Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Química, 2013. / Submitted by Alaíde Gonçalves dos Santos (alaide@unb.br) on 2014-05-26T12:04:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_HernanedeToledoBarcelos.pdf: 3394622 bytes, checksum: 2a2a51af44579b661ad2639dcc908716 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2014-05-26T14:23:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_HernanedeToledoBarcelos.pdf: 3394622 bytes, checksum: 2a2a51af44579b661ad2639dcc908716 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-26T14:23:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_HernanedeToledoBarcelos.pdf: 3394622 bytes, checksum: 2a2a51af44579b661ad2639dcc908716 (MD5) / Neste trabalho foram preparadas duas sílicas quimicamente modificadas, a partir da sílica gel 60, com área superficial específica (SBET) de 391,93 m2 g-1. As sílicas foram inicialmente modificadas via reação de silanização com a molécula de 3-aminopropiltrietóxissilano (APTES) formando o material denominado SiN, que em seguida foi funcionalizado separadamente com o pesticida ácido-2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) e com glutaraldeído por rota heterogênea, obtendo-se os materiais funcionalizados SiD e SiG respectivamente. Os materiais foram caracterizados através de análises elementares de C, H e N, medidas de porosidade, análises termogravimétricas, espectroscopia na região de infravermelho e RMN de 29Si e 13C. As análises elementares indicaram as quantidades de e 1,15 10-3 mol 2,4-D por grama de SiD e 1,57 10-3 mol de glutaraldeído por grama de SiG. As medidas de área superficial, volume de poros e de diâmetro médio de poros dos materiais, mostraram uma diminuição em relação ao material de partida. Os espectros de FTIR apresentaram bandas características dos grupos imobilizados na superfície das sílicas. As superfícies funcionalizadas (SiD e SiG) foram utilizadas na confecção de eletrodos de pasta de carbono quimicamente modificados e estes eletrodos foram utilizados na detecção eletroquímica dos micropoluentes 2,4-D e catecol em soluções aquosas diluídas, sendo que para o último, foi também testada uma composição de SiG com lacase suportada. Foram efetuados estudos de voltametria cíclica, determinando-se a presença de um par redox para o 2,4-D em 150 e 482 mV e de um par redox para o catecol em 180 e 455 mV. Medidas de diferencial de pulso para se determinar os pHs ótimos para a detecção das analito foram efetuadas nos intervalos de redução dos analitos, determinando-se os valores ótimos de pH 3 e pH 5 para a quantificação de 2,4-D e catecol respectivamente. Foram construídas curvas de corrente de pico em função da concentração do analito nos pHs ótimos, afim de ser atestar a viabilidade do uso dos materiais (SiD e e SiG) na obtenção como sensores eletroquímico, determinando-se assim os limites de detecção de 7,57 ppb para o 2,4-D e 0,300 ppb para o catecol. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / In this work, were prepared two chemically modified silica from silica gel 60 with specific surface area ( SBET ) of 391,93 m2 g- 1. The silicas were initially modified through silanization reaction with 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane ( APTES ) forming SIN, which was then functionalized separately with the pesticide 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4- D) and glutaraldehyde through the heterogeneous route, thus obtaining the materials SiD and SiG respectively. The materials were characterized by elemental analyzes of C, H and N, measurements of porosity, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and 29Si and 13C NMR. Elemental analyzes indicated amounts of 1,15 10-3 mol of 2,4-D per gram of SiD and 1,57 10-3 mol of glutaraldehyde per gram of SiG. The surface area measurement, pore volume and average pore diameter of the materials, showed a decrease compared to the starting material. FTIR spectra showed characteristics bands from immobilized groups on the silica´s surface. The functionalized surfaces (SiD and SiG) were used to manufacture carbon paste electrodes chemically modified and these were used in the electrochemical detection of catechol and 2,4- D micropollutants in dilute aqueous solutions, and for the last, it was also SiG tested with laccase supported sample. Cyclic voltammetry tests were carried out determining the presence of a redox couple for 2,4 -D in 150 and 482 mV and a redox pair to catechol at 180 and 455 mV. Measurements of differential pulse to determine the optimum pH for the detection of analyte were performed at intervals of analytes reduction, establishing the optimum values of pH 3 and pH 5 for quantification of 2,4-D and catechol, respectively. Curves of peak current as function of analyte concentration at optimum pH were performed in order to attest the viability of (SiD SiG) material as electrochemical sensors, the detection limits of 7,57 ppb to 2,4-D and 0,300 for catechol were found.

