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The reason for this paper is to present a study of the compatibility of alkyd polyesters and acrylic paints in a painting technique incorporating plastic laminations. A number of tests ware conducted in order to discover the basic handling and visual characteristics of polyester in combination with acrylic paints. After the initial experiments, or "test plates," the information derived was applied to a series of demonstration paintings.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2006. / Title from title screen (viewed on Dec. 6, 2007). Title from document title page. Includes bibliographical references. Available in PDF format via the World Wide Web.

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A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Polymer Chemistry. / The dissertation studies the synthesis, formulation development, crosslinking and spectral characterisation of dehydrated castor oil poly(glyceryl phthalate) alkyd resins for use as air-dry surface coating vehicles. Synthesis of alkyd resins involves simultaneous dehydration, alcoholysis and polyesterification reactions. Dehydration of castor oil is achieved in situ under phthalic anhydride catalysis. Alcoholysis of dehydrated castor oil by glycerol is also achieved in situ to form predominantly the monoglyceride. Polyesterification of the resultant mono- and diglycerides is realised through interaction with phthalic anhydride. The reaction is carried out at 280°C for 3 hours and at 225°C for 2 hours under azeotropic distillation with xylene. The parent poly(glyceryl phthalate) alkyd resin is synthesized by reaction of castor oil, glycerol and phthalic anhydride to a predetermined acid value. Formulation development experiments were carried out to study the effect of variations in the dibasic acid to polyol/oil and polyol to oil ratios on alkyd resin properties. Model formulations exhibiting the best alkyd performance were developed. Predictive model formulation equations were derived from model formulation data and their limits of reliability and applicability established. The formulation of water soluble alkyd resins is modified to introduce pendant carboxylic acid groups along the polymer skeleton. Water solubility is achieved by neutralisation of the residual pendant carboxylic acid groups by 'fugitive' amines to yield water soluble alkyd soaps. The effect of variations in the nature and level of incorporation of amine is investigated. Alkyd resin solubilisation and resin acidity guide formulae were studied and developed. Cross-linking chemistry of alkyd resins, both in the reactor (gelation) and on application (film formation) is investigated. Gelation manifested itself in two different forms, thermoplastic and thermosetting. An important alkyd constant, K, was established as an indispensable tool in control of premature gelation and in the prediction of resin drying characteristics. Autooxidation and solvent evaporation are the two competing curing mechanisms encountered in film formation. The nature and influence of each curing mechanism on the rate of cure and film characteristics is highlighted. Catalysis experiments were conducted with metallic driers (Co2 Mn2 and Pb2} to bring the rate of drying of resin films to economically feasible limits and catalyst addition levels were established. New spectral characterisation techniques based on Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy were investigated. An extensive study was carried out on FT IR spectral data to establish qualitative and quantitative relationships between transmission peak ratios and alkyd resin composition. Series dependent and series independent correlation equations, useful in quantifying alkyd resin components were derived. A new FT IR spectroanalytic characterisation method for dibasic acids is proposed. The method, if adopted, affords both qualitative and quantitative characterisation of the dibasic acid component in the alkyd resin matrix and it is envisaged the technique will supersede conventional methods in terms of speed and simplicity.' / Andrew Chakane 2021

