Com a tendência em se construírem edifícios selados por motivos de climatização, controle de ruído e estéticos, acabou provocando um aumento nos casos de problemas relacionados à qualidade do ar de interiores (QAI) de tais ambientes. Os principais problemas relacionados à má qualidade do ar interno são a ventilação inadequada (maior parte dos casos), seguido de contaminantes do ar externo, contaminantes do ar interno (gerados internamente) e, em menor escala, materiais de construção e micro-organismos. No caso específico de uma edificação hospitalar, a qualidade do ar pode exercer uma influência direta e significativa na ocorrência de infecções hospitalares. O nível de contaminação é influenciado principalmente pelo tipo de sistema de condicionamento de ar. Daí a necessidade de um controle intenso dos contaminantes presentes no ar desse local. Assim, os sistemas de distribuição de ar desempenham uma tarefa fundamental em uma sala cirúrgica para a garantia da segurança e conforto térmico ao paciente, equipe cirúrgica. O retorno de ar também exerce uma função muito importante na eliminação do ar contaminado gerado no interior de uma sala cirúrgica. Esse retorno ocorre através das chamadas grelhas de retorno. Dado à limitação dos estudos analíticos e o alto custo das investigações experimentais, é grande relevância uma investigação numérico-computacional do escoamento do ar de uma sala cirúrgica, visando analisar o comportamento do fluxo de ar e da temperatura do ar. O foco desse trabalho é verificar, via simulação computacional em CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), a efetividade do sistema de distribuição de ar usado em centros cirúrgicos no que diz respeito ao controle do ar, com o intuito de se alcançar uma qualidade do ar adequada. Para validar o modelo computacional, realizou-se também a parte experimental, na qual foram feitas medições e coletas de dados em campo para comparação com os resultados das simulações. O estudo de caso considerado nesse trabalho foi uma das salas do centro cirúrgico do Hospital Universitário (HU) da Universidade de São Paulo. / Due the trend to construct sealed buildings for air conditioning purposes, noise control and aesthetics, problems regarding interior air quality (IAQ) of such environments have been occured. The main issues related to bad indoor air quality are inadequate ventilation (most part of the cases), followed by outdoor air contaminants, indoor air contaminants (internally generated) and, in a smaller scale, construction materials and microorganisms. In the specific case of a hospital building, air quality can have a direct and significant influence on the occurrence of nosocomial infections. The level of contamination is mainly influenced type air conditioning system. Hence the need for intensive control of contaminants in local air. Therefore, the air distribution systems play a fundamental task inside a surgical room for safety and thermal comfort of the patient and surgical team. The return air also plays a very important role in eliminating contaminated air generated within an operating room. This return takes place through so-called return grills. Due to the limitation of analytical studies and the high cost of experimental research, it is very relevant a numerical-computational investigation of the air flow of an operating room in order to analyze the air flow behavior and the air temperature. The focus of this study is to verify, via computer simulation based on CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), the effectiveness of the air distribution system used in surgical centers regarding the control of air, in order to achieve a proper quality of air. To validate the computer model, field measurements have been carried out and data have been collected for comparison with the simulation results. The case study to be considered for this project is the surgical room of the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo.

A utilização do sensor medidor de vazão mássica de ar (MAFS) para controlar a vazão em massa de ar admitida pelo motor de combustão interna é relativamente nova no Brasil. Dentre os veículos comercializados no mercado brasileiro é possível encontrar uma série de exemplos que aplicam tal tecnologia. Acredita-se ainda, que este sensor em breve será adotado pela totalidade dos fabricantes de veículos nacionais. Este trabalho aborda uma metodologia prática para instalação robusta deste sensor em sistemas de admissão de ar para motores de combustão interna veiculares. Esta metodologia foi baseada em recentes projetos de desenvolvimento de sistemas de admissão de ar realizados por uma das principais montadoras brasileiras que utiliza este tipo de sensor para auxiliar no gerenciamento do sistema eletrônico de controle do motor. Este trabalho inclui ainda informações sobre os principais testes de validação para a instalação do sensor nos sistemas de admissão veicular, bem como algumas das práticas adotadas na execução do processo de desenvolvimento. Além disso, serão abordados também os efeitos de modificações realizadas nos sistemas de admissão e como estas afetam os resultados obtidos. / The usage of Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAFS) to control the mass air flow intake by the internal combustion engine is relatively new in Brazil. Among the vehicles sold in the Brazilian market it is possible to find a number of examples that apply this technology. It is believed, however, that this sensor will soon be embraced by all domestic vehicle manufacturers. This document presents a practical methodology for robust installation of this sensor in air intake systems for a vehicle internal combustion engine. This methodology was based on recent development projects of air intake systems developed by one of the main Brazilian companies that use this type of sensor to help the electronic control system to manage the engine. This work also includes information about the main validation tests for installing the sensor in the vehicle air intake systems, as well as some of the practices adopted in the implementation of the development process. There will also be addressed the effects of modifications in the intake systems and how these modifications affect the results.