No description available.

O ácido 2,4 diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) é um herbicida amplamente utilizado na agricultura sendo moderadamente tóxico para os seres humanos e demais animais. Apresenta neurotoxicidade, mas seu mecanismo de ação no sistema nervoso não está totalmente esclarecido. Há indícios de que este herbicida atue nos neurônios serotoninérgicos e dopaminérgicos de maneira seletiva, mas não há estudos suficientes para afirmarem sua exata ação sobre o sistema nervoso periférico. Entre os efeitos advindos da intoxicação com 2,4-D estão manifestações gastrointestinais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos da administração do 2,4-D diluído em água nos neurônios mioentéricos do duodeno de ratos. Para tanto, 36 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) foram separados em três grupos (n = 12): controle (C); tratamento com 2,5 &#956;g/Kg de 2,4-D (B) e tratamento com 5 &#956;g/Kg de 2,4-D (A). Após 15 dias de experimento, os animais foram anestesiados, eutanasiados e seus duodenos foram retirados. Os neurônios mioentéricos foram evidenciados por meio de preparados de membrana corados pelo método de Giemsa e pela técnica de evidenciação neuronal pela ação da NADH-diaforase. Estes preparados de membrana foram analisados ao microscópio de luz para contagem dos neurônios e através de programa computadorizado de análise de imagens foi feita a mensuração do perfil do corpo celular (PCC) desses neurônios. A análise quantitativa demonstrou diminuição no número de neurônios do duodeno nos animais que receberam 2,4-D, em ambas as técnicas (p<0,05). Predominaram nos três grupos de animais neurônios de tamanho entre 101 e 300&#956;m2. A incidência de neurônios grandes (entre 301 e 600 µm2) foi significantemente maior (p<0,05) nos animais tratados com 2,4-D. Os resultados sugerem que o 2,4-D afeta o plexo mioentérico, sendo sua ação neurotóxica manifestada pela diminuição no número de neurônios e aumento no número de neurônios grandes. / The 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) it is a herbicid thoroughly used in the agriculture and it is poisonous for the human beings and other animals. It presents neurotoxicity but its action mechanism in the nervous system is not totally known. There are evidences that herbicid actuate on selective mode in serotoninergics and dopaminergics neurons, but there isn?t significant studies to prove its discuss action on the peripheric nervous system. Among the effects succeeding of the intoxication with 2,4-D are gastrointestinal manifestations. The present work had as objective verifies the effects of the administration for 15 days of 5 &#956;g and 2,5 &#956;g/Kg of body weight of 2,4-D diluted in water in the duodenum myenteric neurons of the rats. In order to do so, 15 rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into three groups (n = 12): controls (C); treatment with 2,5&#956;g/Kg of 2,4-D (B); and treatment with 5&#956;g/Kg of 2,4-D (A). 15 days later, the animals were anesthetized, killed without pain and your duodenums were removed. The myenteric neurons were stained employing the Giemsa and the NADH-diaforase methods by means of whole mounts preparations. These whole mounts preparations were analyzed in light microscope to count the neurons and through image analysis software to measured the cellular body profile (CBP) of these neurons. The quantitative analysis evidenced reduction in the number of duodenum neurons in animals which received 2,4-D, in both techniques (p<0,05). Predominated in three groups neurons with size between 101 and 300 &#956;m2. Incidence of big neurons (between 301 e 600 &#956;m2) was significantly higher (p<0,05) in the treated with 2,4-D. The results suggest that the 2,4-D affect the myenteric plexus, and its action is expressed by reduction in neurons number and increase in incidence of big neurons.

