O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade de água em viveiro de piscicultura com florescimento de cianobactérias e a toxicidade aguda (DL50-24h) de microcistina nas espécies matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) e tilápia nilótica (Oreochromis niloticus), bem como as alterações histológicas nas brânquias, rins e fígado nos peixes. Foi realizado o monitoramento da qualidade de água de um empreendimento piscícola localizado na cidade de Espírito Santo do Pinhal/SP, Brasil. Foram realizadas, em datas distintas, duas coletas de amostras de água contendo floração de microalgas, para análise da composição fitoplanctônica, determinação de toxinas e bioensaios toxicológicos em laboratório. Foram realizadas medições das variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas da água, e determinação do estado trófico do viveiro monitorado. O viveiro apresentava-se hipereutrófico, com presença de cianotoxinas representadas por microcistinas com valores variando entre 229,2 e 147,4 µg/g. O florescimento de cianobactérias apresentou-se de composição mista, representado principalmente pelas espécies Anabaena circinalis, A. spiroides, Aphanocapsa sp., Microcystis aeruginosa, M. panniformis, M. viridis, M. cf. wesembergii, Pseudanabaena mucicola, entre outras espécies. Os resultados dos bioensaios com microcistina obtida do extrato bruto de fitoplâncton do florescimento não apresentaram letalidade para os peixes. Contudo, foram verificadas alterações em órgãos dos peixes testados, como a presença de depósitos hepatocelulares intracitoplasmáticos, degeneração vacuolar observada em epitélio tubular renal, e proliferação de epitélio de revestimento (hiperplasia) das brânquias, com casos de fusão total das lamelas secundárias, tanto para matrinxã como para tilápia nilótica. Extratos brutos de cianotoxina, em concentrações a partir de 125 mg/kg de peso corporal, injetados em peixes provocam efeitos deletérios com expressiva alteração nas brânquias, rins e fígado. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality in fish earthpond with blooms of cyanobacterias and acute toxicity (DL50 - 24 hs) of microcystin in species (Brycon cephalus) and tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) as well as histological changes in gills, kidney and liver in fish. Water quality monitoring was carryed out in a pisciculture in Espirito Santo do Pinhal city, SP, Brazil. There were two collections of water samples containing bloom of cyanobacteria for analysis of microalgae composition, toxin determination and toxicological bioassay in laboratory. Measurements of physical, chemical and biological variables were done and determination of trophic status of pond water were monitored. The results according to the trophic state index of samples taken showed hipereutrophic state for the pond water. Was evident the presence of cyanobacteria, represented by microcystins with values ranging from 229.2 to 147.4 µg/g. The bloom of cyanobacteria presented mixed composition, represented mainly by species Anabaena circinalis, Anabaena spiroides, Aphanocapsa sp., Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis panniformis, Microcystis viridis, Microcystis cf. Wesembergii, Pseudanabaena mucicola among others. The results of tests with crude extract of bloom cyanobacteria did not show mortality of fish. However, there were changes in cellular structures of fish tested as the presence of hepatocellular intracytoplasmatic deposit, vacuolar degeneration observed in renal tubular epithelium, and proliferation of epithelial lining (hyperplasia) of gills, with cases of total fusion of secondary lamellae for both tilapias and for matrinxã. Crude extract of cyanotoxins, in concentrations of 125 mg/kg of body weight, injected in fishes provoke deleterious effect with expressive changes in the gills, kidney and liver.

Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin produced by the harmful algae Pseudo-nitzschia that has been directly linked to mass stranding events of the California Sea Lion (CSL). The purpose of this paper is to review the anthropogenic influence on the production of this neurotoxin and examine how human activities are impacting this marine mammal species. A comprehensive and interdisciplinary literature review was conducted to evaluate the future sustainability of the CSL population. It was found that while Pseudo-nitzschia bloom developments are vulnerable to anthropogenic influences, the incontestable existence of natural contributing factors adds a certain complexity to the determination of causalities and the development of solutions. Strong evidence exists to show that DA can cause major and irreversible neurological damage in CSLs. Rehabilitation of DA-impacted CSLs is a polarizing issue in the U.S. and presents interesting implications for sustainable development. While the CSL population is currently healthy and plenteous, the strong abundance of future uncertainties warrants concern. A balance must be found between the involving social, economic, and environmental factors to ensure a promising future for the CSL species.

