Este trabalho teve o objetivo de verificar a existência de correlação entre as concentrações de amônia no município de São Paulo e as concentrações dos poluentes regulamentados associados à emissão veicular. Foi testada a correlação estatística entre as concentrações de amônia e os seguintes parâmetros: fumaça, partículas inaláveis finas, monóxido de carbono, dióxido, monóxido e óxidos de nitrogênio; temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Os dados utilizados foram fornecidos pela CETESB e medidos na Estação Pinheiros no período de abril/12 a setembro/13. Os resultados obtidos nas análises foram que as concentrações diárias de amônia variaram de 1,3 g/m³ (limite de detecção do método) a 40,0 g/m³, sendo que a média aritmética das concentrações desse período foi de 14,3 g/m³ ± 9,5 g/m³ e a mediana de 14,1 g/m³. Esse valor de média é muito próximo às encontradas em Santiago, Roma, Cidade do México, Pequim e Xian, e os maiores valores diários de amônia foram observados entre novembro/2012 e fevereiro/2013 e as concentrações médias por dia da semana apontaram uma variação entre 12,1 g/m³ a 19,0 g/m³, sendo que a maior média foi observada no domingo. Na comparação com os poluentes atmosféricos, foram observadas algumas tendências de comportamento semelhantes em determinados períodos, porém as correlações foram muito fracas. Com relação aos parâmetros meteorológicos, observou-se que quando ocorreu a máxima de temperatura, o valor de concentração de amônia também foi elevado, porém nos dias em que as concentrações de amônia foram mais altas, as máximas de temperatura não foram as mais elevadas. A correlação encontrada entre a amônia e temperatura foi muito fraca e nos dias com os maiores percentuais de umidade relativa do ar apresentaram valores baixos de concentração de amônia. Não foi possível identificar correlação significante entre concentrações de amônia em relação aos demais poluentes atmosféricos de influência veicular e aos parâmetros meteorológicos temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Portanto, para o período estudado, as emissões veiculares não influenciaram as concentrações de amônia presentes na região de estudo. Assim, sugere-se o prosseguimento do monitoramento de amônia no ar e estudos posteriores, tendo em vista o aumento de veículos com catalisadores veiculares que podem ocasionar emissão de amônia. / The general objective of this study was to verify the existence of correlation between the ammonia concentrations in São Paulo city and the concentrations of regulated pollutants associated with vehicle emissions. The concentration of air pollutants: black smoke, fine particulate matter, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, monoxide and oxides; temperature and relative humidity were statistically tested. CETESB measured the pollutants data at Pinheiros Station from April/12 to September/13. The daily ammonia concentrations ranged from 1.3 g/m³ (method detection limit) to 40.0 g/m³ and the average concentrations of this period was 14.3 g/m³ ± 9.5 g/m³ and the median 14.1 g/m³. This average value is very close to those found in Santiago, Rome, Mexico City, Beijing and Xi\'an, the largest daily ammonia values were observed between November/2012 and February/2013, and the average concentrations by day of week pointed a variation between 12.1 to 19.0 g/m³. The highest average was observed on Sunday. In the comparison between the atmospheric pollutants and air temperature and humidity some similar trends behavior were observed in certain periods, but the correlations were very weak. It was not possible to identify a significant correlation between ammonia concentration with air pollutants vehicular influence and meteorological parameters temperature and relative humidity. Therefore, for the period studied, vehicle emissions did not affect the concentrations of ammonia present in the study area. It is suggested to continue the monitoring of ammonia in the air and further studies due to the increase of vehicles equipped with catalysts, which can cause emission of ammonia.

