The current study aimed to simultaneously examine cognitive, social and personality development in a cross-sectional sample of 3rd, 4th and 5th grade children to explore the interplay among these processes and how they relate to changes in children's understanding of alcohol. To replicate previous work, this study comprehensively examined relative increases in types of expectancies as a function of development. Results demonstrated that children in higher grades held more positive, negative and sedating expectancies of alcohol and positive alcohol expectancies increased more than negative alcohol expectancies. Improved performance on cognitive measures were associated with positive alcohol expectancy endorsement, indicating that children's ability to incorporate positive beliefs about alcohol, which are conflicting with information typically taught to children in this age range, may be related to their ability to form and articulate concepts with age. Among male participants, sensation seeking increased with age and was strongly associated with positive ideas about alcohol use, such as wanting to experiment with alcohol or planning to drink as an adult. Social influences on alcohol expectancies included exposure to drinking. When children's parents drank more, they had higher positive, negative and sedating alcohol expectancies, indicating that they had a greater understanding of all potential consequences of drinking, while children whose friends drank had higher positive but not other types of expectancies. Additionally, children who turned to adults for advice held increasing levels of negative and sedating alcohol expectancies across age, while children who sought support from their peers showed higher levels of positive and arousing expectancies across age groups. The interplay between cognitive development and risk factors such as social awareness of alcohol, source of social influence, and sensation seeking personality begins to demonstrate key relationships to alcohol expectancies in late childhood. These social and personality risk factors are likely to play an even greater role in early adolescence as children move to middle school and experience puberty. This study provides a basis for future elaboration of the roles these constructs play in an individual's ability to understand the multifaceted expectations that are held in our society about the effects of alcohol on human behavior.

To drink moderately can be hard for many people and there is a lot of norms that will amp up the temptation to drink more. In this essay the focus is to see what effect technology has when it comes to regulate alcohol consumption. The technology reviewed was the application Promillekoll, created by Systembolaget. This application gives the user an estimated value on what blood alcohol level the user had after consuming alcohol. By using different methods to collect data it helped to locate what kinds of norms there was when alcohol was being consumed and how they are playing a part in the regulation of alcohol. This essay also helped to figure out what kind of trust the user has for this type of application and what the application need so that the user will continue to use the application. The result indicate that the user can achieving a change in their behavior but they need the right attitude to achieve it. Many wanted an update of the features in the application to make it more appealing for them to use it, because the interaction in the application is not perfect. The main thing that hindering the application was the social norms that comes with drinking alcohol. / Att dricka lagom mycket kan vara svårt för många och det finns flera normer som ökar påfrestelsen att dricka mera. I denna studie ligger fokus på att ta reda på vilken effekt tekniken har när det kommer till att reglera alkoholkonsumtion. Den teknik som granskades är applikationen Promillekoll, som är en applikation framtagen av Systembolaget. Den ger  användaren ett uppskattat värde av ens promillehalt när de dricker. Men hjälp av olika metoder samlades data in för att ta reda på över vilka typer av normer som finns när det kommer till alkoholkonsumtion och hur de spelar in för regleringen av alkohol samt ta reda på hur stor tillit användarna hade till applikationen och vad som krävdes för att de skulle fortsätta användningen av applikationen. Resultatet tyder på att det går att uppnå en förändring med hjälp av applikationen men då krävs det att användaren har rätt attityd från början. Många respondenter ville däremot ha en uppdatering av applikationen då interaktionen inte var så effektiv som den skulle kunnat vara. Dock stod flera sociala normer i vägen för att tekniken skulle kunna vara effektiv.