No description available.

The discovery of new geometries in the 19th century and the departure from an absolute to a relative understanding of space-time, together with the invention of higher dimensions have caused a shift towards the idealization of space. This new type of ideal space was called hyperspace. The counter-intuitive quality of hyperspace has opened up new formal possibilities and representation techniques in art and architecture. In a similar manner, with the introduction of computers, the virtual and immaterial quality of cyberspace has offered new design techniques and forms to architecture. Algorithmic design tools and the use of surface as the primary architectural element in cyberspace have caused a shift in the conception of space together with the way it is perceived. Taking its departure point from physical space, this thesis investigates the upper and lower dimensions of space in order to understand and analyze the current conception of architectural space in the virtual realm. Three types of spatial qualities are investigated in detail: the ideal characteristic of hyperspace, the visual medium of cyberspace and the algorithmic formation of hypospace.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-25T13:28:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandoaugustocapuzzodelima.pdf: 6152432 bytes, checksum: 3675029f4950888d8c5071bd7d5d4a44 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-25T16:34:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandoaugustocapuzzodelima.pdf: 6152432 bytes, checksum: 3675029f4950888d8c5071bd7d5d4a44 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-25T16:34:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandoaugustocapuzzodelima.pdf: 6152432 bytes, checksum: 3675029f4950888d8c5071bd7d5d4a44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-26 / Em um cenário de constantes mudanças tecnológicas e sociais, as crescentes complexidades do projeto contemporâneo vêm aumentando significativamente. O uso de softwares com abordagens paramétricas na exploração de projetos tem facilitado a automação dos demorados processos de desenho manual e permitido a introdução de alterações em fases posteriores do projeto. A inclusão do projeto algorítmico na prática projetual leva a necessidade de repensar o processo de projeto com base em conceitos não-lineares, isso porque sua construção está vinculada a um histórico projetual explícito. O enfoque deste trabalho foi o processo de desenvolvimento de um produto (PDP). O objetivo foi propor um modelo de referência de processo, que integrado com os Sistemas Generativos de Projeto (SGP), permitiu entender a sistemática da modelagem tridimensional nos softwares Rhinoceros e Grasshopper. Para que esse objetivo fosse alcançado foi utilizada a metodologia Design Science Research, onde foram analisados dois estudos de caso e desenvolvido um estudo exploratório intitulado de “Mesa dinâmica: uma experiência de mobiliário generativo”. Essa experimentação prática nos permitiu entender o fluxo de informações de um PDP quando associado aos SGP. O ato de tornar o processo explícito pode contribuir como um método estruturado na aplicação dos princípios lógicos do projeto algorítmico, agindo como uma lista de verificação no desenvolvimento de futuros projetos e promovendo uma comunicação mais rápida e eficiente entre os vários projetistas. / The contemporary design complexities have significantly increased in a scenario of continuous technological and social changes. Using parametric approach-based softwares to explore designs helps automating time-consuming hand drawing processes and allows making changes in later stages of the design. The algorithmic design inclusion into design practices leads to the need to rethink the design process based on non-linear concepts, since its construction is linked to an explicit design history. The current study focuses on the product development process (PDP). It has the aim of proposing a process reference model that, in articulation with Generative Design Systems (GDS), allows understanding how threedimensional modeling operates in softwares such as Rhinoceros and Grasshopper. Thus, a Design Sciense Research methodology that included the analysis of two case studies as well as the development of an exploratory study entitled "Dynamic table: a generative furniture experience" was used. This practical experimentation allowed understanding the information flow of a GDS-associated PDP. Making this process explicit may work as a structured method to apply the logical principles of algorithmic design. It may also work as a checklist in the development of future designs and provide faster and more efficient communication between different designers.