Em 1998 foi aprovado no Brasil o evento GTS 40-3-2 (Roundup Ready&trade; - RR), que confere tolerância ao herbicida glyphosate em soja. Outra tecnologia de tolerância a herbicida disponível para soja é a Liberty Link&reg; - LL (A2704-12 e A5547-127), que confere tolerância ao glufosinate. O evento DAS44406-6 (Enlist E3&trade; - E3) confere tolerância ao glyphosate, 2,4-D e glufosinate. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar os efeitos de glyphosate no desempenho agronômico e índices de clorofila de soja E3 e RR, aplicado em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento. Avaliar os efeitos de glufosinate no desempenho agronômico e índices de clorofila de soja E3 e LL, aplicado em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento. Avaliar efeitos do herbicida 2,4-D colina, isolado e em associação com glyphosate ou glufosinate, no desempenho agronômico e índices de clorofila de soja E3, para a aplicação em pós-emergência (V4). Foram conduzidos três experimentos, repetidos nas safras 2016/17 e 2017/18, em Mogi-Mirim, SP. O experimento I constituído da aplicação de glyphosate (1.440 g e.a. ha-1), os tratamentos foram dispostos em arranjo fatorial 2X4 (evento X estádio de desenvolvimento). Para o fator evento foram utilizados E3 e RR. Para estádio, controle (sem aplicação), V4, V6 e R2. O experimento II da aplicação de glufosinate (460 g i.a. ha-1), os tratamentos foram dispostos em arranjo fatorial 2X4 (evento X estádio de desenvolvimento). Para o fator evento foram utilizados E3 e LL. Para estádio, os mesmo do experimento I. O experimento III foi constituido da aplicação 2,4-D, glyphosate e glufosinate no estádio V4 da soja E3. Foram avaliados os sintomas de injúria, índices de clorofila, e variáveis relacionadas ao desempenho agronômico. Não foram obsevadas reduções nos índices de clorofila e no desempenho agronômico da soja. Constatou-se a seletividade equivalente de glyphosate para soja E3 e RR, independente do estádio de desenvolvimento. Assim como, a seletividade equivalente de glufosinate para soja E3 e LL, independente do estádio de desenvolvimento. Também constatou-se a seletividade de 2,4-D colina isolado ou em associações com glyphosate ou glufosinate em soja E3. / In 1998 the GTS 40-3-2 (Roundup Ready&trade; - RR) event, which confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicide on soybean. Another herbicide tolerance technology available for soybeans is Liberty Link&reg; - LL (A2704-12 and A5547-127), which confers tolerance to glufosinate. The DAS44406-6 (Enlist E3&trade; - E3) event confers tolerance glyphosate, 2,4-D and glufosinate. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate on agronomic performance and chlorophyll indexes of E3 and RR soybean, applied at different stages of development. To evaluate the effects of glufosinate on the agronomic performance and chlorophyll indexes of E3 and LL soybean, applied at different stages of development. To evaluate the effects of 2,4-D (choline), isolated and in association with glyphosate or glufosinate, on agronomic performance and chlorophyll indexes of E3 soybean, for post-emergence (V4). Three experiments were carried out, repeated in the 2016/17 and 2017/18 seasons, in Mogi-Mirim, SP. The experiment I consisted of the application of glyphosate (1.440 g e.a. ha-1), treatments were arranged in factorial arrangement 2X4 (event X development stage). For the event factor were used E3 and RR. For stadium, control (without application), V4, V6 and R2. The experiment II consisted of the application of glufosinate (460 g e.a. ha-1), treatments were arranged in factorial arrangement 2X4 (event X development stage). For the event factor were used E3 and LL. For stage, the same of experiment I. The experiment III was constituted of the application 2,4-D, glyphosate and glufosinate in the V4 stage of soybean E3. Were evaluated the crop injury, chlorophyll indexes, and variables related to agronomic performance. No reductions in chlorophyll indexes and agronomic performance of soybean were observed. It was found the equivalent of glyphosate selectivity to E3 and RR soybean, regardless of the development stage. As well as, the equivalent selectivity of glufosinate for E3 and LL soybean, regardless of development stage. Also the selectivity of 2,4-D isolated or in associations with glyphosate or glufosinate in E3 soybean.