantom. Measurement of radioactive particulates in air filters, collected from air ventilation units in the London area, a month after the radioactive cloud from Chernobyl had passed over the U.K., was carried out and the concentrations of 17 fission products in the atmosphere were calculated.

No description available.

Atmospheric particulate matter pollution is a challenging environmental concern in both urban and remote locations worldwide. It is intrinsically difficult to control, given numerous anthropogenic and natural sources (e.g. fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, dust, and seaspray) and atmospheric transport up to thousands of kilometers after production. In urban regions, fine particulate matter (particles with diameters under 2.5 m) is of special concern for its ability to penetrate the human respiratory system and threaten cardiopulmonary health. A second major impact area is climate, with particulate matter altering Earth s radiative balance through scattering and absorbing solar radiation, modifying cloud properties, and reducing surface reflectivity after deposition in snow-covered regions. While atmospheric particulate matter has been generally well-characterized in populated areas of developed countries, particulate pollution in developing nations and remote regions is relatively unexplored. This thesis characterizes atmospheric particulate matter in locations that represent the extreme ends of the spectrum in terms of air pollution the rapidly-developing and heavily populated Pearl River Delta Region of China, the pristine and climate-sensitive Greenland Ice Sheet, and a remote site in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. In China, fine particles were studied through a year-long field campaign at seven sites surrounding the Pearl River Delta. Fine particulate matter was analyzed for chemical composition, regional variation, and meteorological impacts. On the Greenland Ice Sheet and in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, the carbonaceous fraction (organic and elemental carbon) of particulate matter was studied in the atmosphere and snow pack. Analyses included quantifying particulate chemical and optical properties, assessing atmospheric transport, and evaluating post-depositional processing of carbonaceous species in snow.

Introdução: Os dados epidemiológicos e experimentais têm mostrado efeitos adversos da exposição pré e pós natal ao material particulado (MP2,5) sobre a saúde fetal e adulto. Entretanto, poucos estudos abordaram a toxicidade fetal da exposição gestacional à poluição do ar ambiental, bem como efeitos a longo prazo de adversos da exposição pré-natal sobre o desenvolvimento pós-natal e maturação de vários sistemas de órgãos. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se a exposição pré-natal e / ou pós-natal ao material particulado, influencia o desenvolvimento pulmonar e resposta vascular pulmonar em um modelo de camundongo suscetível a aterosclerose (LDLr-/- camundongos knockout). Métodos: Camundongos LDLr-/- foram expostos durante a gestação ao ar filtrado (AF) ou ar poluído (AC). Após o período de desmame, os filhotes foram subdivididos e novos quatro grupos foram formados de acordo com a exposição gestacional ou a exposição pós natal contínua no ar poluído. Atingindo a idade de 3 meses, esses grupos foram novamente subdivididos, formando um total de 8 grupos e uma dieta hipercolesterolêmica foi introduzida. Os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: desfechos gestacionais, dosagem de colesterol total (CT) e triglicerídeos (TG) do fígado, avaliação de citocinas no LBA, e avaliação imunohistoquímica da resposta vascular pulmonar . Resultados: Nos grupos que receberam dieta hipercolesterolêmica (DH) os níveis de colesterol apresentaram-se aumentados (p=0,002); A expressão da IL6 no LBA mostrou-se elevada (p=0,01) somente no grupo que não foi exposto a poluição em nunhum período da vida e recebeu dieta postnatalmente. Diferenças significativas também foram observadas na expressão pulmonar vascular dos seguintes imunomarcadores: endotelina (p=0,05); ENOS (p=0,04); IL1? (p=0,005); INOS (p=0,002); ISOP (p=0,001); NOX2 (0,01) e ICAM (0,04) quando comparados ao grupo controle. O volume pulmonar total também se mostra alterado em decorrência do tratamento. Assim, conclui-se que a resposta do desenvolvimento pulmonar à exposição gestacional à poluição particulada do ar pode ser evidenciada mais tarde durante a vida adulta e agir como um fator modulador de insultos pós-natal devido à exposição a poluição do ar e a uma dieta hipercolesterolemica em individuos predispostos aterosclerose / Epidemiological and experimental data have shown adverse effects of gestational and post natal exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) on the fetal and adult health. However, few studies addressed the fetal toxicity of gestational exposure to environmental air pollution as well as long-term adverse consequences of prenatal exposure on postnatal development and maturation of several organ systems. The aim of this study was to determine if prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to concentrated ambient particles influences lung development and pulmonary vascular response in an atherosclerosis susceptible mouse model (LDLr-/- knockout mice). LDLr-/- mice were exposed during the pregnancy to either filter (AF) or polluted air (CAP). After weaning period, pups were subdivided and new 4 groups formed according to gestational and continuous or not post natal exposure to air pollution. Reaching the age of 3 months these groups were again subdivided and a hypercholesterolemic (HC) diet introduced and a total of 8 groups were formed. Then the following parameters were analyzed: evaluation of the offspring outcomes, assessment of airway responsiveness, evaluation of cytokines in BALF, dosage of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in the liver and pulmonary vascular response by immunohistochemistry. Results: Animals that received HC diet presented higher levels of cholesterol (p=0.002) when compared to those animals that received normal diet. Expression of IL-6 was only increased in the groups of mice exposed not exposed to particulate air pollution and that received the HC diet (p=0.01). Significant differences were also observed in vascular expression of immunomarkers in the lung endothelin (p=0.05); ENOS (p=0.04); IL1? (p=0.005); INOS (p=0.002); ISOP (p=0.001); NOX2 (0.01) e ICAM (0.04). Total lung volume was also different, there was an increase in those animals receiving a HC diet. In conclusion, the response of the lung development to gestational exposure to particulate air pollution can be evidenced later in life and act as a modulator factor for postnatal insults due to exposures to particulate air pollution and hypercholesterolemic diet in individual predisposed to atherosclerosis

Introdução: Os dados epidemiológicos e experimentais têm mostrado efeitos adversos da exposição pré e pós natal ao material particulado (MP2,5) sobre a saúde fetal e adulto. Entretanto, poucos estudos abordaram a toxicidade fetal da exposição gestacional à poluição do ar ambiental, bem como efeitos a longo prazo de adversos da exposição pré-natal sobre o desenvolvimento pós-natal e maturação de vários sistemas de órgãos. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se a exposição pré-natal e / ou pós-natal ao material particulado, influencia o desenvolvimento pulmonar e resposta vascular pulmonar em um modelo de camundongo suscetível a aterosclerose (LDLr-/- camundongos knockout). Métodos: Camundongos LDLr-/- foram expostos durante a gestação ao ar filtrado (AF) ou ar poluído (AC). Após o período de desmame, os filhotes foram subdivididos e novos quatro grupos foram formados de acordo com a exposição gestacional ou a exposição pós natal contínua no ar poluído. Atingindo a idade de 3 meses, esses grupos foram novamente subdivididos, formando um total de 8 grupos e uma dieta hipercolesterolêmica foi introduzida. Os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: desfechos gestacionais, dosagem de colesterol total (CT) e triglicerídeos (TG) do fígado, avaliação de citocinas no LBA, e avaliação imunohistoquímica da resposta vascular pulmonar . Resultados: Nos grupos que receberam dieta hipercolesterolêmica (DH) os níveis de colesterol apresentaram-se aumentados (p=0,002); A expressão da IL6 no LBA mostrou-se elevada (p=0,01) somente no grupo que não foi exposto a poluição em nunhum período da vida e recebeu dieta postnatalmente. Diferenças significativas também foram observadas na expressão pulmonar vascular dos seguintes imunomarcadores: endotelina (p=0,05); ENOS (p=0,04); IL1? (p=0,005); INOS (p=0,002); ISOP (p=0,001); NOX2 (0,01) e ICAM (0,04) quando comparados ao grupo controle. O volume pulmonar total também se mostra alterado em decorrência do tratamento. Assim, conclui-se que a resposta do desenvolvimento pulmonar à exposição gestacional à poluição particulada do ar pode ser evidenciada mais tarde durante a vida adulta e agir como um fator modulador de insultos pós-natal devido à exposição a poluição do ar e a uma dieta hipercolesterolemica em individuos predispostos aterosclerose / Epidemiological and experimental data have shown adverse effects of gestational and post natal exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) on the fetal and adult health. However, few studies addressed the fetal toxicity of gestational exposure to environmental air pollution as well as long-term adverse consequences of prenatal exposure on postnatal development and maturation of several organ systems. The aim of this study was to determine if prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to concentrated ambient particles influences lung development and pulmonary vascular response in an atherosclerosis susceptible mouse model (LDLr-/- knockout mice). LDLr-/- mice were exposed during the pregnancy to either filter (AF) or polluted air (CAP). After weaning period, pups were subdivided and new 4 groups formed according to gestational and continuous or not post natal exposure to air pollution. Reaching the age of 3 months these groups were again subdivided and a hypercholesterolemic (HC) diet introduced and a total of 8 groups were formed. Then the following parameters were analyzed: evaluation of the offspring outcomes, assessment of airway responsiveness, evaluation of cytokines in BALF, dosage of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in the liver and pulmonary vascular response by immunohistochemistry. Results: Animals that received HC diet presented higher levels of cholesterol (p=0.002) when compared to those animals that received normal diet. Expression of IL-6 was only increased in the groups of mice exposed not exposed to particulate air pollution and that received the HC diet (p=0.01). Significant differences were also observed in vascular expression of immunomarkers in the lung endothelin (p=0.05); ENOS (p=0.04); IL1? (p=0.005); INOS (p=0.002); ISOP (p=0.001); NOX2 (0.01) e ICAM (0.04). Total lung volume was also different, there was an increase in those animals receiving a HC diet. In conclusion, the response of the lung development to gestational exposure to particulate air pollution can be evidenced later in life and act as a modulator factor for postnatal insults due to exposures to particulate air pollution and hypercholesterolemic diet in individual predisposed to atherosclerosis