O projeto de arquitetura é uma atividade que frequentemente demanda respostas claras a problemas não bem definidos. Isto conduz a diferentes tipos de abordagem para a elaboração de propostas de projetos, muitas das quais baseadas em tomadas de decisão intuitivas. Sistema de Apoio à Decisão (SAD) é um conceito que se aplica a qualquer ferramenta capaz de organizar informações com o intuito de apoiar a tomada de decisões. Na prática, se traduz em softwares que conduzem e organizam informações, para que a tomada de decisões possua maior embasamento, maior grau de racionalização e melhor eficiência. O uso de softwares na arquitetura data da década de 1960, com a introdução dos sistemas de Desenho Assistido por Computador (CAD), dedicado quase inteiramente restrito à atividade representacional, possuindo pouco impacto sobre o processo de concepção do projeto. O desenho algorítmico, ou paramétrico, entretanto, apresenta crescente utilização no mercado da arquitetura, com o intuito de fornecer arcabouços lógicos, típicos da programação de computadores, orientados à concepção de projetos. Estudos demonstram que o desenho algorítmico pode ser de grande valia na compreensão de espaços urbanos, e em espacial, de assentamentos informais. Os assentamentos informais geralmente possuem conformação complexa, dada a sua natureza transgressora, alheia à lógica e aos códigos da cidade formal. Por outro lado, os projetos de habitação social, comumente direcionado a população residente nestes assentamentos, pouco correspondem a esta complexidade ou se apoiam em leituras locais. As experiências nacionais de programas de oferta habitacional, como o Banco Nacional de Habitação (BNH) e o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) priorizaram, de uma maneira geral, quantidade sobre a qualidade, resultando em massificação de unidades habitacionais repetitivas e pouco conectadas ao perfil socioambiental local. Dados locais que possam auxiliar no desenvolvimento de propostas habitacionais de melhor qualidade são escassos quando relativas aos assentamentos informais. Este estudo objetivou a elaboração de um framework para a condução de informação de assentamentos informais, extraída por meio de processamento de imagens de satélite e dados censitários, na elaboração de estudos primários volumétricos desenvolvidos com uso do desenho algorítmico. Para isso, uma estrutura de trabalho de 6 etapas foi desenvolvida e explorada num estudo de caso hipotético, tendo por base uma comunidade informal real, o bairro da Ilhinha, localizado em São Luís - MA. Neste estudo de caso, foi possível verificar que o framework forneceu amparo para a tomada de decisões no desenvolvimento de estudos de implantação de blocos, quantificação de unidades e distribuição destas nos blocos, parâmetros conectados direta e dinamicamente com os dados extraídos nas etapas iniciais. / Architectural design is an activity that often demands clear answers for not well-defined problems. That incurs in different approaches to design process. Many of these approaches are based in intuitive decision making. Decision Support Systems (DSS) is a concept applied to any tool capable of organizing information that aims to support decision making process. In practice, this concept is applied to software oriented to drive and organize information so that the decision-making process can be enhanced upon theoretical basis, rationalization and efficiency. In architecture, software usage dates from the 1960 decade, when Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems were introduced. That usage remains almost entirely restricted to the representational activity, having small impact upon conceptive design stages. Algorithmic (or parametric design) on the other hand, gains increasing usage and acceptance within architecture market, aiming to deliver logic frameworks (common in computer programming) oriented to conceptive design. Some studies point out that algorithmic design can be useful to understand urban spaces, especially unformal settlements. The settlements usually have complex conformation, given is transgressive nature, aside from logic and codes of formal cities. Housing projects, often directed to these settlements resident population, weakly corresponds to this complexity and rarely is supported by local readings. Brazilian experiences with housing programs as Banco Nacional de Habitação (BNH) and Minha Casa Minha Vida program (PMCMV) prioritized, generally speaking, quantity over quality, resulting in massification of repetitive habitational units, weakly or not connected to local socioenvironmental characteristics. Local data availability, which can assist the development of better quality housing design, is rare when related to unformal settlements. This study aimed to develop a framework to drive information from unformal settlements, extracted by satellite imagery processing and census data, to develop basic volumetric studies with algorithmic modeling. To achieve this, a 6-stage workflow was developed and explored in a hypothetic case study, based in a real unformal settlement - Ilhinha neighborhood, in São Luís, northeast Brazil. It was verified that the framework enabled a better supported decision mass study making process of implantation of housing blocks and quantification and distribution of habitational unities, parameters directly and dynamically linked to information gathered from the framework first stages.

