Global ETD Search

1	Gene Expression and DNA Methylation in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Nordlund, Jessica January 2012 (has links) Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children, which results from the malignant transformation of progenitor cells in the bone marrow into leukemic cells. The precise mechanisms for this transformation are not well defined, however recent studies suggest that aberrant regulation of gene expression or DNA methylation may play an important role. Hence, the aim of this thesis was to use novel methods to investigate genome-wide gene expression and DNA methylation patterns in a large collection of primary ALL cells from pediatric patients. With these studies, we aimed to increase the understanding of factors that regulate gene expression and DNA methylation in ALL. In the first study of the thesis we found that data obtained from genome-wide digital gene expression analysis enabled excellent cytogenetic subtype-specific classification of ALL cells and revealed new features of gene expression within the disease, such as prevalent antisense transcription and alternative polyadenylation. In the second study we used technology developed for large-scale single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping for quantitative analysis of allele-specific gene expression (ASE), revealing widespread ASE in ALL cells. Analysis of DNA methylation in promoter regions of the genes displaying ASE using DNA-microarrays revealed frequent regulation of gene expression by DNA methylation. In the third study, using the same DNA methylation array, we identified differences in the DNA methylation patterns in ALL cells at diagnosis compared to healthy mononuclear cells from the bone marrow of the same children at remission. In the fourth study we measured the DNA methylation of >450,000 CpG sites across the genome in a large collection of ALL samples and non-leukemic control cells. We found that ALL cells displayed highly divergent DNA methylation patterns depending on their cytogenetic subtype and widespread regions of differential methylation were enriched for repressive histone marks. DNA methylation levels at distinct regions in the genome were substantially increased at relapse compared to matched cells from diagnosis. Collectively, the results presented in this thesis provide new insights into the patterns of gene expression and epigenetic changes in ALL and further increase our understanding of the development and progression of the disease, which will hopefully lead to better treatment options in the future. Digital gene expression Allele-specific gene expression DNA methylation Epigenetics Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
2	Estudo do padrão de inativação do cromossomo X em tecido extra-embrionário humano / X-chromosome inactivation pattern in human extra-embryonic tissue Mello, Joana Carvalho Moreira de 08 April 2010 (has links) Em mamíferos a inativação do cromossomo X (ICX) consiste no silenciamento gênico de um dos dois X presentes nas células somáticas normais das fêmeas, garantindo a compensação de dose transcricional em relação aos machos. Existem duas formas de ICX: aleatória, na qual a escolha do cromossomo X inativado se dá ao acaso (X paterno ou materno); e de maneira completamente desviada, na qual a atividade do cromossomo X dependerá de sua origem parental. Nas fêmeas marsupiais a inativação ocorre de forma completamente desviada, sendo o X paterno preferencialmente inativado em todas as células, já nas células embrionárias de eutérios, o que se observa é a ICX aleatória. Entretanto, naquelas células que darão origem aos tecidos extra-embrionários, de camundongos e bovinos, a ICX se dá de forma equivalente à dos marsupiais, ou seja, o X paterno é preferencialmente inativado. Há mais de 30 anos o padrão de ICX em tecidos extra-embrionários humanos tem sido alvo de intenso debate. A crítica que se faz aqui é que tais estudos foram realizados com base na expressão de apenas um ou dois genes ligados ao X com amostras de tecidos extra-embrionários em diferentes idades gestacionais e, por vezes, em poucas amostras, o que deve ter levado às contradições entre as conclusões. O diferencial deste trabalho foi a utilização de técnicas de genotipagem de SNPs presentes em regiões codificadoras, para analisar o padrão de atividade alelo-específica de um grande número de genes presentes ao longo de todo o cromossomo X, gerando um panorama mais representativo da ICX em placenta humana. Neste estudo é comprovado o padrão aleatório de ICX em placenta humana a termo e demonstrado que este órgão se apresenta como um 65 mosaico em relação à escolha do X inativo. A análise global da atividade gênica no cromossomo X indicou ainda que a manutenção do estado epigenético do X inativo parece ser heterogêneo. Em conjunto, os dados gerados são capazes de explicar as incongruências entre as conclusões previamente publicadas. Este trabalho também ilustra as diferenças nos mecanismos de ICX entre humanos e camundongos e reforça a importância de se avaliar esse tema em outras espécies de mamíferos eutérios na tentativa de se elucidar os processos evolutivos envolvidos na compensação de dose em mamíferos / Imprinted inactivation of