This thesis examines a form of relating, relating as conocidos, which involves requesting and granting favours and deals with issues of reciprocation across a temporal and spatial dimension. Conceptually, this research distances itself from normative and instrumental approaches to networks of relations. It proposes an understanding of relational processes in which non-unitary subjects engage dynamically in reciprocal activities which hold them accountable. The thesis draws on theories of reciprocation and gift giving, and resorts to Bourdieu's theory of practice as a frame for understanding relating as conocidos. The fieldwork relies on two complementary methods of investigation, participant observation and unstructured interviews, and was undertaken over the course of three visits to the rural towns of Hermigua and San Sebastian in La Gomera, an island of the Canarian Archipelago. Observations were recorded daily in a fieldwork diary, and the interviews were analysed with the help of ATLAS/ti. Empirically, the thesis explores the relevance of temporal and spatial markers in practising relations. It looks at the contextual code of practice, within which people engage in intricate strategies in order to perform relating as conocidos under community surveillance. Finally, the thesis examines the discursive realm in which relating as conocidos is understood, identifying the citizen's discourse, based on ideas of equality and the islander's discourse, based on ideas of fairness and performed through trust. The thesis ends with a discussion of the relevant conceptual and empirical contributions, and provides alternative ways of making sense of the practice of relating as conocidos. The tensions and co-existence of these two discourses introduce relating as conocidos as an accepted practice in caring for others or as an unacceptable form of corruption.

The association the alignment of the psychological contract has to workplace outcomes in the South African emerging market context was investigated at a total psychological contract level but also on a psychological contract construct level. The results of 106 manager and employee dyads supported that there are correlations between psychological contract alignment and the performance of employees as rated by their manager, the commitment of the employee to the organisation and the propensity of the employee to leave the organisation. Models were developed that indicated alignment on loyalty aspects explaining the performance outcome and that a combination of alignment on fulfilment and performance support explained the commitment and propensity to leave outcome. Differences in responses between same gender dyads and different gender dyads were explored, as well as between same population group and different population group dyads with no statistically significant differences observed. The results of the study are discussed in terms of its practical use for general and human resource management. Further related research areas are suggested: the association of psychological contract alignment to propensity to leave in a positive economic climate, the degree of bias in performance ratings by managers when highly committed to the employee. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

The purpose of this study was to examine the phenomenon of helicopter parenting and the motivation behind overinvolved parenting of college-aged children. The literature reviewed in this study includes factors that contribute to helicopter parenting in the higher education environment: Millennial characteristics, parental demographics, and technology. In addition, the privacy act, higher education rankings, and financial aid (i.e., tuition and enrolment management strategy), which contribute to the higher education environment, are discussed. Literature on why parents engage in helicopter parenting is limited. As such, this study helped to address this gap in research. Using a social constructivist approach, data were obtained using a qualitative, multi-instrument case study method. Five parents of female, undergraduate students at a Canadian university participated in the telephone interviews. This study found financial and emotional support were the foremost ways parents supported their children. Parents were motivated by their desire to offer guidance; need for connection and communication; and need to show and receive love. Parents who participated in parent programming offered by the university, regardless of the type of programming, found it to be beneficial. Future research is needed to study father-son dyads as well as explore the reciprocation of support, specifically emotional support, from students to parents.

The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of root canal dentinal micro-cracks after canal instrumentation using reciprocating files (WaveOne Gold® and Twisted Adaptive®) and continuous rotation files (Edge Evolve® and EndoSequence®) in an ex-vivo benchtop study. This project used a novel methodology of finding dentinal defects using the “K-cube”, which allows evaluators to visualize sectioned root surfaces before instrumentation and after instrumentation. Mesial roots from 40 human mandibular first molars were divided into 4 groups of 10 for each file type. Root section pictures were taken with a Zeiss Discovery V20 stereomicroscope before and after canal instrumentation. Each of the pre-instrumentation and post-instrumentation images were evaluated for dentinal defects by four calibrated endodontists utilizing REDCap survey. Using a chi-square analysis, there was no statistically significant difference between dentinal defects created by continuous and reciprocating rotation (p=0.1924) and no difference between the four file types (p=0.2317).

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No description available.