Objetivo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral verificar a influência do poluente atmosférico material particulado inalável (MP10) na incidência e na mortalidade por câncer, na cidade de São Paulo. Métodos. Os dados de câncer foram coletados do Registro de Câncer de São Paulo e os dados do poluente provenientes da CETESB. Foram utilizadas técnicas estatísticas para verificar a relação do MP10 sobre a incidência e a mortalidade por câncer (pele, pulmão, laringe, tireóide, estômago, próstata, colo do útero, mama, bexiga, cólon, esôfago e reto), nos distritos do Brás, Santana, Moóca, Cambuci, Moema, Freguesia do Ó, Campo Belo, Lapa, Consolação, Santo Amaro e São Miguel. Os distritos também foram agrupados, de acordo com as concentrações de MP10, para orientar a expansão da rede de monitoramento do poluente na cidade de São Paulo. Resultados. Os resultados mostraram que, para alguns tipos de câncer (pele, pulmão, tireóide, laringe e bexiga), os coeficientes de correlação estatística ficaram entre 0,60 e 0,80, em alguns períodos, para a incidência. Para a mortalidade, o câncer de pulmão apresentou mais correlações neste intervalo. O agrupamento dos distritos permitiu a formação de quatro grupos distintos, o que possibilitaria, após estudo técnico, a redistribuição de alguma estação de monitoramento do segundo grupo para outras regiões da cidade, como leste ou sul. A Análise Espacial mostrou que distritos distantes do centro da cidade apresentaram risco relativo (RR) acima do esperado, dependendo do tipo de câncer. Conclusões. O estudo mostrou que o poluente atmosférico MP10 tem correlação alta com a incidência de alguns tipos de câncer (pele, pulmão, tireóide, laringe e bexiga) e com a mortalidade por câncer de pulmão, em alguns períodos, na cidade de São Paulo. A expansão da rede de monitoramento de MP10, na cidade de São Paulo, poderia ser direcionada às regiões leste ou sul / Objective. The general objective of this study was to verify the influence of pollutant inhalable particulate matter (PM10) on the incidence and cancer mortality in the city of São Paulo. Methods. The cancer data were collected from the Cancer Registry of São Paulo and pollutant data from the CETESB. Statistical techniques were used to investigate the relationship between PM10 and the incidence and mortality of cancer (skin, lung, larynx, thyroid, stomach, prostate, cervix, breast, bladder, colon, esophagus and rectum), in the districts of Brás, Santana, Moóca, Cambuci, Moema, Freguesia do Ó, Campo Belo, Lapa, Consolação, Santo Amaro and São Miguel. The districts were also grouped according to the concentrations of PM10, to guide the expansion of the pollutant monitoring network in São Paulo. Results. The results showed that for some types of cancer (skin, lung, thyroid, larynx and bladder), the statistical correlation coefficients were between 0.60 and 0.80, in some periods, for incidence. For mortality, lung cancer showed more correlations in this interval. The grouping of districts allowed the formation of four distinct groups, which would allow, after a technical study, the redistribution of any monitoring station in the second group to other parts of the city, like east or south. A Spatial Analysis showed that districts distant from the center presented a relative risk (RR) greater than expected, depending on the type of cancer. Conclusions. The study showed that air pollutant PM10 has high correlation with the incidence of some cancers (skin, lung, thyroid, larynx and bladder) and mortality from lung cancer in some periods, in São Paulo. The expansion of network monitoring PM10, in the city of São Paulo, could be targeted to areas east or south

The X-band EPR spectrometry system was modified to allow for the in situ monitoring of free radical changes in attached, intact plant leaves, which were caused by stress factors such as exposure to excessive photon flux density, ozone or sulphur dioxide. This was done through use of the dewar insert of the variable temperature accessory as a guide, the construction of 'T' shaped cellulose acetate holders to which leaves could be attached with adhesive tape, and modification of the gas flow system used for controlled temperature studies. Kinetic studies of free radical formation were possible with leaves which had minimal underlying Fe⁺⁺ and Mn⁺⁺ signals. In leaves with large underlying signals a Varian software program was used to subtract overlapping signals from each other, thereby revealing the free-radical signal changes which occurred under different light regimes and stress conditions. Preliminary investigation disclosed the formation of a new signal upon prolonged exposure to far-red light and the effect of oxygen depletion upon photosynthetic Signals I and II. Leaves subject to high photon flux density reveal an unreported free-radical signal, which decays upon exposure to microwave radiation; and concomitant damage to Photosystems I and II. Upon elimination of this signal leaves return to the undamaged state or reveal permanent damage to either photo-system, depending upon the degree of damage. Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass leaves subject to low levels of ozone (up to 80ppb) for periods of 8 hours show no changes in free-radical signal formation. At intermediate levels of ozone (80-250ppb) a new free-radical signal was formed within 3 hours of fumigation, Signal II was decreased and Signal I decayed. These changes were reversible if fumigation was terminated. At fumigation levels exceeding 250ppb a different new irreversible free-radical signal was formed in darkness within 1.5 hours of fumigation. Radish, Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass leaves subject to high levels of sulphur dioxide (10-500ppm) reveal the formation of Signal I upon irradiation with broad-band white or 650nm light, thereby indicating an interruption of normal electron flow from PSII to PSI. Damage to the oxygen-evolving complex and reaction centre of PSII is also revealed through changes in Signal II and the Mn⁺⁺ signal. These changes in the normal EPR signals are dose-dependent. Leaves subject to low levels of sulphur dioxide (600-2000ppb) reveal the disappearance of Signal I after 3 hours of fumigation and the formation of a new free-radical signal with parameters similar to the sulphur trioxide free-radical signal. These latter changes are partially reversible upon termination of fumigation. After prolonged exposure to either ozone or sulphur dioxid a free-radical signal with parameters similar to the superoxid anion free-radical signal is formed in plant leaves. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Les objectifs de cette thèse est d'examiner l'hypothèses selon laquelle les caractéristiques psychologiques constituent modificateur de la relation entre l'exposition aux polluants atmosphériques et l'asthme infantile. A cet effet, nous avons utilisé les données de l'Etude des 6 villes avec dessein transversale, et l'étude de cohorte mère-enfant de type longitudinale EDEN (Étude sur les Déterminants pré et postnatalsdu développement de la santé l'ENfant) pour examiner cette hypothèse.Les données ont montré qu'à la fois les polluants atmosphériques mesurés subjectivement et les polluants atmosphériques mesurés objectivement étaient associés à l'asthme infantile. Les analyses sur les relations entre les facteurs psychologiques et de l'asthme infantile ont montré une association entre les problèmes comportementaux et la prévalence de l'asthme et de l'eczéma, l'asthme sévère et l'apparition de l'asthme précoce dans l'Etude des 6 villes et la dépression pendant la grossesse était associée au developpement de la rhino-conjonctivite allergique au cours des 5 premières années de vie chez les enfants de l'étude EDEN. La prise en compte des interactions entre les polluants de l'air et les facteurs psychologiques ont montré que les relations entre les polluants de l'air et l'asthme infantile étaient modifiées par les facteurs psychologiques. En conclusion, nos résultats fournissent de nouvelles données sur les relations entre les polluants atmosphériques mesurés subjectivement et objectivement et/ou des facteurs psychologiques (problèmes comportementaux et de dépression maternelle pendant la grossesse) et l'asthme infantile, ce qui suggère de considérer les enfants ayant des problèmes psychologiques comme une population sensible aux effets néfastes des polluants atmosphériques et de prendre en compte ces ces facteurs simultanément dans le paradigme de la prévention de l'asthme infantile . / The purposes of this thesis are to examine the hypothesis according to which psychological features are a modifier of the relation between exposure to air pollution and childhood asthma. To this extent, we used the data from the cross-sectional French 6 Cities Study and the longitudinal EDEN (Study of pre- and post-natal determinants of children?s growth and development) mother-child cohort study to examine the hypothesis. The data show that both subjectively and objectively measured air pollutants were related to childhood asthma. The analyses on the relationships between psychological factors and childhood asthma and allergies yielded that children with behavioral problems had a higher odds ratio in relation to prevalences of asthma and eczema, asthma severity and early asthma onset in the French 6 Cities study and maternal depression during pregnancy was associated with the development of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in the first 5 years of life in children of the EDEN mother-child cohort study. Taking into account the interactions between air pollutants and psychological factors, results showed that the relationships between air pollutants and childhood asthma were modified by psychological factors. In conclusion, our results add new evidence on the relationships between subjectively and objectively measured air pollutants and/or psychological factors (behavioral problems and maternal depression during pregnancy) and childhood asthma and imply to consider children with psychological problems as a population susceptible to the detrimental effects of air pollutants and take into account these factors simultaneously into the paradigm of childhood asthma prevention.