This study concentrates on analysis of LongEZ aircraft data taken offshore of the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Due to the land structure of the region, it was possible to isolate the effect of narrow land on air as it flows offshore. The narrow land (Outer Banks) separates inland water from the sea. With greater land fetch, the internal boundary layer (IBL) over land grows deeper and the eddies presumably grow larger. Larger eddies typically decay more slowly than smaller eddies, and so the turbulence advected from land with a larger land fetch should survive longer over the sea and be greater in magnitude than that with smaller land fetch. The turbulence is studied using aircraft eddy correlation data as the flow is advected over the water. As expected, greater and longer-lasting turbulence is present downstream from greater land widths. Aircraft data taken over the Gulf Stream (GS) boundary are analyzed to study the effects of the sea surface temperature (SST) front on downstream boundary layer structure. Unstable and stable flows are studied in this region. The stable flow case is found to have an upside-down structure, with greater turbulence aloft causing stress convergence at the surface, which acts to accelerate the flow. The local thermally generated pressure gradient is important in the momentum budget across the GS front in both flow cases. A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image is analyzed qualitatively in the region between the Atlantic Coast and the Gulf Stream front for intercomparison of data and to examine the influences of varying static stabilities and surface conditions upon the backscatter shown in satellite images. The growth rates of the internal boundary layer due to flow over a heterogeneous surface including flow from land over the water and flow between cooler water and warmer water are calculated. These results are compared to similar calculations of growth rates from previous experiments. It is found that the growth rate of an internal boundary layer is dependent on surface roughness, despite the inclusion of σ[subscript w] in the normalization of the growth rate. / Graduation date: 2003

Vortex breakdown is an important phenomenon observed in swirling flows involving the development of a stagnation point on the axis of the vortex followed by a region of recirculation when the swirl increases beyond a particular level. It has been studied extensively over past 50 years and various theories have been proposed to explain its various aspects. However, a single model explaining all the aspects together is yet to emerge. Numerical simulations of breakdown have been performed using a variety of grid-based as well as vortex methods. Vortex methods are a Lagrangian alternative to grid-based methods wherein the motion of the vorticity is determined by the local fluid velocity convection, with models for viscous effects when considered. The fluid velocity is obtained from the vorticity field. Only the rotational regions of the flow need to be considered leading to significant economy of computational effort for simulations of vorticity dominated flows, such as vortex breakdown. The inviscid vortex filament method has been used to simulate several aspects of the vortex breakdown phenomenon. The vortex filament method however, cannot easily simulate viscous effects. To simulate the viscous effects the viscous vortex particle method needs to be used. This work was intended to be a first step towards this end by initially evaluating the effectiveness of the inviscid version of the vortex particle method in simulating the breakdown phenomenon. The inviscid vortex particle method was found to satisfactorily simulate most qualitative aspects involved in the formation of vortex breakdown such as the retardation of axial velocity along centerline, radial swelling of the vortex core, formation of stagnation points, creation of azimuthal vorticity gradient from axial vorticity gradient and the turning of vortex lines along with the formation of a bubble-like structure with recirculating flow within. The effect of a wall placed adjacent to the vortex core was simulated by using image vortices. The wall was not found to influence the location of breakdown. However, the initiation of the spiral mode was found to occur earlier when a wall was present. For a quantitative assessment, a simulation of the experimental results of Faler and Leibovich (1978) was attempted. The simulation managed to predict the location of the breakdown and the extent of the bubble. The shape and height of the bubble obtained however were not in accord with the experimental observations. A single vortical cell was obtained in the interior of the bubble.

