Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / The present research stemmed from (a) Mayer's finding that there is no generalization between contralateral sites in the visual cortex of the albino rat (when the sites were stimulated by way of implanted electrodes, one being used as a conditioned stimulus, the other as a test stimulus in order to measure the extent of generalization); (b) anatomical data on the visual cortex, e.g., Nauta and Bucher's finding of rich inter-connections among the cells of the visual cortex of the same side (in the rat), and similar findings by Sholl with regard to the cat; and (c) the work of Myers, who found (with cats) that interocular transfer always appears unless both the posterior corpus callosum and the decussating fibers of the optic chiasm are cut. If (1) generalization between the activity of different parts of the brain on intact neural inter-connections between these areas (as suggested by Myers' research) and (2) cells in the ipsilateral visual cortex of rats are richly interconnected (as Nauta and Bucher,report}, then one should expect substantial generalization from one site in the visual cortex to another on the same side [TRUNCATED].

Introducción: Ansiedad enfermedad del milenio, el cual requiere tratamiento para evitar trastorno mayores. Objetivo: Determinar efecto sedante de Melissa officinalis “Toronjil” más Matricaria chamomilla “Manzanilla” sobre ansiedad inducida en ratones albinos. Diseño: Experimental. Lugar: Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Material Biológico: ratones, ratas albinos. Intervenciones: Treintaises ratones fueron inducidos a hiperactividad y/o cambios conductuales por NMDA, considerándose grupos 1) SSF 10 mL/kg; 2) NMDA 75 mg/kg; 3, 4, 5) NMDA + Extracto 1, 2, 4 g/Kg correspondientemente, y 6) NMDA + DAP-7 antagónico del NMDA 0.33 nmol/kg; observándose hiperactividad, cambios conductuales, periodo latencia en minutos y porcentaje de protección. Se comparó el efecto sedante con diazepam en 30 ratones: 1) SSF 10 mL/kg; 2) diazepam 50 mg/kg; 3, 4, y 5) Extracto 1, 2, 4 g/kg respectivamente, midiéndose tiempo de dormir (minutos). Se realizó el estudio de estudio de toxicidad crónica a 60 días en 20 ratas divididos en 4 grupos: 1, 2 blanco control 3, 4, (extracto alcohólico) a dosis de 4 g/Kg. por vía oral, se evaluó los niveles tóxicos determinando a nivel, Bioquímicos: urea, colesterol, transaminasas, lipoproteína HDL e histología. Resultados: Los compuestos fenólicos y terpenoídes estuvieron en mayor cantidad en el extracto alcohólico; el 100% (p<0.05) de ratones mostró efecto sedante; los hallazgos hematológicos, bioquímicos se encontraron dentro de los límites aceptados; e histopatológicamente no hubo evidencia de cambios morfológicos. Conclusiones: El extracto alcohólico de hojas y flores de Melissa officinalis “Toronjil” más Matricaria chamomilla “Manzanilla” es sedante en ratones, y sin toxicidad en ratas. Palabras clave: Extracto alcohólico, sedación, plantas medicinales, NMDA, diazepam, DAP-7 / --- Introduction: Anxiety millennium ilness requires treatment to prevent further disorder. Objective: To determine the sedative effect of Melissa officinalis "Toronjil" Matricaria chamomilla more "Manzanilla" on anxiety induced in albino mice. Design: Experimental. Location: Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry of the Mayor national university, San Marcos. Biological Material: Mice, albino rats. Interventions: 36 mice were induced hyperactivity and / or behavioral changes by NMDA, considering groups 1) SSF 10 mL / kg; 2) NMDA 75 mg / kg; 3, 4, 5) NMDA + Extract 1, 2, 4 g / Kg correspondingly, and 6) NMDA antagonist + DAP NMDA-7 0.33 nmol / kg; observed hyperactivity, behavioral changes, latency period in minutes and percentage of protection. Was compared the sedative diazepam in 30 mice: 1) SSF 10 mL / kg; 2) diazepam 50 mg / kg; 3, 4, and 5) Extract 1, 2, 4 g / kg, respectively, measured sleep time (minutes). Chronic toxicity study it has been made 60 days in 20 rats divided into 4 groups: 1, 2 white handle 3, 4, (alcoholic extract) at a dose of 4 g / kg., urea, cholesterol, transaminases, lipoprotein HDL and the histology: toxic levels by orraly determining a level Biochemicals evaluated. Results: The phenolic and terpenoid compounds were more abundant at the alcoholic extract; 100% (p <0.05) in mice showed sedative effect; hematological findings, biochemical were within accepted limits; and histopathologically there was evidence of morphological changes. Conclusions: The alcoholic extract of leaves and flowers of Melissa officinalis "Toronjil" Matricaria chamomilla more "Manzanilla" is sedative in mice without toxicity in rats. Keywords: Alcoholic extract, sedation, medicinal plants, NMDA, diazepam, DAP-7