the paternal X chromosome in marsupials is the primordial mechanism of dosage compensation for X-linked genes between females and males in Therians. In Eutherian mammals, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) evolved into a random process in cells from the embryo proper, where either the maternal or paternal X can be inactivated. However, species like mouse and bovine maintained imprinted XCI exclusively in extraembryonic tissues. The existence of imprinted XCI in humans remains controversial, with studies based on the analyses of only one or two X-linked genes in different extraembryonic tissues. Here we readdress this issue in human term placenta by performing a robust analysis of allele-specific expression of 23 X-linked genes, including XIST, using 28 SNPs in transcribed regions. We show that XCI is random in human placenta, and that this organ is arranged in relatively large patches of cells with either maternal or paternal inactive X. In addition, this chromosome-wide analysis indicated heterogeneous maintenance of the epigenetic state along the inactive X, which combined with the extensive mosaicism found in placenta, can explain the lack of agreement among previous studies. Our results illustrate the differences of XCI mechanism between humans and mice, and highlight the importance of addressing the issue of imprinted XCI in other species in order to understand the evolution of dosage compensation in placental mammals Allele-specific gene expression Epigenética Epigenetics Expressão gênica alelo-específica Inativação do cromossomo X Placenta Placenta X-chromosome inactivation
3	Estudo do padrão de inativação do cromossomo X em tecido extra-embrionário humano / X-chromosome inactivation pattern in human extra-embryonic tissue Joana Carvalho Moreira de Mello 08 April 2010 (has links) Em mamíferos a inativação do cromossomo X (ICX) consiste no silenciamento gênico de um dos dois X presentes nas células somáticas normais das fêmeas, garantindo a compensação de dose transcricional em relação aos machos. Existem duas formas de ICX: aleatória, na qual a escolha do cromossomo X inativado se dá ao acaso (X paterno ou materno); e de maneira completamente desviada, na qual a atividade do cromossomo X dependerá de sua origem parental. Nas fêmeas marsupiais a inativação ocorre de forma completamente desviada, sendo o X paterno preferencialmente inativado em todas as células, já nas células embrionárias de eutérios, o que se observa é a ICX aleatória. Entretanto, naquelas células que darão origem aos tecidos extra-embrionários, de camundongos e bovinos, a ICX se dá de forma equivalente à dos marsupiais, ou seja, o X paterno é preferencialmente inativado. Há mais de 30 anos o padrão de ICX em tecidos extra-embrionários humanos tem sido alvo de intenso debate. A crítica que se faz aqui é que tais estudos foram realizados com base na expressão de apenas um ou dois genes ligados ao X com amostras de tecidos extra-embrionários em diferentes idades gestacionais e, por vezes, em poucas amostras, o que deve ter levado às contradições entre as conclusões. O diferencial deste trabalho foi a utilização de técnicas de genotipagem de SNPs presentes em regiões codificadoras, para analisar o padrão de atividade alelo-específica de um grande número de genes presentes ao longo de todo o cromossomo X, gerando um panorama mais representativo da ICX em placenta humana. Neste estudo é comprovado o padrão aleatório de ICX em placenta humana a termo e demonstrado que este órgão se apresenta como um 65 mosaico em relação à escolha do X inativo. A análise global da atividade gênica no cromossomo X indicou ainda que a manutenção do estado epigenético do X inativo parece ser heterogêneo. Em conjunto, os dados gerados são capazes de explicar as incongruências entre as conclusões previamente publicadas. Este trabalho também ilustra as diferenças nos mecanismos de ICX entre humanos e camundongos e reforça a importância de se avaliar esse tema em outras espécies de mamíferos eutérios na tentativa de se elucidar os processos evolutivos envolvidos na compensação de dose em mamíferos / Imprinted inactivation of the paternal X chromosome in marsupials is the primordial mechanism of dosage compensation for X-linked genes between females and males in Therians. In Eutherian mammals, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) evolved into a random process in cells from the embryo proper, where either the maternal or paternal X can be inactivated. However, species like mouse and bovine maintained imprinted XCI exclusively in extraembryonic tissues. The existence of imprinted XCI in humans remains controversial, with studies based on the analyses of only one or two X-linked genes in different extraembryonic tissues. Here we readdress this issue in human term placenta by performing a robust analysis of allele-specific expression of 23 X-linked genes, including XIST, using 28 SNPs in transcribed regions. We show that XCI is random in human placenta, and that this organ is arranged in relatively large patches of cells with either maternal or paternal inactive X. In addition, this chromosome-wide analysis indicated heterogeneous maintenance of the epigenetic state along the inactive X, which combined with the extensive mosaicism found in placenta, can explain the lack of agreement among previous studies. Our results illustrate the differences of XCI mechanism between humans and mice, and highlight the importance of addressing the issue of imprinted XCI in other species in order to understand the evolution of dosage compensation in placental mammals Epigenética Expressão gênica alelo-específica Inativação do cromossomo X Placenta Allele-specific gene expression Epigenetics Placenta X-chromosome inactivation