According to organizational support theory (OST), the relationship between perceived organizational support (POS) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is driven by social exchange mechanisms and mediated by felt obligation (Eisenberger, Armeli, Rexwinkel, Lynch, & Rhoades, 2001). This explanation may be incomplete or limited as well-established motivational concepts are omitted. A new conceptual model is described that extends OST by incorporating the several cognitive motivational concepts (e.g., behavioral intentions, self-efficacy) with the felt obligation concept. The proposed model is tested in two separate studies an experimental study of undergraduate students (N = 191) and a field study of nurses (N = 171). In the experiment, induced organizational support was found to significantly affect all the dependent variables, including POS, felt obligation, self-efficacy, and intentions. Results of structural equation modeling were generally supportive of the proposed model. POS was found to be positively and indirectly related to both self-efficacy and intentions, through felt obligation. Consistent with expectations, felt obligation was positively related to both self-efficacy and intentions, while self-efficacy was positively related to intentions. The felt obligation-OCB relation was fully mediated by self-efficacy and intentions. As predicted, a positive relationship between intention and OCB was observed. Contrary to expectations, POS was not directly related to self-efficacy. POS-felt obligation was significantly moderated by exchange ideology significantly in the experimental study only. These findings suggest that employees who feel obligated to the organization as a result of high perceived organizational support consider both their ability and form intentions to engage in OCBs before reciprocating. The results suggest that variance in felt obligation is associated with efficacy and goal states. The experimental study presented here successfully pioneers the use of vignettes to experimentally induce variance in POS. This research offers two contributions to theory. First, the present findings extend goal theory by demonstrating that felt obligation influences goal choice. Second, this research extends OST by integrating well-established motivational concepts with social exchange mechanisms to provide more detailed understanding of how POS is translated into OCB, and by demonstrating that reciprocation for POS is more conscious and deliberate than previously recognized. / Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations

Wastewater treatment performance of three pilot-scale packed-bed anaerobic digesters with walnut shell medium was researched for treating dairy freestall barn flushwater. Reciprocation mixing was evaluated as a means to lessen channelization in the media bed and to improve biogas production and organic matter removal at ambient temperatures. Reciprocation has been used in biological nitrogen removal systems to introduce air into the system to repeatedly oxygenate nitrifying biofilm along with mixing (Behrends et al. 2003), but the anaerobic systems benefit from mixing. Two tanks were used in each system, where one was full and one was empty at any given time. Water was repeatedly pumped from one tank to the other and back again (reciprocation). A key research objective was to determine the minimum reciprocation frequency (between 0-10 per day) while still maintaining moderate methane production and treatment performance. Broken walnut shells with a specific surface area of 360 m2/m3 were used as the packed media. Digester influent, which was pretreated to remove large solids, had the following characteristics: total solids (TS) of 5.5 g/L, volatile solids (VS) of 2.8 g/L, 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (cBOD5) of 800 mg/L, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 4340 mg/L. Average digesting liquid temperatures ranged from 14.1 to 23.6 °C. At 6-day theoretical hydraulic residence times (V/Q where V is Lliquid, which is volume of liquid occupying the digester pores, and Q is total daily influent flow) and 1 reciprocation per day, methane production was 0.060 ± 0.10 LCH4/Lliquid-day and at 10 reciprocations methane production 0.058 ± 0.14 LCH4/Lliquid-day (mean ± standard deviation of measurements over time). COD percent removals were both 51% at 6-day V/Q. Since multiple reciprocations did not appear to make a difference in methane production and treatment performance, fewer reciprocations were used in subsequent experiments. Higher flow rates were also used in subsequent experiments to accelerate sludge clogging and channelization in the walnut-shell bed and thereby allow detection of any advantage provided by reciprocation compared to an upflow reactor. At 0 and 1 reciprocations per day and 0.35 and 0.50-day V/Qs, respectively, methane production was 0.24 ± 0.08 and 0.23 ± 0.08 LCH4/Lliquid-day and COD percent removal was 17 and 22%. Over the study period of 226 days, walnut shell porosities decreased due to sludge accumulation from 0.68 and 0.64 (start-up or clean-bed) to 0.31 and 0.24 in the 1 and 0 reciprocation per day reactors. Sludge accumulation and channelization did not appear to be affected by reciprocation mixing on the scale of this study.

