Dispositivos fotovoltaicos híbridos baseados em polímeros conjugados e semicondutores inorgânicos estão sendo utilizados nos últimos anos para a produção de células de energia solar com baixo custo. Para que haja uma alta eficiência é necessária dissociação eficiente de éxcitons, por isso é importante conhecer os níveis de energias dos componentes do dispositivo fotovoltaico. O presente estudos mostra que o sistema híbrido formado por nanofios cilíndricos preparados com heteroestrutura radial de camadas alternadas de GaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs recobertas com polímero conjugado poli-fenileno vinileno (PPV) forma uma opção alternativa para a fabricação de dispositivos fotovoltaicos. Os nanofios foram fabricados por Epitaxia por Feixe Molecular (MBE). Tanto potencial interno radial e modulação energética axial produzem a separação eficiente de elétrons e buracos fotoexcitados, que gera emissões de natureza e origem distintas e singulares nos nanofios: emissões envolvendo a impurezas aceitadoras no centro do núcleo de GaAs, bem como éxcitons indiretos presos a interface WZ e BZ e a interface da barreira estreita de AlGaAs na casca do nanofio. Medidas do decaimento temporal da emissão mostram uma forte dependência tempo de vida com o comprimento de onda, o que está associado com o afunilamento e distribuição energética destes estados emissivos. Medidas da emissão com a temperatura dão forte evidencia experimental de que a energia de ligação das impurezas tem uma forte dependência na direção radial. Este sistema híbrido funciona como coletor eficaz de luz tanto no visível quanto no infravermelho próximo. O trabalho demonstra também por espectroscopia resolvida no tempo que éxcitons são dissociados nas interfaces formadas por filmes ultrafinos de polímeros conjugados e nanofios e que esse material à base de arseneto de gálio (GaAs) atua como um forte receptor e separador de elétrons (alta afinidade eletrônica). / Hybrid photovoltaic devices based on conjugated polymers and inorganic semiconductors are being used in recent years to the production of solar cells at low cost. So there is a high efficiency is required efficient exciton dissociation, so it´s important to know the levels of energy of the components of the photovoltaic device. The present studies show that the hybrid system formed by cylindrical radial heterostructure nanowires prepared from alternating layers of GaAs / AlGaAs / GaAs covered with the conjugated polymer poly-phenylene vinylene (PPV) forms an alternative option for the manufacture of photovoltaic devices. Nanowires were manufactured by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). Both radial and axial inner potential energy modulation produce the efficient separation of electrons and photoexcited holes, which generates distinct and unique nature and source emissions in nanowires: emissions involving the acceptor impurities in the center core of GaAs and indirect excitons attached to the interface WZ and BZ and narrow barrier interface of AlGaAs on the shell of the nanowire. Measures the time decay of the issue show a strong dependence lifetime with the wavelength, which is associated with the bottleneck and energy distribution of emissive states. Emission measurements with temperature provide strong experimental evidence that the impurity binding energy has a strong dependence on the radial direction. This hybrid system works as an efficient collector of light both in the visible and near infrared. The work also shows for time resolved spectroscopy that excitons are dissociated at the interfaces formed by ultrathin conjugated polymers and films and nanowires that this material based on gallium arsenide (GaAs) acts as a strong receiver and electrons separator (high electron affinity ).

Disertacijoje nagrinėjama, kaip padidinti susiaurintų spinduliuotės jutiklių jautrį. Taip pat disertacijoje siekiama ištirti mikrobangų spinduliuotės poveikį susiaurintiems puslaidininkiniams dariniams ir atskleisti stebimų efektų fizinę prigimtį bei nustatyti bandinių struktūros įtaką detektuojamo signalo dydžiui. Darbe sprendžiami tokie pagrindiniai uždaviniai: tiriamos įvairialyčių susiaurintų puslaidininkinių darinių savybės, priklausančios nuo darinių sluoksnių kokybės ir puslaidininkinių medžiagų parametrų bei analizuojamos savybės, priklausančios nuo stipriai legiruoto puslaidininkinio sluoksnio laidumo, nuo skiriamojo sluoksnio storio ir nuo sklendės pobūdžio metalizacijos. Siekiant užsibrėžto tikslo, buvo gaminami ir tiriami susiaurinti skirtingi įvairialyčiai dariniai (AlGaAs/GaAs, AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs) ir n-GaAs dariniai. Disertaciją sudaro penki skyriai, kurių paskutinis – rezultatų apibendrinimas. Pirmajame (įvadiniame) skyriuje nagrinėjamas problemos aktualumas, formuluojamas darbo tikslas bei uždaviniai, aprašomas mokslinis darbo naujumas, pristatomi autoriaus pranešimai, disertacijos struktūra. Antrasis skyrius skirtas literatūros apžvalgai. Jame apžvelgiami elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės detektavimo principai, aptariamos šiluminės ir bigradientinės elektrovaros susidarymo priežastys, AlGaAs/GaAs įvairialytė sandūra, selektyvusis legiravimas bei puslaidininkinių prietaisų fizikinės galimybės. Trečiajame skyriuje pateikta eksperimento tyrimo metodika. Išsamiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The thesis presents the investigation on how to increase the sensitivity of the narrowed sensors of radiation. Also the thesis also deals with the attempts to analyze the influence of the microwave radiation on to the narrowed semiconductor formations and to reveal the physical nature of the observed effects as well as to determine the influence of structure of the samples on the detected signal magnitude. The work solves the following major tasks: the characteristics of the narrowed semiconductor heterostructures depending on the quality of the modulation layers and on the parameters of the semiconductor materials as well as the characteristics, depending on the selectively doped structure, on the conductivity of the highly doped semiconductor layer, and on the thickness of the separating layer, and the type of metallization of the gate. In order to achieve the goal there were produced and investigated narrowed different heterostructures (AlGaAs/GaAs, AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs) and n-GaAs structures. The thesis consists of four chapters, the final one is the generalization of the results. The first chapter (introductory) deals with the actuality of the problem, the aim and the tasks are stated, the novelty of the scientific research is described, the reports of the author are presented together with the publications, and the structure of the thesis. The second chapter is assigned to the review of the literature. It presents the principals of electromagnetic radiation detection... [to full text]

Dispositivos fotovoltaicos híbridos baseados em polímeros conjugados e semicondutores inorgânicos estão sendo utilizados nos últimos anos para a produção de células de energia solar com baixo custo. Para que haja uma alta eficiência é necessária dissociação eficiente de éxcitons, por isso é importante conhecer os níveis de energias dos componentes do dispositivo fotovoltaico. O presente estudos mostra que o sistema híbrido formado por nanofios cilíndricos preparados com heteroestrutura radial de camadas alternadas de GaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs recobertas com polímero conjugado poli-fenileno vinileno (PPV) forma uma opção alternativa para a fabricação de dispositivos fotovoltaicos. Os nanofios foram fabricados por Epitaxia por Feixe Molecular (MBE). Tanto potencial interno radial e modulação energética axial produzem a separação eficiente de elétrons e buracos fotoexcitados, que gera emissões de natureza e origem distintas e singulares nos nanofios: emissões envolvendo a impurezas aceitadoras no centro do núcleo de GaAs, bem como éxcitons indiretos presos a interface WZ e BZ e a interface da barreira estreita de AlGaAs na casca do nanofio. Medidas do decaimento temporal da emissão mostram uma forte dependência tempo de vida com o comprimento de onda, o que está associado com o afunilamento e distribuição energética destes estados emissivos. Medidas da emissão com a temperatura dão forte evidencia experimental de que a energia de ligação das impurezas tem uma forte dependência na direção radial. Este sistema híbrido funciona como coletor eficaz de luz tanto no visível quanto no infravermelho próximo. O trabalho demonstra também por espectroscopia resolvida no tempo que éxcitons são dissociados nas interfaces formadas por filmes ultrafinos de polímeros conjugados e nanofios e que esse material à base de arseneto de gálio (GaAs) atua como um forte receptor e separador de elétrons (alta afinidade eletrônica). / Hybrid photovoltaic devices based on conjugated polymers and inorganic semiconductors are being used in recent years to the production of solar cells at low cost. So there is a high efficiency is required efficient exciton dissociation, so it´s important to know the levels of energy of the components of the photovoltaic device. The present studies show that the hybrid system formed by cylindrical radial heterostructure nanowires prepared from alternating layers of GaAs / AlGaAs / GaAs covered with the conjugated polymer poly-phenylene vinylene (PPV) forms an alternative option for the manufacture of photovoltaic devices. Nanowires were manufactured by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). Both radial and axial inner potential energy modulation produce the efficient separation of electrons and photoexcited holes, which generates distinct and unique nature and source emissions in nanowires: emissions involving the acceptor impurities in the center core of GaAs and indirect excitons attached to the interface WZ and BZ and narrow barrier interface of AlGaAs on the shell of the nanowire. Measures the time decay of the issue show a strong dependence lifetime with the wavelength, which is associated with the bottleneck and energy distribution of emissive states. Emission measurements with temperature provide strong experimental evidence that the impurity binding energy has a strong dependence on the radial direction. This hybrid system works as an efficient collector of light both in the visible and near infrared. The work also shows for time resolved spectroscopy that excitons are dissociated at the interfaces formed by ultrathin conjugated polymers and films and nanowires that this material based on gallium arsenide (GaAs) acts as a strong receiver and electrons separator (high electron affinity ).

L'infrarouge est un domaine spectral particulièrement attrayant pour de nombreux champs d'applications, tels que les télécommunications, la détection, etc. Cependant, les sources infrarouges compactes disponibles à l'heure actuelle pour le domaine spectral R-moyen sont particulièrement couteuses à fabriquer ou à mettre en oeuvre. Ce projet de recherche propose une nouvelle famille de sources infrarouges compactes utilisant les propriétés non-linéaires de l'AlGaAs. Afin de réaliser la preuve de concept pour ces nouvelles sources infrarouges, un convertisseur de longueur d'onde, basé sur un guide d'onde submicrométrique, fonctionnant par génération de seconde harmonique a été conçu. Dans le but de permettre l'interaction non-linéaire et de maximiser son rendement de conversion, différents critères doivent être respectés : des dimensions très précises ainsi que des flancs non rugueux, homogènes et verticaux. Le défi de ce projet de doctorat était donc de développer un procédé de fabrication de guides d'onde créneaux submicrométriques en GaAs/AlGaAs à fort rapport d'aspect et rugosité latérale minimale. Nous avons ainsi optimisé l'étape cruciale de gravure plasma ICP des matériaux. La recette développée est reproductible. La chimie Cl[indice inférieur 2]/BCl[indice inférieur 3]/Ar/N[indice inférieur 2] utilisée permet de graver non sélectivement des structures nanométriques en GaAs/Al[indice inférieur x]Ga[indice inférieur 1-x]As quelque soit la valeur de la composition x en aluminium. Les flancs et les fonds de gravure sont exempts de rugosités et le dépôt de couche inhibitrice permet d'atteindre de forts rapports d'aspect. Ce procédé nous a permis de fabriquer des guides d'onde submicrométriques avec des verticalités quasi idéales et des rapports d'aspect extrêmes encore jamais publiés : 80 nm de large et 2,6 [micro]m de haut, soit un rapport d'aspect supérieur à 32. Une fois ces guides d'onde fabriqués, l'étape suivante a consisté à mesurer les pertes de propagation afin d'évaluer leurs performances, qui se sont révélées excellentes. Ainsi, un guide de 550 nm de large présente des pertes de propagation d'environ 40 dB/cm inférieures à celle d'un guide strictement identique présenté dans la littérature. Ces résultats ont permis à nos collaborateurs de réaliser la conversion de longueur d'onde dans ces structures : une onde infrarouge à 1582 nm génère une onde à 791 nm. De plus, le composant final est accordable en température ([delta][lambda] [tilde] 2 nm pour +3[degrés Celsius]) comme en largeur de guide ([delta][lambda] [tilde] 53 nm pour +50 nm). Cette réalisation est le premier pas vers de nouvelles sources infrarouges non linéaires, cohérentes, compactes, peu couteuses et compatibles avec l'optique intégrée. Dans le but d'améliorer davantage ces performances, nous avons également étudié le traitement de passivation de surface. L'intérêt de cette passivation est d'améliorer l'homogénéité des surfaces, en réduisant les densités de défauts responsables des pertes par recombinaisons non radiatives. Les traitements de passivation réalisés sur GaAs les plus efficaces ont permis de réduire la densité d'états de surface, originellement supérieure à 10[indice supérieur 13] cm[indice supérieur -2] eV[indice supérieur -1], à 5-7.10[indice supérieur 11] cm[indice supérieur -2]eV[indice supérieur -1]. Un tel traitement est donc prometteur pour les composants semi-conducteurs à fort rapport"surface/volume". Par conséquent, ce travail de doctorat a permis de mettre en place un procédé reproductible pour la fabrication de dispositifs complexes à base de structures GaAs/AlGaAs dont la qualité à permis la démonstration de la conversion non-linéaire des signaux optiques.

In this thesis, a detailed study of the electrical and optical characterisations of Heterojuction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs) for optical detection is presented. By comparing both DC and optical characterisations between In0.49Ga0.51P/GaAs Single Heterojuction Bipolar Transistors (SHBTs) and Double Heterojuction Bipolar Transistors (DHBTs), the advantages of using the DHBT as a short wavelength detector are shown. Phenomena related to the base region energy band bending in the DHBT caused by a self-induced effective electric field is discussed and its effects on the performance of the device are elaborated. The use of an eye diagram has been employed to provide requisite information for performance qualification of SHBT/DHBT devices. These give a more detailed understanding compared to conventional S-parameters method. A detailed comparison of In0.49Ga0.51P/GaAs SHBT and DHBT performance using an eye diagram as a functional tool by adopting a modified T-shaped small signal equivalent circuit are given. By adopting this modified T-shaped small signal equivalent circuit, the use of In0.49Ga0.51P/GaAs Double Heterojuction Phototransistors (DHPT) as a short wavelength photodetector is analysed. It is therefore shown that an eye diagram can act as a powerful tool in HBTs/HPTs design optimisations, for the first time in this work. In order to predict the spectral response (SR) and optical characterisations of GaAs-based HPTs, a detailed theoretical absorption model is also presented. The layer dependence of an optical flux absorption profile, along with doping dependent absorption coefficients are taken into account for the optical characterisation prediction. With the aim of eliminating the limitation of current gain as a prerequisite, analytical modelling of SR has been developed by resolving the continuity equation and applying realistic boundary conditions. Then, related physical parameters and a layer structure profile are used to implement simulations. A good agreement with the measured results of the Al0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs HPT is shown validating the proposed theoretical model.