The work started with the clinical observations in patients working in buildings with indoor air problems. Signs of seborrhoeic dermatitis, erythematous facial skin conditions and itching conditions on the trunk were noted. Another point of departure was the attribution of facial skin symptoms to VDT work by patients. A questionnaire-based prevalence study of symptoms compatible with the Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and facial skin symptoms in 4,943 office workers formed the basis for two case referent studies, one focusing on SBS, the other on facial skin symptoms in VDT workers. The prevalence of SBS was three times higher in women than men. The prevalence was higher in young persons and in atopies. Facial skin symptoms showed the same pattern. Psychosocial work load, paper and VDT work were also risk indicators for SBS and for skin symptoms. The symptom excess in women was analyzed with reference to differences in biological or acquired risks and different illness and reporting behaviour. In spite of inequalities in social conditions at home and at work and differences in physical working conditions, these differences could only explain a small part of the gender difference. The odds ratio for SBS in women was lowered from 3.4 in the crude analysis to 3.0 in the multivariate analysis. Effect modification was in most cases stronger in men and the clinical validation of the questionnaire refuted the hypothesis that women over-report symptoms. The results indicate that the gender difference in symptom prevalence is part of a general pattem common to psychosomatic illnesses. In the case referent study of SBS, atopy, psychosocial work load, buildings built or renovated after 1977, the presence of photocopiers and a low outdoor air flow rate were risk indicators. The association between air quality and the occurrence of SBS symptoms was demonstrated by a flow-response relation between the outdoor air flow rate and SBS symptoms. In the case referent study of skin symptoms in VDT work, psychosocial work load, electric background fields, the presence of fluorescent lights with plastic shields and low cleaning frequency were risk indicators. The clinical findings in the two case groups and their referents supported the applied relevance of the studies. Compared with the referents, the SBS cases had more work- related facial erythema, seborriioeic dermatitis and general pruritus, while skin symptom cases, had more work-related facial erythema than their referents. The results show that SBS symptoms and facial skin symptoms have a multifactorial background with constitutional, psychosocial and physical risk indicators. As the indoor air quality is a determinant of SBS symptoms, and the building itself is but one source of indoor air pollution, it is suggested that the name Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) be replaced by Indoor Air Syndrome (IAS). / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1994, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

No description available.

Pressure drop across miniature-scale flow disturbances, including abrupt flow area changes, is an important source of error and confusion in the literature. Such pressure drops are frequently encountered in experiments, where they are often estimated using methods and correlations that have been developed based on experimental data obtained in conventional systems. However, physical arguments as well as the relatively few available experimental observations indicate that such pressure drops in microchannel systems are likely to be different than what is known about similar phenomena in conventional flow systems. Experimental data dealing with pressure drop associated with two-phase flow across abrupt flow area changes in microchannels are scarce, however, and the available data are insufficient for the development of reliable predictive methods. In this investigation, experiments were conducted using a test section consisting of two capillaries, one with 0.84 mm, and the other with 1.6 mm inner diameters. A multitude of pressure transducer ports were installed along the two capillaries, and allowed for the measurement of the pressure gradients over the entire test section. The test section allowed for the measurement of frictional pressure gradients in the two straight channels, as well as pressure drops caused by the flow area expansion and contraction depending on the flow direction, for single-phase as well as two-phase flows. These measurements were performed over a wide range of parameters, using air as the gaseous phase, and room-temperature water as the liquid phase. The single-phase flow data were compared with existing conventional correlations, and with predictions of CFD simulations using the Fluent computer code.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions: Smale, N.J. Tanner D.J., Amos N.D., Cleland D.J. (2003). Airflow properties of packaged horticultural produce - a practical study. Acta Horticulturae, (599), 443-450 / Horticultural exports are of economic significance to New Zealand. Only through providing consistently high quality products to distant markets can New Zealand hope to command a premium price. New Zealand's two major horticultural exports, apples and kiwifruit, are transported to foreign markets by sea; either in refrigerated holds on-board cargo vessels or in refrigerated containers. Long transit times mean that conditions in these systems must be carefully controlled to ensure high quality product arrives at market. Effective distribution of air is a key consideration in transport systems. A mathematical model to describe the flow of air in marine transport systems was developed. The model was based on a resistance network framework, relying on simplification of the complex geometry within the refrigerated space to a discrete number of flow paths and points of convergence and divergence. Correlations quantifying the flow resistance of each channel were required. Some of these correlations were already available, and some were developed specifically for this purpose. A general method for predicting the flow resistance of enclosed conduits based on the Darcy-Weisbach, laminar and Colebrook equations was found to be sufficiently accurate for use. The flow resistance of horizontally vented horticultural packages was quantified and the cause of the flow resistance investigated. Entrance and exit effects were found to be significant, and a relationship between vent size and flow resistance was developed. Air interchange between a vented carton and the general refrigerated space was shown to be a significant mode of heat transfer. The effect of vent design on the rate of air interchange was found to be complex. Quantitative relationships between vent characteristics and rates of air interchange could not be developed; however, some general observations were made. Vent size, aspect ratio and alignment were all found to affect the rate of interchange. An existing method for determining in-package fluid velocities was refined to improve the accuracy of data and reduce the measurement time. A low-cost method for measuring airflows in transport systems was also developed utilising thermistors. These thermistor anemometers were used to monitor velocities in four shipments of fresh produce from New Zealand. Three of the four vessels monitored showed large variation in the circulation rate in the period between evaporator defrosts due to frosting. In some cases, frosting was severe enough to cause loss of delivery air temperature control. Management of defrosts was identified as an area of improvement in refrigerated hold management. Validation of the model developed was performed using four systems: a laboratory scale test-rig, a 40' container and two of the surveyed refrigerated holds. Airflow predictions were used with a heat transfer model to predict in-package temperatures. Comparison of measured and predicted flows and in-package temperatures showed good agreement given uncertainty of geometry and input data. The implications of altering a number of operational and design variables in both containers and refrigerated holds were investigated using the developed models. Increased circulation rates were found to increase cooling rates and reduce temperature variability in both types of systems; however, the magnitude of the benefit decreased with increasing circulation rate. Removal of the floor gratings and the use of pallet bases as an air distribution channel was found to increase temperature variability in both types of systems. The magnitude of the increase was small in a 40' container but substantial in a refrigerated hold. The correlations and models developed in this thesis provide useful tools to analyse and optimise the design and operation of refrigerated marine transport systems.

Mémoire (M.Sc. A.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1984. / "Mémoire présenté comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en sciences appliquées en ressources et systèmes" CaQCU bibliographie: p. 56-58. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Le collage direct est un procédé par lequel deux surfaces suffisamment planes et propres peuvent se coller sans ajout d'un adhésif. Le collage direct de surfaces structurées est souvent utilisé pour la fabrication de système mécanique microélectronique (MEMS), où une plaque de silicium avec des cavités est collée à une autre plaque de silicium. La fabrication de ces dispositifs est chère et il serait utile d'avoir une ligne directrice lors du dessin de structures afin de savoir à l'avance si le collage direct sera possible.Un modèle de simulation 2D pour le collage direct de deux substrats est développéet utilisé pour étudier l'influence des cavités sur la vitesse de propagation de l'ondede collage. Les prédications données par des simulations avec Comsol® sont en bonnecohérence avec les mesures expérimentales et une loi en 2 dimensions de la vitesse de collage est obtenue. Le collage de plaques parfaitement planes avec des cavités serait toujours possible. Les limitations lors du collage de vraies plaques sont dues au coût de l'énergie élastique pour déformer les plaques non parfaitement planes. Cette limite est atteinte facilement quand l'onde de collage doit traverser une tranchée, dans ce cas un dessin avec un petit guide de collage pour aider à traverser la cavité fonctionnera mieux. La taille de ce guide d'onde doit être choisis en considèrent la flèche de la plaque. En effet la seconde règle importante du dessin est de garder une surface de collage suffisante pour avoir plus d'énergie d'adhésion que le coût en énergie élastique dû à la déformation des plaques non parfaitement planes.L'énergie d'adhésion est un important paramètre du collage direct, car c'est l'énergie qui permet l'adhésion. Cette énergie d'adhésion est différente de l'énergie de collage la plus répandues qui est l'énergie requise pour séparer deux plaques précédemment collées. Dans cet ouvrage une méthode simple de mesure d'adhésion est proposée. Une mesure de l'évolution de l'énergie d'adhésion sur un temps long nous mène à proposer un mécanisme d'évolution lié à la formation de ponts capillaires entre des surfaces rugueuses. / Direct bonding is a process by which two sufficiently flat and clean surfaces can bond to each other without any added adhesive layer. Direct bonding of patterned surfaces is often used for the fabrication of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), where a silicon wafer with cavities is bonded to a plain wafer. The fabrication of these devices is expensive and it would be useful to have guidelines when designing knew devices to know in advance if direct bonding will be possible.A 2D simulation model of the direct bonding of two substrates is developed and usedto study the influence of the cavities on the bonding wave velocity. The prediction of the simulation run with Comsol® are in good coherence with the experimental measures and a 2D law of the bonding velocity is obtained. The bonding of perfectly flat wafers with cavities should always be possible. Limitations to the bonding of real wafers are due to the elastic energy cost of deforming the non perfectly flat wafers. This limit is reached easily when the bonding wave must cross a trench, so a design with a small bonding guide to help cross the cavity will work best. The width of this wave guide should be chosen by considering the bow of the wafer. Indeed the second important design rule is to keep a bonding area big enough to have more adhesion energy than the elastic energy cost due to non flat wafers deformation.The adhesion energy is an important parameter of the direct bonding, as it is theenergy that drives the adhesion. This adhesion energy is different from the more widely known bonding energy which is the energy needed to separate two previously bonded wafers. In this work a simple method to measure the adhesion is proposed. Long time measurement of the evolution of the adhesion energy lead us to propose a mechanism for its evolution linked to the formation of capillary bridges between rough surfaces.