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / BactÃrias do gÃnero Burkholderia possuem a capacidade de biodegradar inÃmeros compostos considerados poluentes. Mediante o exposto, este trabalho visou a identificaÃÃo molecular do isolado SMF042 oriundo de uma coleÃÃo de espÃcies de Burkholderia, verificar sua capacidade biodegradar o herbicida Ãcido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacÃtico (2,4-D), identificar as enzimas envolvidas neste processo por eletroforese bidimensional (2D) e a analisar a expressÃo dos genes tfdA e tfdB da via TFD de biodegradaÃÃo do 2,4-D. A fim de fazer a extraÃÃo de RNA e proteÃnas foi realizado o crescimento bacteriano em dois meios de cultivo BH (meio mineral), um controle, suplementado com glicose (600 mg/L), e outro suplementado com 2,4-D (600 mg/L). A extraÃÃo de RNA foi realizada na fase logarÃtmica enquanto a extraÃÃo de proteÃnas foi feita no inicio da fase estacionÃria de crescimento bacteriano. A partir das proteÃnas extraÃdas foi determinado o mapa bidimensional de referÃncia para cada condiÃÃo. O ajuste das imagens dos gÃis bidimensionais, a detecÃÃo de spots protÃico e a avaliaÃÃo dos dados para determinar variaÃÃes quantitativas e qualitativas, massa molecular (MW) e ponto isoelÃtrico (pI) dos spots foi feito pelo programa ImageMaster e a anÃlise da expressÃo dos genes, foi realizado por qRT-PCR empregando o mÃtodo da expressÃo relativa 2-&#916;&#916;CT. Por meio da anÃlise do gene 16S rRNA o isolado SMF042 foi identificado como Burkholderia phymatum. No tocante a abordagem proteÃmica, o nÃmero mÃdio de spots das rÃplicas dos gÃis foi de 535 (controle) e 705 (tratado). A maior abundÃncia de proteÃnas foi observado nos gÃis na faixa de MW 20 e 40 KDa e pH 5-6. Enzimas envolvidas na biodegradaÃÃo do 2,4-D foram identificadas utilizando os valores de pI e MW do spot em comparaÃÃo com o banco de dados de proteÃnas no ExPASy, foram elas: 2,4-D alfa KG-dependente dioxigenase (tfdA) e clorocatecol 1,2-dioxigenase (tfdC) pertencentes a via TFD e 2,4-D oxigenase da via cadRABK, ambas de biodegradaÃÃo do 2,4-D. ProteÃnas envolvidas na resistÃncia ao estresse quÃmico, tambÃm foram identificadas, sendo elas: proteÃna GrpE e chaperona DnaK. O nÃvel de expressÃo do gene tfdA aumentou cerca de 23 vezes em relaÃÃo ao controle. Pelo exposto, o isolado SMF042 foi capaz de crescer em um meio contendo 2,4-D como Ãnica fonte de carbono, expressou proteÃnas de vias de biodegradaÃÃo do 2,4-D, resistÃncia ao estresse quÃmico e aumentou a expressÃo gÃnico de tfdA, o que indica a importÃncia desta bactÃria na biodegradaÃÃo deste poluente. / Burkholderia bacteria it has ability to biodegrade pollutants considered numerous compounds. By the above, this study aimed to identify molecular SMF042 come from an isolated collection of Burkholderia species, verify their ability to biodegrade the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), to identify the enzymes involved in this process by electrophoresis two-dimensional (2D) and to analyze the expression of genes and TFDA tfdB track TFD biodegradation of 2,4-D. In order to make the extraction of RNA and protein bacterial growth was performed in two culture media BH (mineral medium), a control supplemented with glucose (600 mg / L) and another supplemented with 2,4-D (600 mg / L). RNA extraction was performed in the logarithmic phase while protein extraction was done at the beginning of the stationary phase of bacterial growth. The extracted proteins from two-dimensional map was determined for each reference condition. The adjustment of images of two-dimensional gels, the protein spot detection and evaluation of data to determine quantitative and qualitative changes, molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point (pI) of the spots was made by the ImageMaster software and analysis of gene expression was qRT-PCR performed by using the method of relative expression 2-&#916;&#916;CT. Through the analysis of the 16S rRNA isolate SMF042 was identified as Burkholderia phymatum. Regarding proteomics approach, the average number of spots of