ABSTRACT Water and Air Quality Performance of a Reciprocating Biofilter Treating Dairy Wastewater Seppi Matthew Henneman Agricultural non-point source pollution is the leading water quality problem in surface water and the second leading problem in ground water in the US. Among the contaminants, nutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) can be transported from agricultural fields when cropland is not managed properly. In California, dairy manure application to cropland has become tightly regulated with the goal of decreasing such nutrient pollution. Dairies unable to balance their manure nutrient supply with cropland application area may benefit from a nitrogen removal technology. One such technology is the reciprocating biofilter, known as the ReCip® technology. A pilot-scale ReCip® unit was installed at the Cal Poly dairy to evaluate its treatment efficacy, in particular for nitrogen removal, when treating wastewater from flush dairies. This pilot-scale system was the first application of the ReCip® technology to dairy wastewater, and recently it was found to be effective for removal of ammonium, total nitrogen, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). In the ReCip®, wastewater is repeatedly pumped back and forth between two gravel-filled basins. This reciprocation creates two treatment environments: an aerobic environment, which promotes reactions such as nitrification and BOD oxidation, and an anoxic/anaerobic environment, which promotes reactions such as denitrification of nitrate into nitrogen gas and methanogenesis. At Cal Poly, the ReCip® treated storage lagoon water, and ReCip® effluent containing nitrate was returned to the lagoon, possibly contributing to odor control. Emission of air pollutants is a concern about dairy waste in general (volatile organic compounds, hydrogen sulfide, methane, etc.) and for nitrification-denitrification systems in particular (nitrous oxide). In the present work, the first detailed air emission study was conducted on ReCip®. Emissions of air pollutants were measured with flux chambers during different seasons, and, simultaneously, the water quality within the pore volume of the gravel beds was measured to explore whether pore water quality correlated to air emissions. These air emissions studies were performed within a yearlong study of overall ReCip® treatment performance. Water quality constituents measured were pH, alkalinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), soluble nitrogen, soluble non-purgeable organic carbon, nitrite, and nitrate. During the submerged phase of the reciprocation cycle, pore water DO generally declined from 1-2 mg/L to <0.1 mg/L, while TAN declined and nitrate accumulated, although total nitrogen also declined due to denitrification. The extent of denitrification was correlated to influent BOD loading. The average removals by the ReCip® were 93% TAN, 61% CBOD5, 74% TKN, and 57% TSS. A simple CBOD5 removal model was developed that described and predicted CBOD5 ­removal in the system. Key air pollutants emitted by the ReCip® and their annual mean concentrations were nitrous oxide (0.74 ppm), ammonia (0.15 ppm), and methane (3.85 ppm). The air emission potential of the lagoon water influent was compared to that of the ReCip® effluent. The decreases in emission potential were 82% for ammonia, 93% for methane, and 99% for hydrogen sulfide. The average masses emitted (g emitted/kg loaded into system) by the ReCip® were 1.7 g N2O/kg N, 0.15 g NH3/kg N, 2.1 g CH4/kg CBOD5, 1.0 g ethanol/kg CBOD5,and 0.004 g H2S/kg CBOD5.

Abstract Results of analyses conducted on data collected from 1020 public bank employees. The results of research indicate as follows ¡G Dimensionality of Organizational Politics Perceptions The responses to the 31 items Perceptions of Organization Politics Scale (POPS) were subjected to principal analysis with varimax rotation. It is comprised three subscales: (1). Supervisor Behavior, (2). Coworker & General Politics Behavior, (3). Organization Policies and Practices. Dimensionality of Organizational Justice The responses to the 20 items Organization Justice Scale (Moorman , 1991) Were subjected to principal analysis with varimax rotation. It is comprised three subscales: (1). Reciprocation Justice, (2). Process Justice, (3). Allocation Justice. Dimensionality of Organizational Commitment The responses to the 15 items Organization Commitment Questionary (OCQ) (Moorman , 1991) were subjected to principal analysis with varimax rotation. It is comprised three subscales: (1). Value Commitment, (2). Effort Commitment, (3).Retention Commitment. Relationships between ¡§ Perceptions Of Organizational Politics¡¨ ¡B¡§Organizational Justice¡¨ and ¡§Organizational commitment¡¨. (1) Perception of Organizational Politics was negatively related to Organizational Commitment. (2) Perception of Organizational Politics was negatively related to Organizational Justice. (3) Organizational Justice was positively related to Organization commitment. (4) Organizational Justice was intervening variable to Perceptions of Organization Politics and Organizational commitment.