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The efficacy of immersion anaesthesia with tricaine methanesulfonate or propofol on silver catfish Rhamdia quelen was assessed through induction and recovery times and observation of mortality. Two types of comparisons were conducted: one contrasting grey silver catfish of three size ranges and another comparing two strains of the species, albino and grey. For tricaine methanesulfonate, there was no uniform relationship between the induction and recovery times and the size of the grey silver catfish. The grey animals were more sensitive to the anaesthetic than the albinos were, and recovery was also faster in the grey fish group. Induction of propofol anaesthesia had a direct relationship with size, with the small animals reaching anaesthesia stage earlier. No uniform pattern was observed for recovery among the three different sizes. Propofol promoted faster anaesthesia in the grey animals than in the albinos, but no direct relationship was observed for recovery between the strains. No mortality was detected throughout the experiment. This study reports a novel, efficient and practical use of propofol as an immersion anaesthetic for fish and notes the first time that silver catfish have been anesthetised with such an agent. The best outcomes with propofol were registered in the size range comparison, indicating that 12 mg.L-1 is the most efficient concentration to anesthetise the small fish and that 10 mg.L-1 is a more appropriate concentration for anaesthesia of the medium and large animals. With regard to tricaine methanesulfonate, 300 mg.L-1 promoted satisfactory results for anaesthesia of the large fish in the size range comparison and the albino in the strain comparison. The grey fish responded better to 100 mg.L-1 of the anaesthetic in the latter evaluation. These findings show that it is essential to consider size and strain when anesthetising silver catfish with tricaine methanesulfonate or propofol bath solution. / A eficácia da anestesia em banho de imersão com metanosulfonato de tricaína ou propofol em jundiá Rhamdia quelen foi avaliada através de tempos de indução e recuperação anestésica e observação de mortalidade. Foram realizados dois tipos de comparações: um contrastando jundiás cinzas de três tamanhos e outro comparando duas variedades da espécie, albina e cinza. Para metanosulfonato de tricaína, não houve relação uniforme entre tempos de indução e recuperação e tamanho dos jundiás. Os peixes cinzas foram mais sensíveis ao anestésico do que os albinos e a recuperação também ocorreu mais rapidamente nos animais cinzas. Indução anestésica com propofol apresentou relação direta com o tamanho dos peixes, sendo os pequenos os primeiros a atingirem o estágio de anestesia. Não foi observado padrão uniforme entre os diferentes tamanhos de peixe na recuperação. Propofol induziu anestesia mais rapidamente nos peixes cinzas do que nos albinos, mas não foi observada relação direta entre as duas variedades na recuperação. Não houve mortalidade ao longo do experimento. Este estudo descreve um uso novo, eficiente e prático de propofol como anestésico para banho de imersão em peixes, bem como o primeiro relato de anestesia de jundiá com este agente. Os melhores resultados com propofol foram registrados na comparação entre jundiás cinzas de diferentes tamanhos, indicando 12 mg.L-1 como a concentração mais eficaz para anestesia dos peixes pequenos e 10 mg.L-1 como a mais eficiente para os peixes médios e grandes. Com relação ao metanosulfonato de tricaína, 300 mg.L-1 promoveu resultados satisfatórios para anestesia dos peixes grandes na comparação entre tamanhos e para anestesia dos albinos na comparação entre variedades. Nesta última, os jundiás cinzas responderam melhor a concentração de 100 mg.L-1. Estes resultados demonstram ser essencial considerar tamanho e variação genética quando opta-se por anestesiar jundiás em banho de imersão com metanosulfonato de tricaína ou propofol.

1. Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University 2. Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education Abstract Brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) generally serves an inhibitory role in aggressive behavior. But little is known about how 5-HT works during agonistic interaction and where the related works take place in the brain. Paradise fish has regular and ritual process of agonistic interaction which can be separated into three phases, namely, initial phase, threatening phase, and fighting phase. In initial phase, two fish encounter and swim close to each other. In threatening phase, two fish display shaking, head-tail swimming to threat their opponent. In fighting phase, two fish bite each other. With its stereotyped pattern of agonistic behaviors and amenability for pharmacological manipulation, paradise fish represents an excellent model for studies on neurochemical basis of aggressive behaviors. The results suggested that proper visual stimulus stemming from the interacting opponents elicits a socially stressful state that activates the telencephalic serotonergic system of the receipting paradise fish. The elevated serotonergic activity appears to inhibit the interacting individuals from entering fighting phase by constraining them to threatening phase. Presumably, diminishing activity of the telencephalic serotonergic system ushers in physical fighting behaviors.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2273273 bytes, checksum: afe75a32141cc8b050636b76ca53f785 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Frog meat show highlights because has the high value proteins biological and also low-fat because therefore has been considered as a dietary supplement and for treatment of various diseases and food allergy. It is necessary to obtain news products from frog meat to offer in the marked. Lyophilization of frog meat could be like an alternative for this problem because can add value in the innless parts noble, and we can have available and the excellent raw material for make some news products. The objectives of the present study were to: determine the composition of frog meat albino and pigmented normal; Post-mortem behavior from pH; and freeze-dry to study the meat from bullfrog aiming to offer it with high value protein and also the mineral value to obtain the specific food products. We used 150 bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus). 75 were pigmented and 75 were albinos from the same spawn, males and females reared under Anfigraja separated into pens according to their own pigmentation. The animals were followed until it to obtain the weight of 230 ± 20 g, it happened in the February from to September 2011 (7 months). The method of killing was stunning electronarcosis with and without bleeding. Separation was performed and boning cuts according to the treatments. The sample were dry by until constant weight. The analyses were performed on fresh beef meat and lyophilized. We did in a 2x3 factorial (two cultivars x three cuts) with three replications in a completely randomized design. Manual boning was used to flank and thighbones and mechanics to the back. Frog albino had the higher initial pH for all sections except in the mechanically separated dorsal (DMS), the behavior was similar to the curves varieties, but not to the cuts, they were composed of muscles and different fiber composition that affect the pH value. Proximate food composition was similar for the two different frog albino and pigmented. The iron content was higher frog albino and show statistic difference from the normal pigmentation. Meat from bullfrog albino or pigmented in all courts had adopted the high protein content and mineral. For lyophilized samples range factor was only significant influence in determining the goal of color lyophilized meat. The cuts differ in composition, and the thigh and flank cuts more similar, with higher amounts of protein, and the back always different from the others with the highest percentage of lipids. The water solubility was determined not influenced by the factors studied, so the parameter to choice of which one treatment to use in developing a product with this raw material will depend on their physicochemical properties. The freeze-dried frog meat can be considered like an excellent ingredient to enrichment and the production the protein foods for specific purposes. / A carne de rã destaca-se nutricionalmente por suas proteínas de alto valor biológico e por seu baixo teor em gorduras, por esse motivo pode ser indicada como complemento alimentar no tratamento de diversas doenças e alergias alimentares. Neste sentido existe a necessidade de se criar produtos a partir da carne de rã, que sejam viáveis, e venham atender essa demanda. A liofilização pode ser uma alternativa para esse problema, pois além de agregar valor aos cortes menos nobres, pode disponibilizar uma matéria-prima de excelente qualidade para a elaboração de diversos produtos. Objetivou-se neste trabalho determinar a composição centesimal da carne de rã albina e de pigmentação normal, estudar o comportamento do pH pós morte, liofilizar e estudar a carne de rã-touro com a premissa de disponibilizar matéria-prima de alta qualidade proteica e mineral para a elaboração de produtos para fins específicos. Foram utilizadas 150 rãs-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus), sendo 75 pigmentadas e 75 albinas, provenientes de uma mesma desova, machos e fêmeas, criados em sistema Anfigranja separados em baias de acordo com sua pigmentação. Os animais foram acompanhados até atingirem o peso de 230 ± 20 g, isso ocorreu no período de fevereiro a setembro de 2011 (7 meses). O método de abate foi com insensibilização por eletronarcose e sem a sangria convencional. Foi realizada a separação dos cortes e a desossa. As amostras de carne foram liofilizadas até atingirem peso constante. As análises foram feitas na carne in natura e na carne liofilizada. O experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial 2x3 (duas variedades x três cortes) com três repetições, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foi utilizada a desossa manual para a coxa e a fraldinha e a desossa mecânica para o dorso. A rã albina apresentou pH inicial maior para todos os cortes exceto o dorso mecanicamente separado (DMS), o comportamento das curvas foi semelhante para as variedades, mas não para os cortes, pois eram compostos por diferentes músculos, o que influenciou no valor do pH. A composição centesimal foi semelhante para albinos e pigmentados, apenas o teor de ferro foi maior na rã albina diferindo estatisticamente da rã de pigmentação normal. A carne de rã-touro albina ou pigmentada em todos os cortes adotados apresentou alto conteúdo protéico e mineral. Para as amostras liofilizadas o fator variedade teve influencia significativa somente na determinação da cor. Os cortes diferiram entre si na composição centesimal, sendo a coxa e a fraldinha os cortes mais semelhantes, apresentando maior quantidade de proteínas, e o dorso sempre diferente dos demais com maior percentual de lipídeos. A solubilidade em água não foi influenciada pelos fatores estudados, logo para definir qual corte utilizar na elaboração de algum produto, a escolha será em função das propriedades físico-químicas de cada um. A carne de rã liofilizada apresenta-se como um ingrediente de primeira linha para o enriquecimento e produção de alimentos proteicos para fins específicos.