La famille des résines alkydes occupe une place prépondérante dans l'industrie des peintures et vernis. Leur élaboration s'effectue en milieu fondu à des températures supérieures à 180°C. Puis ces résines sont émulsionnées dans l'eau en présence de pigments, charges et de tensioactifs. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'effectuer la synthèse de ces alkydes à partir de monomères d'origine naturelle par polyestérification directement en émulsion dans l'eau et sous activation micro-ondes pour des gains de temps et d'énergie. La synthèse de ces alkydes a été réalisée tout d'abord en masse sous chauffage conventionnel, en utilisant des monomères issus principalement de la chimie verte. Puis les comportements énergétiques des émulsions de type huile/eau ou eau/huile ainsi que des solutions ioniques et micellaires ont été étudiés, permettant ainsi de comprendre la contribution de chacun des ses constituants. Avant d'effectuer la polyestérification des alkydes en émulsion dans l'eau, une étude modèle a été réalisée sous chauffage diélectrique MO en utilisant deux monomères de nature hydrophobes. Par comparaison avec le chauffage conventionnel, des polymères de masses molaires plus fortes sont obtenus en un temps plus court. La transposition de ce type de synthèse aux alkydes en utilisant deux principales voies de synthèses, en une seule ou deux étapes, nous a permis de sélectionner les bons tensioactifs permettant de maintenir des émulsions (huile /eau) stables à des températures allant jusqu'à 230°C. Cependant cette synthèse n'a abouti qu'à la formation d'un polymère de masse molaire de 3000 g/mole ce qui reste très faible par rapport à la synthèse en milieu fondu. Ceci est la conséquence directe de la compétition entre la réaction d'hydrolyse et la réaction de polyestérification. L'étude de la réaction d'hydrolyse des triglycérides provenant de l'huile de tournesol conduite en émulsion dans l'eau (eau/huile et huile/eau ) sous activation MO, montre une accélération de la réaction et par conséquent tout l'intérêt d'utiliser une activation micro-ondes / Alkyd resins are amongst the most important and widely used resins in coating sectors. Their preparation is carried out in bulk at elevated temperatures (˃180 ° C). These resins are then emulsified in water in the presence of pigments, fillers and surfactants. The objective of this thesis is to synthesis these alkyds directly in aqueous emulsion under microwaves activation to accelerate polyestrification reaction. The synthesis of these alkyds was performed in a molten state under conventional heating using monomers mainly from green chemistry. Then the energy behavior of emulsions, ionic and micellar solutions were studied, allowing understanding the contribution of each of their constituents. Before performing the polyesterification of alkyd emulsion in water, the polyesterification of hydrophobic compounds in aqueous emulsion was carried out under dielectric heating MO. Compared with conventional heating, polymers with molar masses higher are obtained in a shorter time. The transposition of this type of synthesis with Alkyd using two main synthetic routes, in one or two steps, we were able to select the surfactants to maintain emulsions (oil/water) stable at temperatures up to 230 °C. However, this synthesis led to the formation of polymer molar mass of 3000 g / mol, which is very low compared to the synthesis in the bulk conditions. This is a direct consequence of the competition between hydrolysis reaction and polyesterification reaction. The triglycerides hydrolysis study from sunflower oil in aqueous emulsion (water / oil and oil/water) under MO activation shows an acceleration of the reaction

Jusqu'à récemment, l'industrie chimique se contentait de développer des produits en répondant exclusivement à des contraintes de prix et de performance sans accorder d'importance à l'origine et à la toxicité des matières premières utilisées. Cependant, face à la diminution des ressources pétrolières et aux enjeux environnementaux, le développement de produits durables a connu un fort essor au cours des dernières années et confronte dorénavant les chimistes à de nouvelles contraintes sanitaires et environnementales. Dans ce contexte, la vieille chimie des peintures alkydes a été remise à l’ordre du jour, puisqu'utilisant un liant issu d'une polycondensation entre des matières premières renouvelables. Le séchage d’une peinture alkyde implique à l’heure actuelle un mécanisme oxydatif nécessitant d'être catalysé par des sels de Cobalt pour se produire en moins de 6 h. Ces catalyseurs sont potentiellement cancérogènes et soumis au règlement REACH. Après un état de l'art sur les alkydes et les alternatives aux sels de cobalt, trois mécanismes de réticulation ont été proposés afin d'offrir une alternative viable au séchage oxydatif. Ces trois mécanismes reposent sur une réaction chimique à température ambiante entre deux groupements fonctionnels. Plusieurs résines alkydes biosourcées et ainsi fonctionnalisées ont été synthétisées et caractérisées par mesures physico-chimiques. Leurs performances de séchage ont ensuite été évaluées et comparées au séchage oxydatif d'une résine alkyde conventionnelle par mesure de leur dureté Persoz, leur jaunissement dans le temps, leur brillance ou encore par mesure d'angle de contact. / Up to recently, the origin and toxicity of raw material were not a major concern for the chemical industry, the main drivers of innovation being cost and performance. Increasing awareness of sustainability, supported by both public opinion and governments, is now adding a new constraint for chemists to take into account the origin of the raw materials used. In this context, alkyd coatings are making a huge comeback, because based on a binder obtained by polycondensation reactions of renewable raw materials. Conventional alkyd paints chemically dry through an oxidative mechanism, which requires cobalt salt to occur in less than 6 h. Chemical regulations such as REACH tend to limit the use of colbalt salts, because of their potentially carcinogenic effect. After reviewing the current state-of-the-art regarding conventional alkyd resins and cobalt salts alternatives, we proposed three new non-oxidative drying mechanism, each involving a chemical reaction between two key functional groups. Several biobased alkyd resins bearing these chemical groups were synthesized and characterized by physico-chemical analysis. Their drying performances were evaluated by following over time the Persoz hardness, the gloss, the yellowing or the contact angles. These non-oxidative crosslinking mechanisms were then compared with the oxidative drying of a conventional alkyd binder.

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