the replicas of the gels was 535 (control) and 705 (treated). The most abundant protein in the gels was observed in the range of 20 and 40 MW kDa and pH 5 and 6. Enzymes involved in the biodegradation of 2,4-D were identified using the values of pI and MW of spot against a database of proteins at ExPASy, they were: 2,4-D alpha KG-dependent dioxygenase (TFDA) and chlorocatechol 1 ,2-dioxygenase (tfdC) belonging saw PDT and 2,4-D oxygenase pathway cadRABK, both biodegradation of 2,4-D. Proteins involved in resistance to chemical stress, have also been identified, which are: protein chaperone DnaK and GrpE. The level of gene expression TFDA increased about 23 times compared to control. As shown, the isolated SMF042 was able to grow on a medium containing 2,4-D as sole carbon source expressed protein degradation pathways of 2,4-D, resistance to chemical stress and increased expression of gene TFDA, which indicates the importance of this bacterium in this pollutant biodegradation.

O ácido 2,4 diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) é um herbicida amplamente utilizado na agricultura sendo moderadamente tóxico para os seres humanos e demais animais. Apresenta neurotoxicidade, mas seu mecanismo de ação no sistema nervoso não está totalmente esclarecido. Há indícios de que este herbicida atue nos neurônios serotoninérgicos e dopaminérgicos de maneira seletiva, mas não há estudos suficientes para afirmarem sua exata ação sobre o sistema nervoso periférico. Entre os efeitos advindos da intoxicação com 2,4-D estão manifestações gastrointestinais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos da administração do 2,4-D diluído em água nos neurônios mioentéricos do duodeno de ratos. Para tanto, 36 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) foram separados em três grupos (n = 12): controle (C); tratamento com 2,5 &#956;g/Kg de 2,4-D (B) e tratamento com 5 &#956;g/Kg de 2,4-D (A). Após 15 dias de experimento, os animais foram anestesiados, eutanasiados e seus duodenos foram retirados. Os neurônios mioentéricos foram evidenciados por meio de preparados de membrana corados pelo método de Giemsa e pela técnica de evidenciação neuronal pela ação da NADH-diaforase. Estes preparados de membrana foram analisados ao microscópio de luz para contagem dos neurônios e através de programa computadorizado de análise de imagens foi feita a mensuração do perfil do corpo celular (PCC) desses neurônios. A análise quantitativa demonstrou diminuição no número de neurônios do duodeno nos animais que receberam 2,4-D, em ambas as técnicas (p<0,05). Predominaram nos três grupos de animais neurônios de tamanho entre 101 e 300&#956;m2. A incidência de neurônios grandes (entre 301 e 600 µm2) foi significantemente maior (p<0,05) nos animais tratados com 2,4-D. Os resultados sugerem que o 2,4-D afeta o plexo mioentérico, sendo sua ação neurotóxica manifestada pela diminuição no número de neurônios e aumento no número de neurônios grandes. / The 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) it is a herbicid thoroughly used in the agriculture and it is poisonous for the human beings and other animals. It presents neurotoxicity but its action mechanism in the nervous system is not totally known. There are evidences that herbicid actuate on selective mode in serotoninergics and dopaminergics neurons, but there isn?t significant studies to prove its discuss action on the peripheric nervous system. Among the effects succeeding of the intoxication with 2,4-D are gastrointestinal manifestations. The present work had as objective verifies the effects of the administration for 15 days of 5 &#956;g and 2,5 &#956;g/Kg of body weight of 2,4-D diluted in water in the duodenum myenteric neurons of the rats. In order to do so, 15 rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into three groups (n = 12): controls (C); treatment with 2,5&#956;g/Kg of 2,4-D (B); and treatment with 5&#956;g/Kg of 2,4-D (A). 15 days later, the animals were anesthetized, killed without pain and your duodenums were removed. The myenteric neurons were stained employing the Giemsa and the NADH-diaforase methods by means of whole mounts preparations. These whole mounts preparations were analyzed in light microscope to count the neurons and through image analysis software to measured the cellular body profile (CBP) of these neurons. The quantitative analysis evidenced reduction in the number of duodenum neurons in animals which received 2,4-D, in both techniques (p<0,05). Predominated in three groups neurons with size between 101 and 300 &#956;m2. Incidence of big neurons (between 301 e 600 &#956;m2) was significantly higher (p<0,05) in the treated with 2,4-D. The results suggest that the 2,4-D affect the myenteric plexus, and its action is expressed by reduction in neurons number and increase in incidence of big neurons.

Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2018-03-22T23:46:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Gisele.pdf: 878985 bytes, checksum: f385fcc7c0eb7a372c30d07c4ab76a10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-22T23:46:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Gisele.pdf: 878985 bytes, checksum: f385fcc7c0eb7a372c30d07c4ab76a10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Introduction: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, is one of the most common and ancient herbicides in the world, presents toxicological classification I (extremely toxic) and classification of environmental hazard potential III (dangerous to the environment). Due to the large area of contact between the surface of the respiratory system and the environment, air quality directly interferes with respiratory health, causing an inflammatory response. Objective: To evaluate the histology of the pulmonary epithelium of mice submitted to acute exposure to the 2,4-D herbicide, using histochemical methods. Methods: 60 Swiss male males, divided into four groups, were subjected to acute exposure to the herbicide through two boxes connected to two ultrasonic nebulizers, which sprayed the herbicide with concentration and time recommended for each group. The animals were then euthanized and their lungs removed for analysis. Prism® version 5.6 was used to analyze the results. Normality was determined by the Shapiro-wilk test, to analyze the results of the total, marked, light and body weight areas. Anova was used for two factors (time and concentration), followed by Bonferroni a posteriori test. The values that presented p less than 5% (p <0.05) were considered significant. Results: The analysis of the marked area showed a significant change, more evident in the 48 hour exposure, the most important alteration being found, since the other analyzes did not present significant alteration in any aspect.Conclusion: The present study did not provide evidence of any acute adverse effects of 2,4-D in experimental models, but this result may be related to insufficient exposure time, since the effects on the lower respiratory tract, demonstrated in other studies, occurred in chronically exposed individuals. / Introdução: O ácido 2,4 diclorofenoxiacético, é um dos herbicidas mais comuns e antigos do mundo, apresenta classificação toxicológica I (extremamente tóxico) e classificação do potencial de periculosidade ambiental III (perigoso ao meio ambiente). Devido à grande área de contato entre a superfície do sistema respiratório e o meio ambiente, a qualidade do ar interfere diretamente na saúde respiratória, provocando uma resposta inflamatória. Objetivo: Avaliar a histologia do epitélio pulmonar de camundongos submetidos à exposição aguda ao herbicida 2,4-D, utilizando-se de métodos histoquímicos. Metodologia: Foram utilizados 60 camundongos Swiss adultos machos, divididos em quatro grupos, que sofreram exposição aguda ao herbicida através de duas caixas ligadas a dois nebulizadores ultrassônicos, que pulverizaram o herbicida com concentração e tempo preconizados para cada grupo. Os animais foram então eutanasiados e seus pulmões retirados para análise. Para a análise dos resultados foi utilizado o programa Prism® versão 5.6. A normalidade foi determinada pelo teste de Shapiro-wilk, para análise dos resultados das áreas total, marcada, da luz e do peso corporal. Foi utilizada Anova de dois fatores (tempo e concentração), seguida de teste a posteriori de Bonferroni. Foram considerados significantes os valores que apresentaram p menor que 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: A análise da área marcada apresentou alteração significativa, mais evidente na exposição de 48 horas, sendo a alteração mais importante encontrada, já que as outras análises não apresentaram alteração significativa em nenhum aspecto. Conclusão: O presente estudo não forneceu evidência de qualquer efeito adverso agudo de 2,4-D em modelos experimentais, porém, esse resultado pode estar relacionado ao tempo insuficiente da exposição, visto que os efeitos no trato respiratório inferior, demonstrado em outros estudos, ocorreu em indivíduos expostos de forma crônica.