Dialects have always had a negative reputation, and have been considered beneath the national language. Even the literature composed in the various regional languages has been considered inferior to the Italian one until only a few years ago, because it was thought that this literature had as an exclusive theme the peasant-popular world. / This thesis will not only demonstrate that dialects are languages deserving of respect, but also that Lucano dialect literature is not bogged down to the peasant-popular world. In fact, it is capable of expressing any concept that any national language is capable of, even if that concept does not originate in the peasant-popular world.

This research charts the long cultural trajectory of albinism from early modern travel encounters and Enlightenment exhibitions to medical classification and biological experimentation. It argues the whiteness of albinism functioned as a visible provocation to thinkers involved in work crucial to major conceptual developments in western science and medicine. It stresses this rare complexion was a prism through which medical and scientific researchers studied human variation, disease and inheritance. It examines how albinism paralleled a broader historical production of modern racial and pathological identities. T¬his research traces medico-scientific discourses in order to understand their affect on people diagnosed with albinism. It commences with analysis of ‘unusually white’ people in travel narratives and Enlightenment ephemera between 1650-1799. It bridges plural representations of ‘unusual whiteness’ as sub-human or racially distinct with the crystallisation from the 1770s of a pathological definition for ‘leucoethiopia’. It demonstrates circulation of medical case studies and the formal classification of albinism as congenital disease by medical men in 1822 reflected a far-reaching revolution in medical thought and practice across Europe. It links this medical paradigm shift with the rise of heredity theory from the 1850s. It argues widespread experimentation with albino animals supported fierce early twentieth-century debates among biologists about Mendel’s laws of heredity. It concludes with analysis of the dialectic between medical knowledge about albinism and ‘albino’ identities. It argues people with albinism both internalised and camouflaged medical associations with defect through the adoption of class privilege and individual social tactics. Overall, this research makes a significant claim to rethink the histories of race, disability and medicine. It spotlights albinism as a critical nexus to understand the making of the normal and the pathological body, and it pinpoints the unstable relationship between medical diagnosis and individual agency.

The diploma thesis is devided into two parts – theoretical and practical. The theoretical part deals with fatty acids, their nomenclature and chemical composition. Further the diploma thesis focuses on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) – their analytical determination, metabolism, important representatives and influence on human nutrition. The practical part deals with the experiment, in which the fatty acids content was determined in mg/100 g using gas chromatography. Testing was carried out using model animals – rats Wistar Albino and pigs Landrace and Large White. By using statistical processing, the differences in the deposition of PUFAs in the livers of these animals, were compared.

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