O processo de projeto de arquitetura, engenharia e construção (AEC) tem evoluído consideravelmente com a finalidade de responder à complexidade dos sistemas interconectados de um edifício (TOULOUPAKI e THEODOSIOU, 2017). Vêm sendo solicitados à arquitetura contemporânea, processos de projeto capazes de quantificar e qualificar o maior número de variáveis presentes nos sistemas de um edifício, com a intenção de balancear suas dinâmicas e inter-relações (SHI e YANG 2013). A presente pesquisa utiliza o processo de projeto orientado ao desempenho como condutor de sua investigação. Os projetos e pesquisas que exploram o desempenho através da otimização de projetos em AEC são predominantemente internacionais. Além desse aspecto, grande parte dos processos e seus conjuntos de procedimentos não são publicados, especialmente os métodos para gerar os algoritmos utilizados. Muitas destas não detalham, tampouco disponibilizam suas implementações. Tal condição impossibilita conclusões seguras sobre as características das otimizações produzidas, dificulta a reprodução dos métodos e desampara discussões sobre soluções alternativas. Desta maneira, torna-se reduzida a reflexão na arquitetura sobre quais métodos são mais apropriados para a otimização de determinados problemas do projeto arquitetônico (WORTMANN et al., 2015). Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa estrutura-se na metodologia Design Science (SIMON, 1996), dada sua natureza de produção de conhecimento através da abordagem pragmática e interdisciplinar, envolvendo conteúdo da arquitetura e da ciência da computação. Pode-se por fim afirmar que com o apoio da metodologia empregada na presente pesquisa, desde a revisão bibliográfica ao plug-in ArchOptimum desenvolvido nos experimentos realizados, obteve-se resultados que colaboram com a compreensão e abertura dos potenciais da associação entre a arquitetura e a ciência da computação através do design computacional. / The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) design process has evolved considerably in order to respond to the complexity of the interconnected building systems (TOULOUPAKI and THEODOSIOU, 2017). In contemporary architecture, computational design processes are capable of quantifying and qualifying better variables present in the building, balancing their dynamics and interrelationships (SHI and YANG 2013). This research uses the process of Performance-oriented Architectural Design as the driver of its investigation. Research and projects in AEC that explore performance through optimization are predominantly international. In addition, most of the processes and their sets of procedures are not published, especially the methods to generate the algorithms used. Many of these do not detail and make their implementations available. This makes it impossible to secure conclusions about the characteristics of the optimizations produced, makes it difficult to reproduce the methods, and disregards discussions about alternative solutions. These facts reduce the reflection on which methods are more appropriate for the optimization of specific problems of the architectural design (WORTMANN et al., 2015). In this context, the present research is structured in the Design Science methodology (SIMON, 1996), given its nature of knowledge production through the pragmatic and interdisciplinary approach, involving the content of architecture and computer science. Finally, it is possible to state that with the support of the methodology used in the present research, from the bibliographic review to the ArchOptimum plug-in developed in the experiments, we obtained results that collaborate with the understanding and opening the potencies of the association between architecture and computer science through Computational Design.

This study targets to address the problem of &#039 / new building in a traditional setting&#039 / , utilizing computational design tools. The intention is to provide a methodology for analysis of architectural features of a traditional tissue and moreover propose computational design strategies utilizing algorithms for processing analytical data serving new building design. In the introduction part, this goal is exposed as well as a critic discussion based on a conservationist perspective for contemporary examples of computational design. Contemporary digital tools and methods employed in the field of architecture are discussed with a focus on algorithmic approaches, followed by a brief history for utilization of computational tools and digital design philosophy in the following chapter. Moreover organic architecture is discussed as a complex entity composed of integral elements and their relations, as well as the designer

FAD * for Stadsgårdskajen Re-introduction of some of the knowledge from the master builder to the contemporary architect. This project investigates the interaction between designing architecture and building architecture in a computer controlled context. Algorithms have been developed to simulate and control an automated in situ brick stacking process. Brick laying is a well researched topic for robotic processes. It is an ideal material for building with robots (in Stockholm) since it is a generic building block that is cheap and easy to produce locally. Corbeled vaults, instead of keystone vaults, can be built without support and with all identical elements and are therefore also suitable for robotic fabrication.  The algorithms have been incorporated in a parametric model that have been used to develop public building at Stadsgårdskajen, Stockholm. FAD is about creating and explore a different architectural expression as well as reintroducing the brick as a relevant construction material for Stockholm. / FAD* för Stadsgårdskajen Återinförande av några av byggmästarens förmågor till den samtida arkitekten I detta examensarbete undersöks förhållandet mellan att designa arkitektur och att bygga arkitektur i en datorkontrollerad miljö. Algoritmer har utarbetats för att simulera och styra en automatiserad in situ murningsprocess. Inom fabrikation och automatisering med industrirobotar är tegelband ett välundersökt ämne. Tegel är ett idealiskt material vid byggande med robotar. Det är enkelt och billigt att framställa och tegel som byggkloss är en lämplig typologi för addativ fabrikation med robotar. Valv byggda genom utkragning istället för traditionella valvbågar kan byggas utan stöd och med identiska element. Därför är denna byggnadsteknik även lämplig för additiv fabrikation med robotoar. Algoritmerna har intergrerats i en parametrisk modell som har använts för att formge en offentlig byggnad på Stadsgårdskajen i Stockholm. FAD handlar såväl om skapande och utforskande av ett nytt arkitekturspråk som av återinförande av tegel som ett betydelsefullt konstruktionsmaterial i Stockholm.