<p>Herbicide resistance poses a threat to sustainable vegetation management. Recently, the first report of 2,4-D resistance in buckhorn plantain (<i>Plantago lanceolata</i> L.) as well as the first report of 2,4-D resistance in turf was published. Additional 2,4-D resistant buckhorn plantain ecotypes have been reported in Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Virginia in the short time since. Thus, the aims of this research were to investigate the mechanism(s) of 2,4-D resistance in a resistant ecotype of buckhorn plantain, screen other potentially resistant ecotypes and measure them for fitness penalties, and identify effective turfgrass cultural control practices for managing buckhorn plantain. </p><p><br></p><p>A radiolabeled 2,4-D experiment was conducted to investigate absorption and translocation, and a 2,4-D dose-response experiment was conducted using malathion as a cytochrome P450 inhibitor to assess the potential mechanism of 2,4-D resistance in buckhorn plantain. The clearest difference between the resistant (IN-GW) and susceptible ecotype (IN-WL) was the interaction between ecotype and harvest period for [¹⁴C]2,4-D in the non-treated shoots. After 192 hr, the susceptible ecotype had a higher amount of [¹⁴C]2,4-D in the non-treated shoots (16.1%) than the resistant ecotype at any of the harvest periods (5.5-7.3%); the amount of [¹⁴C]2,4-D in the non-treated shoots was similar across all three harvest periods for the resistant ecotype. Thus, reduced translocation plays an apparent role in 2,4-D resistance in buckhorn plantain. Malathion pre-treatment did not fully revert the resistant ecotype back to susceptible. Thus, if cytochrome P450 metabolism is part of the 2,4-D resistance mechanism of this buckhorn plantain ecotype, it is likely a contributor and not the sole mechanism of resistance. </p><p><br></p><p>In total, this research identified four 2,4-D resistant buckhorn plantain ecotypes from Indiana and one from Ohio. Only one report of a failure to control buckhorn plantain was confirmed to be a susceptible ecotype. When compared to susceptible ecotypes in a garden study, no major fitness penalties were identified in resistant ecotypes. </p><p><br></p><p>Given that no specific cultural or biological control methods of buckhorn plantain have been recognized to date, two field trials were conducted to investigate the influence of 1) mowing height and nitrogen rate on buckhorn plantain coverage and 2) mowing frequency on buckhorn plantain coverage and seed production. Nitrogen fertilization and low mowing reduced buckhorn plantain coverage after 3 yr, but low mowing also increased crabgrass and dandelion as well as reduced turf quality. Frequent mowing reduced viable seed production, but that did not translate into a reduction in buckhorn plantain coverage after 2 yr. </p><p><br></p><p>This research demonstrates the complex mechanism of action of 2,4-D, as the resistance mechanism for buckhorn plantain was not fully elucidated. It also highlights the importance of utilizing best management practices for managing weeds in turf, including rotating herbicide chemistries, high and frequent mowing, and nitrogen fertilization.</p>