This study was designed to accomplish two primary objectives: (1) to compare two test methods commonly used to evaluate toxicity of inhaled air pollutants, and (2) to observe the response as measured by each of the methods, of pulmonary alveolar macrophages exposed to 2μg hexavalent chromium. The firs t method evaluated featured use of intratracheal injections to simulate live inhalation exposures, and the second required exposure of macrophages cultured on petri plates. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages harvested from Long Evans rats were used. The two cell function parameters measured in the evaluations were chemiluminescence and oxygen consumption (which was determined for cells at rest and during phagocytosis). These two tests have been shown to be sensitive indicators of macrophage damage. Results of CL output and oxygen consumption revealed the two methods were significantly different. Evaluation of macrophages from live animals treated with CrO3 or CaCrO4showed no differences between their respective untreated controls as determined by measurement of their chemiluminescence production or of oxygen consumption rates. Alveolar macrophages that were cultured in media during treatment with the same two forms of hexavalent chromium showed statistically significant differences from untreated controls. These comparisons indicate that choices of investigative toxicological models influence interpretation of data recorded.

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The maintenance or replacement of deteriorated pipes and culverts is a constant and significant concern for municipalities and transportation agencies in the United States (Donaldson and Wallingford, 2010). Trenchless technologies and especially the Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) method have become increasingly common ways to preserve infrastructures owing to their feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and fewer social impacts (Jung and Sinha, 2007). Therefore, there is a growing need to understand the direct and indirect effects of pipeline rehabilitation activities on the environment. Nearly all past CIPP studies have focused on its mechanical properties, and its environmental impacts are poorly investigated and documented (Allouche et al. 2012). Sewer pipelines and storm-water culverts are administered by municipalities and transportation agencies who bear the responsibility for rehabilitation and renewal of these infrastructures. In consequence, they rarely allow sampling and research projects in the field due to liability issues. This is a main obstacle to conducting comprehensive, precise, and unbiased research on CIPP environmental impacts and to date, the degree of relevant health effects and related environmental impacts have remained unknown. Numerous building indoor air contamination incidents indicate that work is needed to understand the magnitude of styrene emission from CIPP sanitary sewer repairs. The main goal of this study was to better comprehend Volatile Organic Compounds emission at three CIPP sanitary sewer installation sites in one U.S. city. Results showed that CIPP chemical emissions may be a health risk to workers and nearby building inhabitants. Additional testing and investigations regarding chemical emissions from CIPP should be commissioned to fill in the environmental and public health knowledge gaps. The acute and chronic chemical exposure risks of CIPP chemical steam constituents and styrene to sensitive populations should be further examined. Other goals of this study were to estimate the magnitude of solid waste generated as well as the amount of certain criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gases emitted from onsite heavy equipment for both CIPP and open-cut sites in a U.S city. The results indicated that the amount of open-cut related solid waste, criteria air pollutants, and greenhouse gases were greater than those during CIPP activities. Additional work is needed to quantify pollutant emissions from CIPP and open-cut activities and consider emissions from a cradle-to-grave standpoint.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2008. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 98 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.