A pesquisa está inserida no contexto do Design Computacional, área que explora a computação como uma ferramenta de projeto de arquitetura. Para declarar e desenvolver projetos, é comum a utilização de linguagens de programação visual. No entanto, limitações no uso de linguagens visuais são reconhecidas, como as restrições encontradas na flexibilidade e escalabilidade dos códigos. Para estender o acesso à métodos de resolução de problemas nesses sistemas, usuários frequentemente recorrem ao uso de linguagens de programação textual, que permitem a utilização de mais estruturas de controle. Ainda assim, é comum que arquitetos sejam induzidos a realizar mudanças nos processos para acomodar a falta de controle e resultados inesperados de projeto. Isso acontece em parte pela falta de clareza em como utilizar a programação e todo o potencial dos métodos computacionais. Além disso, há uma falta de evidências empíricas usando projetos reais de arquitetura que apoiem discussões sobre o futuro das ferramentas de programação para arquitetos. Esta pesquisa investiga a comparação entre o uso de linguagens de programação visual e textual e visa sugerir diretrizes para melhorar as interfaces de programação utilizadas atualmente na área. Para isso, realizamos análises baseadas em métricas de avaliação de linguagens de programação e nas Dimensões Cognitivas (GREEN; PETRE, 1996). Adicionalmente, exploramos como estudo de aplicação um Projeto Orientado ao Desempenho, o Vancouver Academic Building do escritório americano Perkins+Will. O escritório implementou inicialmente o projeto usando a linguagem visual Grasshopper, com o objetivo de otimizar o design de uma fachada explorando o equilíbrio entre aspectos de iluminância e eficiência energética. Reimplementamos o estudo de aplicação utilizando uma linguagem textual e o ambiente de programação Rosetta (LOPES; LEITÃO, 2011). À medida que procuramos solucionar a lacuna existente na comparação dos fluxos de trabalho entre linguagens visuais e textuais recorrendo a um projeto real, selecionamos este estudo de aplicação porque ele abrange um processo orientado ao desempenho em vez de um projeto apenas paramétrico. Existem diferenças fundamentais encontradas entre estes dois fluxos de trabalho em relação a estratégias de escalabilidade e fluxo de dados, pois o orientado ao desempenho requer mais estruturas de controle como iteração e recursão. Identificamos diferenças relevantes entre ambas as linguagens e o potencial no uso das textuais no aumento significativo da escalabilidade do código e do modelo; aumento da confiabilidade dos resultados de desempenho do projeto e maior controle e clareza do processo utilizado. Apontamos também para as qualidades de interação e expressividade inerente das linguagens visuais. A partir do cruzamento teórico-prático, indicamos diretrizes que compõem em que medida o uso preferencial de linguagens textuais e linguagens híbridas (que integram ambas) podem melhorar a confiabilidade do Projeto Orientado ao Desempenho, assim como a possibilidade de aplicar métodos mais claros e eficazes no desenvolvimento do Projeto Algorítmico. / This research is contextualized in the Computational Design field, an area that explores computation as an architectural design tool. To declare and develop projects, it is common to use visual programming languages. However, limitations in the use of visual languages are well known, such as the constraints found in the flexibility and scalability of codes. To extend access to problem-solving methods in these systems, users often resort to the use of textual programming languages, which allow the use of more control structures. However, it is common for architects to be induced to make changes to processes to accommodate the lack of control and unexpected design results. This happens partly due to the lack of clarity in how to use programming and the full potential of computational methods. In addition, there is a lack of empirical evidence using real architectural designs that support discussions about the future of programming tools for architects. This research investigates the comparison between the use of visual and textual programming languages and aims to suggest guidelines to improve the programming interfaces currently used in the area. To achieve this, we perform analyzes based on evaluation metrics of programming languages and Cognitive Dimensions (GREEN; PETRE, 1996). In addition, we explored a Performance-driven Architectural Design as a study case, the Vancouver Academic Building, from Perkins+Will. The office initially implemented the design using Grasshopper visual language to optimize the design of a façade by exploring the balance between aspects of illuminance and energy efficiency. We reimplement the case study using a textual language and the Rosetta programming environment (LOPES; LEITÃO, 2011). As we attempt to solve the existing gap in the comparison of workflows between visual and textual languages using a real project, we select this case study because it covers a performance-oriented process rather than a parametric design only. There are fundamental differences found between these two workflows in relation to scalability and data flow strategies since the performance-driven one requires more control structures such as iteration and recursion. We identified relevant differences between both languages and the potential in the use of textual ones in the significant increase of code and model scalability; increased reliability of project performance results and better control and clarity of the process. We also point to the inherent qualities of interaction and expressiveness of visual languages. From the theoretical-practical cross, we indicate the guidelines that make up the extent to which the preferential use of textual languages and hybrid languages (which integrate both) can improve the reliability of the Performance-driven Design, as well as the possibility of applying clearer and more effective methods in the development of the Algorithmic Design.

This thesis deals with the design and manufacturing of custom-made immobilization orthosis for the upper limb. Emphasis is put on the digitization of the approach and integration of additive manufacturing in the workflow of splint production. The solution proposes automatic model construction based on a 3D scan. Such a model is further parametrized in order to provide splinting practitioners with customization abilities. Particular attention is paid to the changes of limb volume due to swell, where the use of auxetic structures is suggested.

This work investigates the Fresnel-lens-based solar concentrator-receiver system in a multi-perspective manner to design, test and fabricate this concentrator with high-efficiency photon and heat outputs and a minimized effect of chromatic aberrations. First, a MATLAB®-incorporated algorithm optimizes both the flat-spot and the curved lens designs via a statistical ray-tracing methodology of the incident light, considering all of its incidence parameters. The target is to maximize the solar ray intensity on the receiver's aperture, and therefore, achieve the highest possible focal flux. The algorithm outputs prismatic and dimensional geometries of the Fresnel-lens concentrator, which are simulated by COMSOL® Multiphysics to validate the design. For the second part, a novel genetically-themed hierarchical algorithm (GTHA) has been investigated to design Fresnel-lens solar concentrators that match with the distinct energy input and spatial geometry of various thermal applications. Basic heat transfer analysis of each application decides its solar energy requirement. The GTHA incorporated in MATLAB® optimizes the concentrator characteristics to secure this energy demand, balancing a minimized geometry and a maximized efficiency. Two experimental applications were selected from literature to validate the optimization process, a solar welding system for H13 steel plates and a solar Stirling engine with an aluminum-cavity receiver attached to the heater section. In each case, a flat Fresnel-lens with a spot focus was algorithmically designed to supply the desired solar heat, and then a computer simulation of the optimized lens was conducted showing great comparability to the original experimental results. Thirdly, the prismatic geometry of the Fresnel lens was further optimized through a statistical approach that incorporates laws of light refraction and trigonometry. The proposed design produces high focal irradiance that is more suitable for thermal applications. The motivation was to enhance the tolerability of a flat Fresnel-lens concentrator to tracking errors, without the use of secondary optics or sophisticated, and normally costly, meticulous tracking equipment. A comparative simulation analysis was conducted for two case studies from literature, each with a different design method. Fresnel lenses optimized by this work enhanced the concentration acceptance product (CAP) significantly, compared to that in literature. Then, this work introduced an innovative code-based, detailed, and deterministic geometrical approach, which couples the optimization of the Fresnel lens primary optical element (POE) and the dome-shaped secondary optical element (SOE). The objective was to maximize the concentration acceptance product, while using the minimum SOE and receiver geometries at a given f-number and incidence angle (also referred to as the tracking error angle). The laws of polychromatic light refraction along with trigonometry and spherical geometry were utilized to optimize the POE grooves, SOE radius, receiver size, and SOE–receiver spacing. Two literature case studies were analyzed to verify this work's optimization, and the equivalent POEs designed by this work, with optimized SOEs, showed a significant enhancement in the CAP values compared to that of literature. Lastly, four methods for prototyping the Fresnel lens were discussed and experimentally tested; 3D printing, acrylic resin casting, direct CNC machining in acrylic and hot embossing. Once tested, the methods of CNC machining and hot embossing of acrylic proved to be the most promising in terms of cost, fabrication time, and concentration effectiveness. Future work will focus on enhancing the algorithmic design and improving the quality of lens fabrication.