In the last century, agricultural intensification on the Canadian prairies has resulted in increased pesticide use with the potential to expose non-target organisms to pesticides as a result of non-point source pollution. In order to minimize risk and implement programs and regulations that promote sustainable agricultural practices, information on the types of pesticides being used and their subsequent fate in soils is essential. In this study, pesticide use trends were summarized and Herbicide Risk Indicators (HRIs) were calculated for the 1996-2006 growing seasons; a time period in which genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops were commercially adopted. This study also quantified the influence of soil moisture, temperature, slope position, and soil depth within the plough layer on 2,4-D [2,4-(dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] fate in soil obtained from a cultivated undulating field in Southern Manitoba. Annual pesticide use varied slightly over the 11-year period, but overall, there were no significant increasing or decreasing temporal trends for herbicides, fungicides, or insecticides. Although the total mass of herbicides remained relatively consistent, there was a significant change in the types of herbicides applied associated with the increased adoption of GMHT-canola; the most significant trend being the increase of GLY, from 16% to 45% of the total herbicides used in 1996 to 2006, respectively. HRIs demonstrated that herbicides used in 2006, are on average, more soluble, but less persistent, less volatile, and less acutely toxic to mammals (inhalation and acceptable daily intake), aquatic invertebrates, fish and algae, than those applied in 1996. Although 2,4-D remains one of the top 10 herbicides applied to agricultural crops in Manitoba, there were no significant increasing or decreasing trends in 2,4-D use between 1996 and 2006. Results from the experimental studies revealed that 2,4-D mineralization half-lives (DT50) in soil varied from 3 days to 51 days with the total 2,4-D mineralization (MT) ranging from 5.8 to 50.9%, depending on soil moisture, temperature, slope position, and depth. Both DT50 and MT demonstrated a polynomial relationship with temperature, typical of a biological system with minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures.

In the last century, agricultural intensification on the Canadian prairies has resulted in increased pesticide use with the potential to expose non-target organisms to pesticides as a result of non-point source pollution. In order to minimize risk and implement programs and regulations that promote sustainable agricultural practices, information on the types of pesticides being used and their subsequent fate in soils is essential. In this study, pesticide use trends were summarized and Herbicide Risk Indicators (HRIs) were calculated for the 1996-2006 growing seasons; a time period in which genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops were commercially adopted. This study also quantified the influence of soil moisture, temperature, slope position, and soil depth within the plough layer on 2,4-D [2,4-(dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] fate in soil obtained from a cultivated undulating field in Southern Manitoba. Annual pesticide use varied slightly over the 11-year period, but overall, there were no significant increasing or decreasing temporal trends for herbicides, fungicides, or insecticides. Although the total mass of herbicides remained relatively consistent, there was a significant change in the types of herbicides applied associated with the increased adoption of GMHT-canola; the most significant trend being the increase of GLY, from 16% to 45% of the total herbicides used in 1996 to 2006, respectively. HRIs demonstrated that herbicides used in 2006, are on average, more soluble, but less persistent, less volatile, and less acutely toxic to mammals (inhalation and acceptable daily intake), aquatic invertebrates, fish and algae, than those applied in 1996. Although 2,4-D remains one of the top 10 herbicides applied to agricultural crops in Manitoba, there were no significant increasing or decreasing trends in 2,4-D use between 1996 and 2006. Results from the experimental studies revealed that 2,4-D mineralization half-lives (DT50) in soil varied from 3 days to 51 days with the total 2,4-D mineralization (MT) ranging from 5.8 to 50.9%, depending on soil moisture, temperature, slope position, and depth. Both DT50 and MT demonstrated a polynomial relationship with temperature, typical of a biological system with minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures.