The purpose with this report was to investigate the possibilities for smaller district heating plants to use recovered wood waste (RT-flis) as fuel. A smaller district heating plant in the north of Sweden (Sorsele värmeverk AB) was the main study object. To be able to incinerate this fuel there are a number of requirements that need to be fulfilled according to the law. In addition to these requirements, the incineration of this fuel also needs to be profitable. The results for this study were obtained through interviews, investigations of the incineration laws and the fuel supply, as well as an analysis of the opinions occurring within the personnel of the heating plants. The results show that the possibility to incinerate RT-flis depends on the appropriate technology; the possibility to fulfill the requirements of the law, as well as it has to be profitable. All these parameters are in close relation to each other. Whether it is technologically possible to use RT-flis largely depends on the construction and technology of the heater, which affects the possibility to fulfill the requirements on, for example, air emissions. Economically, main issues include investments into measuring equipment, but also the accessibility of fuel. The most important aspect is the quality of the fuel (e.g., contaminations).

O óleo diesel é o combustível de maior importância na matriz energética veicular no Brasil, correspondendo a praticamente metade do total do volume de combustível consumido no país, além de ser a opção mundial de combustível para o transporte público urbano. O óleo diesel é um combustível fóssil, não renovável, produzido a partir da destilação fracionada do petróleo. O seu uso está associado a poluição atmosférica local (aquela que impacta a qualidade do ar no local onde o poluente é emitido), a aumentos significativos de admissões hospitalares e à mortalidade por doenças respiratórias e cardiovasculares. O etanol surge como uma perspectiva à substituição de diesel no transporte público. O uso de etanol em ônibus é uma realidade em várias cidades da Suécia, principalmente em Estocolmo, onde a tecnologia de ônibus diesel adaptado para operar com etanol é utilizada desde 1985, com grande sucesso, principalmente do ponto de vista ambiental. Com o objetivo de incentivar o uso do etanol no transporte público urbano, visando à redução da poluição atmosférica nos grandes centros urbanos, foi idealizado o Projeto BEST - BioEtanol para o Transporte Sustentável, incentivado pela União Européia. No Brasil, uma das metas foi comparar o desempenho de uma frota experimental de ônibus movidos a etanol com ônibus movidos exclusivamente a diesel. A tecnologia dos ônibus movido e etanol atente aos padrões de emissão EURO 5, norma em vigor na Europa. Esta tese tem o objetivo de analisar a viabilidade e as perspectivas da substituição do diesel por etanol, no transporte público urbano, considerando os aspectos técnicos, legais, sócio-econômicos e político-ambientais envolvidos no tema, além de avaliar as emissões de aldeídos em veículos diesel, já que as emissões destes poluentes estão associadas, na literatura, somente à utilização de etanol em motores Ciclo Otto. / Diesel oil is the fuel with major importance in the automotive energy matrix in Brazil, corresponding to nearly half of the total fuel volume consumed in the country, apart from being a global option fuel for public urban transport. Diesel oil is a fossil fuel, not renewable, produced from fractioned petrol distillation; its use is linked to local air pollution (one that impacts the local air quality where the pollutant is emitted), to significant increases in hospital admissions, and to mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Ethanol appears to be a prospect to replace diesel in public transport. Ethanol utilization in buses is a reality in many cities in Sweden, mainly in Stockholm, where the diesel bus technology adapted to operate with ethanol has been utilized with great success since 1985, mainly from the environmental point of view. In order to encourage the use of ethanol in urban public transport, aimed to reduce air pollution in large urban centers, the project BEST Bioethanol for Sustainable Transport was conceived and encouraged by the European Union. In Brazil, one of the goals was to compare the performance of an experimental fleet of ethanol-powered buses with buses that run exclusively on diesel. The technology of ethanol-powered bus complies with EURO 5 emission standards, the current standard in Europe. This thesis aims to analyze the feasibility and perspectives of replacing diesel with ethanol in the urban public transport, considering technical, legal, socio-economic, political and environmental issues involved in the subject, in addition to evaluate aldehydes emissions in diesel vehicles, since these pollutant emissions are, in the literature, associated only with the use of ethanol in Otto cycle engines.