4	A Novel Approach to Identify Candidate Imprinted Genes in Humans Shapiro, Jonathan 21 March 2012 (has links) Many imprinted genes are necessary for normal human development. Approximately 70 imprinted genes have been identified in humans. I developed a novel approach to identify candidate imprinted genes in humans using the premise that imprinted genes are often associated with nearby parent-of-origin-specific DNA differentially methylated regions (DMRs). I identified parent-of-origin-specific DMRs using sodium bisulfite-based DNA (CpG) methylation profiling of uniparental tissues, mature cystic ovarian teratoma (MCT) and androgenetic complete hydatidiform mole (AnCHM), and biparental tissues, blood and placenta. In support of this approach, the CpG methylation profiling led to the identification of parent-of-origin-specific differentially methylated CpG sites (DMCpGs) in known parent-of-origin-specific DMRs. I found new DMRs for known imprinted genes NAP1L5 and ZNF597. Most importantly, I discovered many new DMCpGs, which were associated with nearby genes, i.e., candidate imprinted genes. Allelic expression analyses of one candidate imprinted gene, AXL, suggested polymorphic imprinting of AXL in human blood. Allele Allele-specific DNA Methylation Allele-specific Gene Expression Allele-specific Expression Allele-specific Methylation AnCHM Androgenetic Androgenetic Mole Mole Complete Mole Hydatidiform Mole Complete Hydatidiform Mole Androgenetic Hydatidiform Mole Androgenetic Complete Hydatidiform Mole Biparental Tissue Bisulfite Bisulphite Blood Blood DNA Computational Biology DNA Methylation DNA Methylation Profiling Epigenetic Epi-genetic Epigenomic Epi-genomic Expression Expression Regulation Gene Expression Gene Expression Regulation Genetic Genetic Imprint Genetic Imprinting Genomic Genomic DNA Genomic Imprint Genomic Imprinting Human Imprint Imprinting Teratoma Ovarian Teratoma Cystic Teratoma Mature Teratoma Mature Cystic Teratoma Mature Ovarian Teratoma Cystic Ovarian Teratoma Mature Cystic Ovarian Teratoma MCT Methylation Cytosine Methylation Microarray Neoplasm Ovarian Neoplasm Placenta Profiling Promoter Promoter Region Sodium Bisulfite Sodium Bisulphite Uniparental Tissue WB WBC Imprinted Gene Polymorphic Imprinting Parent-of-origin Parent-of-origin-specific Methylation Parent-of-origin-specific Expression 0369 0307
5	A Novel Approach to Identify Candidate Imprinted Genes in Humans Shapiro, Jonathan 21 March 2012 (has links) Many imprinted genes are necessary for normal human development. Approximately 70 imprinted genes have been identified in humans. I developed a novel approach to identify candidate imprinted genes in humans using the premise that imprinted genes are often associated with nearby parent-of-origin-specific DNA differentially methylated regions (DMRs). I identified parent-of-origin-specific DMRs using sodium bisulfite-based DNA (CpG) methylation profiling of uniparental tissues, mature cystic ovarian teratoma (MCT) and androgenetic complete hydatidiform mole (AnCHM), and biparental tissues, blood and placenta. In support of this approach, the CpG methylation profiling led to the identification of parent-of-origin-specific differentially methylated CpG sites (DMCpGs) in known parent-of-origin-specific DMRs. I found new DMRs for known imprinted genes NAP1L5 and ZNF597. Most importantly, I discovered many new DMCpGs, which were associated with nearby genes, i.e., candidate imprinted genes. Allelic expression analyses of one candidate imprinted gene, AXL, suggested polymorphic imprinting of AXL in human blood. Allele Allele-specific DNA Methylation Allele-specific Gene Expression Allele-specific Expression Allele-specific Methylation AnCHM Androgenetic Androgenetic Mole Mole Complete Mole Hydatidiform Mole Complete Hydatidiform Mole Androgenetic Hydatidiform Mole Androgenetic Complete Hydatidiform Mole Biparental Tissue Bisulfite Bisulphite Blood Blood DNA Computational Biology DNA Methylation DNA Methylation Profiling Epigenetic Epi-genetic Epigenomic Epi-genomic Expression Expression Regulation Gene Expression Gene Expression Regulation Genetic Genetic Imprint Genetic Imprinting Genomic Genomic DNA Genomic Imprint Genomic Imprinting Human Imprint Imprinting Teratoma Ovarian Teratoma Cystic Teratoma Mature Teratoma Mature Cystic Teratoma Mature Ovarian Teratoma Cystic Ovarian Teratoma Mature Cystic Ovarian Teratoma MCT Methylation Cytosine Methylation Microarray Neoplasm Ovarian Neoplasm Placenta Profiling Promoter Promoter Region Sodium Bisulfite Sodium Bisulphite Uniparental Tissue WB WBC Imprinted Gene Polymorphic Imprinting Parent-of-origin Parent-of-origin-specific Methylation Parent-of-origin-specific Expression 0369 0307

1

Page generated in 0.4241 seconds