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade de água em viveiro de piscicultura com florescimento de cianobactérias e a toxicidade aguda (DL50-24h) de microcistina nas espécies matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) e tilápia nilótica (Oreochromis niloticus), bem como as alterações histológicas nas brânquias, rins e fígado nos peixes. Foi realizado o monitoramento da qualidade de água de um empreendimento piscícola localizado na cidade de Espírito Santo do Pinhal/SP, Brasil. Foram realizadas, em datas distintas, duas coletas de amostras de água contendo floração de microalgas, para análise da composição fitoplanctônica, determinação de toxinas e bioensaios toxicológicos em laboratório. Foram realizadas medições das variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas da água, e determinação do estado trófico do viveiro monitorado. O viveiro apresentava-se hipereutrófico, com presença de cianotoxinas representadas por microcistinas com valores variando entre 229,2 e 147,4 µg/g. O florescimento de cianobactérias apresentou-se de composição mista, representado principalmente pelas espécies Anabaena circinalis, A. spiroides, Aphanocapsa sp., Microcystis aeruginosa, M. panniformis, M. viridis, M. cf. wesembergii, Pseudanabaena mucicola, entre outras espécies. Os resultados dos bioensaios com microcistina obtida do extrato bruto de fitoplâncton do florescimento não apresentaram letalidade para os peixes. Contudo, foram verificadas alterações em órgãos dos peixes testados, como a presença de depósitos hepatocelulares intracitoplasmáticos, degeneração vacuolar observada em epitélio tubular renal, e proliferação de epitélio de revestimento (hiperplasia) das brânquias, com casos de fusão total das lamelas secundárias, tanto para matrinxã como para tilápia nilótica. Extratos brutos de cianotoxina, em concentrações a partir de 125 mg/kg de peso corporal, injetados em peixes provocam efeitos deletérios com expressiva alteração nas brânquias, rins e fígado. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality in fish earthpond with blooms of cyanobacterias and acute toxicity (DL50 - 24 hs) of microcystin in species (Brycon cephalus) and tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) as well as histological changes in gills, kidney and liver in fish. Water quality monitoring was carryed out in a pisciculture in Espirito Santo do Pinhal city, SP, Brazil. There were two collections of water samples containing bloom of cyanobacteria for analysis of microalgae composition, toxin determination and toxicological bioassay in laboratory. Measurements of physical, chemical and biological variables were done and determination of trophic status of pond water were monitored. The results according to the trophic state index of samples taken showed hipereutrophic state for the pond water. Was evident the presence of cyanobacteria, represented by microcystins with values ranging from 229.2 to 147.4 µg/g. The bloom of cyanobacteria presented mixed composition, represented mainly by species Anabaena circinalis, Anabaena spiroides, Aphanocapsa sp., Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis panniformis, Microcystis viridis, Microcystis cf. Wesembergii, Pseudanabaena mucicola among others. The results of tests with crude extract of bloom cyanobacteria did not show mortality of fish. However, there were changes in cellular structures of fish tested as the presence of hepatocellular intracytoplasmatic deposit, vacuolar degeneration observed in renal tubular epithelium, and proliferation of epithelial lining (hyperplasia) of gills, with cases of total fusion of secondary lamellae for both tilapias and for matrinxã. Crude extract of cyanotoxins, in concentrations of 125 mg/kg of body weight, injected in fishes provoke deleterious effect with expressive changes in the gills, kidney and liver.

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No description available.

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I compared and contrasted nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and land use differences in two oligotrophic lakes (Sooke and Shawnigan) and two meso-eutrophic lakes (St. Mary and Elk) in order to evaluate nutrient concentrations over time, and evaluate the relationship between in-lake nutrients and land use in the surrounding watershed. I used MapShed© nutrient transport modeling software to estimate the mass load of phosphorus and nitrogen to each lake, and evaluated the feasibility of land use modifications for reducing in-lake nutrients. In comparing nitrogen and phosphorus data in Sooke and Shawnigan Lakes, I determined that natural watershed characteristics (i.e., precipitation, topography, and soils) did not account for the elevated nutrient concentrations in Shawnigan verses Sooke Lake. Natural watershed characteristics indicated that external loads into Shawnigan Lake would be lesser-than or equal to those into Sooke Lake if both watersheds were completely forested. I evaluated trends of in-lake nutrient concentrations for Sooke and Shawnigan Lakes, as well as two eutrophic lakes, St. Mary and Elk. Ten to 30-year trends indicate that nitrogen and phosphorus levels in these lakes have not changed significantly over time. Time-segmented data showed that nutrient trends are mostly in decline or are maintaining a steady-state. Most nutrient concentration data are not precipitation-dependent, and this, coupled with significant correlations to water temperature and dissolved oxygen, indicate that in-lake processes are the primary influence on lake nutrient concentrations -- not external loading. External loading was estimated using, MapShed©, a GIS-based watershed loading software program. Model validation results indicate that MapShed© could be used to determine the effect of external loading on lake water quality if accurate outflow volumes are available. Based on various land-cover scenarios, some reduction in external loading may be achieved through land-based restoration (e.g., reforestation), but the feasibility of restoration activities are limited by private property. Given that most of the causal loads were determined to be due to in-lake processes, land-based restoration may not be the most effective solution for reducing in-lake nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. / Graduate

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