The pulp and paper industry has been struggling to meet the new and stringent TRS (Total Reduced Sulphur) emission compliance standards established in recent years. However, a new approach by some regulatory bodies gives intricate operational parameters a new and important role in achieving environmental compliance. TRS compounds that cause the distinctive pulp mill odour, originate from sodium sulphide in white liquor used in the kraft pulping process. Up to 20% of TRS emissions could originate from the lime kiln and lime mud solids content is one of the operational parameters that could help reduce the TRS emissions from the lime kiln. Residual sodium sulphide in the lime mud that results in TRS gases, is dissolved in the moisture content of the mud. Although efficient lime mud washing can remove most of the residual sodium sulphide, the remaining moisture content of the mud still contains some sodium sulphide. Therefore, improved lime mud dewatering can be effective in reducing the TRS emissions from the lime kiln. Data presented in this study confirms that as the lime mud solids content increases, TRS emissions from the lime kiln decrease. Data analysis demonstrates a negative linear correlation at 5% significance level between TRS emissions and lime mud solids.

The pulp and paper industry has been struggling to meet the new and stringent TRS (Total Reduced Sulphur) emission compliance standards established in recent years. However, a new approach by some regulatory bodies gives intricate operational parameters a new and important role in achieving environmental compliance. TRS compounds that cause the distinctive pulp mill odour, originate from sodium sulphide in white liquor used in the kraft pulping process. Up to 20% of TRS emissions could originate from the lime kiln and lime mud solids content is one of the operational parameters that could help reduce the TRS emissions from the lime kiln. Residual sodium sulphide in the lime mud that results in TRS gases, is dissolved in the moisture content of the mud. Although efficient lime mud washing can remove most of the residual sodium sulphide, the remaining moisture content of the mud still contains some sodium sulphide. Therefore, improved lime mud dewatering can be effective in reducing the TRS emissions from the lime kiln. Data presented in this study confirms that as the lime mud solids content increases, TRS emissions from the lime kiln decrease. Data analysis demonstrates a negative linear correlation at 5% significance level between TRS emissions and lime mud solids.

O óleo diesel é o combustível de maior importância na matriz energética veicular no Brasil, correspondendo a praticamente metade do total do volume de combustível consumido no país, além de ser a opção mundial de combustível para o transporte público urbano. O óleo diesel é um combustível fóssil, não renovável, produzido a partir da destilação fracionada do petróleo. O seu uso está associado a poluição atmosférica local (aquela que impacta a qualidade do ar no local onde o poluente é emitido), a aumentos significativos de admissões hospitalares e à mortalidade por doenças respiratórias e cardiovasculares. O etanol surge como uma perspectiva à substituição de diesel no transporte público. O uso de etanol em ônibus é uma realidade em várias cidades da Suécia, principalmente em Estocolmo, onde a tecnologia de ônibus diesel adaptado para operar com etanol é utilizada desde 1985, com grande sucesso, principalmente do ponto de vista ambiental. Com o objetivo de incentivar o uso do etanol no transporte público urbano, visando à redução da poluição atmosférica nos grandes centros urbanos, foi idealizado o Projeto BEST - BioEtanol para o Transporte Sustentável, incentivado pela União Européia. No Brasil, uma das metas foi comparar o desempenho de uma frota experimental de ônibus movidos a etanol com ônibus movidos exclusivamente a diesel. A tecnologia dos ônibus movido e etanol atente aos padrões de emissão EURO 5, norma em vigor na Europa. Esta tese tem o objetivo de analisar a viabilidade e as perspectivas da substituição do diesel por etanol, no transporte público urbano, considerando os aspectos técnicos, legais, sócio-econômicos e político-ambientais envolvidos no tema, além de avaliar as emissões de aldeídos em veículos diesel, já que as emissões destes poluentes estão associadas, na literatura, somente à utilização de etanol em motores Ciclo Otto. / Diesel oil is the fuel with major importance in the automotive energy matrix in Brazil, corresponding to nearly half of the total fuel volume consumed in the country, apart from being a global option fuel for public urban transport. Diesel oil is a fossil fuel, not renewable, produced from fractioned petrol distillation; its use is linked to local air pollution (one that impacts the local air quality where the pollutant is emitted), to significant increases in hospital admissions, and to mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Ethanol appears to be a prospect to replace diesel in public transport. Ethanol utilization in buses is a reality in many cities in Sweden, mainly in Stockholm, where the diesel bus technology adapted to operate with ethanol has been utilized with great success since 1985, mainly from the environmental point of view. In order to encourage the use of ethanol in urban public transport, aimed to reduce air pollution in large urban centers, the project BEST Bioethanol for Sustainable Transport was conceived and encouraged by the European Union. In Brazil, one of the goals was to compare the performance of an experimental fleet of ethanol-powered buses with buses that run exclusively on diesel. The technology of ethanol-powered bus complies with EURO 5 emission standards, the current standard in Europe. This thesis aims to analyze the feasibility and perspectives of replacing diesel with ethanol in the urban public transport, considering technical, legal, socio-economic, political and environmental issues involved in the subject, in addition to evaluate aldehydes emissions in diesel vehicles, since these pollutant emissions are, in the literature, associated only with the use of ethanol in Otto cycle engines.

Measuring air pollution emissions from agricultural activities is usually difficult because of their large area and variability. Traditional air quality sensors, called point samplers, measure conditions in one location, which may not adequately measure a plume. Remote sensors, instruments that measure pollution along a line rather than at a single point, are better able to measure conditions around large areas. This dissertation reports on four agricultural air emissions studies that used both point and remote sensors for comparison. The methods used to calculate the emissions are based on previous work and are further developed in these studies. In particular, an atmospheric dispersion model was developed and tested that can account for a particle behaving different than the surrounding gas due to gravity and inertia and depositing out of the flow. Particulate matter (PM) emissions values are reported for two agricultural tillage conservation management practices (CMPs)and the corresponding traditional tillage methods in order to determine how well the CMP reduces emissions. In addition, gas-phase ammonia (NH3) emissions for a dairy operation and PM emissions from a feedlot operation are reported. These studies can help us better measure emissions from agricultural operations and understand how much air pollution is being emitted.

ABSTRACT Water and Air Quality Performance of a Reciprocating Biofilter Treating Dairy Wastewater Seppi Matthew Henneman Agricultural non-point source pollution is the leading water quality problem in surface water and the second leading problem in ground water in the US. Among the contaminants, nutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) can be transported from agricultural fields when cropland is not managed properly. In California, dairy manure application to cropland has become tightly regulated with the goal of decreasing such nutrient pollution. Dairies unable to balance their manure nutrient supply with cropland application area may benefit from a nitrogen removal technology. One such technology is the reciprocating biofilter, known as the ReCip® technology. A pilot-scale ReCip® unit was installed at the Cal Poly dairy to evaluate its treatment efficacy, in particular for nitrogen removal, when treating wastewater from flush dairies. This pilot-scale system was the first application of the ReCip® technology to dairy wastewater, and recently it was found to be effective for removal of ammonium, total nitrogen, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). In the ReCip®, wastewater is repeatedly pumped back and forth between two gravel-filled basins. This reciprocation creates two treatment environments: an aerobic environment, which promotes reactions such as nitrification and BOD oxidation, and an anoxic/anaerobic environment, which promotes reactions such as denitrification of nitrate into nitrogen gas and methanogenesis. At Cal Poly, the ReCip® treated storage lagoon water, and ReCip® effluent containing nitrate was returned to the lagoon, possibly contributing to odor control. Emission of air pollutants is a concern about dairy waste in general (volatile organic compounds, hydrogen sulfide, methane, etc.) and for nitrification-denitrification systems in particular (nitrous oxide). In the present work, the first detailed air emission study was conducted on ReCip®. Emissions of air pollutants were measured with flux chambers during different seasons, and, simultaneously, the water quality within the pore volume of the gravel beds was measured to explore whether pore water quality correlated to air emissions. These air emissions studies were performed within a yearlong study of overall ReCip® treatment performance. Water quality constituents measured were pH, alkalinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), soluble nitrogen, soluble non-purgeable organic carbon, nitrite, and nitrate. During the submerged phase of the reciprocation cycle, pore water DO generally declined from 1-2 mg/L to <0.1 mg/L, while TAN declined and nitrate accumulated, although total nitrogen also declined due to denitrification. The extent of denitrification was correlated to influent BOD loading. The average removals by the ReCip® were 93% TAN, 61% CBOD5, 74% TKN, and 57% TSS. A simple CBOD5 removal model was developed that described and predicted CBOD5 ­removal in the system. Key air pollutants emitted by the ReCip® and their annual mean concentrations were nitrous oxide (0.74 ppm), ammonia (0.15 ppm), and methane (3.85 ppm). The air emission potential of the lagoon water influent was compared to that of the ReCip® effluent. The decreases in emission potential were 82% for ammonia, 93% for methane, and 99% for hydrogen sulfide. The average masses emitted (g emitted/kg loaded into system) by the ReCip® were 1.7 g N2O/kg N, 0.15 g NH3/kg N, 2.1 g CH4/kg CBOD5, 1.0 g ethanol/kg CBOD5,and 0.004 g H2S/kg CBOD5.

No description available.

The State of Kuwait has three large refineries, namely, Mina Al Ahmadi Refinery, Mina Abdullah Refinery and Shuaiba Refinery. These refineries process and refine Kuwait Crude Oil through different process units. There are many heaters, boilers and flares that form a part of the complicated equipment which enhance the different petroleum processes. Fuel gas is used as a firing fuel for those heaters and boilers. As a result, stack emissions like SO2, NOx, CO are predominantly present in the flue gases and this study focuses on those emissions and their impact on the surrounding residential area. The area of interest will be Umm Al-Hyman residential area. This study accumulates emission inventories from the three refineries and the respective ground level concentration of the pollutants in the neighboring residential area. It also focuses on the impact of emissions from the refinery operations on the ground level concentrations in the surrounding areas by using the inventory model and latest emission factors to provide accurate emission estimates. The models were developed and the results were verified with the actual data from the area of impact. As a result of the findings of the major pollutants, namely SO2, NOx & CO, it is found that SO2 and CO are not exceeding Kuwait EPA Ambient Air Quality Standards for Residential Areas normally. However, NOx is observed to exceed occasionally. Even though, NOx emissions from refineries sources represented by plume models were much less, there is a consistent increase in the measured NOx. Furthermore, in 2007, the measured hourly, daily and annual NOx concentration exceeded the international standard many times. The increasing trend in NOx is attributed to continuous increase in population and the number of motor vehicles. The study will go further step in recommending engineering solutions and best practices to reduce the pollutants concentrations which will help in the reduction of human health risks and protect the environment.

In the past few decades, globalization has led to a world economy with unbounded consumption. In addition to the consequential impoverishment of natural resources, this large consumption produces copious amounts of waste and requires high energy use. Proper end-of-life strategies can help to reduce the global impact of these inefficiencies. The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate, through life-cycles analyses of an automotive transfer case and a gear, the positive environmental impact of remanufacturing strategies compared to recycling and disposal end-of-life strategies. In this study, the energy consumption, the air emissions and the wastes resulting from the entire supply chain s engineering processes will be quantitatively evaluated through calculations and also industrial or governmental data. In disposal end-of-life strategies, the analysis will begin with the ore mining phase, will go through material refining and processing; and eventually end with the final parts machining. In recycling scenarios and remanufacturing scenarios, the analysis will begin with the used material collection, will go through material s reprocessing or refurbishing and will finally end with the new or renewed parts machining. This study will show the significant impact of high energy consumption processes such as electrolysis of aluminum and metal melting. It will also show how shipping and collection phases can dramatically change or annihilate the advantage of sustainable reuse scenarios depending on the sorting strategies adopted in the supply chain. To conclude, the goal of this research is to demonstrate how remanufacturing strategies can reduce the energy consumption, air emissions and waste. This thesis will also show how inappropriate supply chain management can negate the impact of these savings.