Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:57:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5731.pdf: 10443315 bytes, checksum: 6ee3add6c6df69821536597088d1b32d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-04 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Sugarcane plantations are increasing in Brazil motivated by the demand of the sugar industry and the energetic sector. Sugarcane monocultures simplify the landscape and disconnect natural ecosystems. The inclusion of native trees in the canebrake, changing the matrices into an alley cropping system, is a new proposal that consider the environment beyond production. In order to assess the environmental effects in agroforestry was raised sugarcane productivity and development of trees in three crops (2009/10, 2010/11 and 2011/12), as well as the timber volume and carbon sequestration produced by the system at the end of the year 2012 and a bird survey during 2011 and 2012 in an experimental area of 1,957 hectares. Was found orderly development of tree species. Schizolobium parahyba present a significant mortality, but had the largest wood production thus coming to the same conclusion in relation to carbon sequestration, which are 3 times those of the Handroanthus spp. and 2 times the Cedrela fissilis. There was no change in the sugarcane productivity related to the distance line planting was the alley, with only a drop productivity in the range of 58 m cultivation. Birds are important bioindicators; trees contributed to the increased diversity of birds, being Schizolobium parahyba the arboreal species of most relevant importance. The spacing between alleys with the greatest diversity of birds was to 29 m. It is concluded that it is technically possible deployment agroecosystem proposed, without agronomic production damage of cane sugar; the 2 smaller bands cultivation (29 m and 43.5 m) are the most suitable; among tree species Schizolobium parahyba was the one with the best results in the short term, since the issue of mortality could be remedied with proper management or replanting. / O plantio de cana-de-açúcar está em franca expansão no Brasil motivado pela demanda do setor sucroenergético. Os canaviais em matrizes monoculturais simplificam a paisagem e desconectam ecossistemas naturais. A inserção de aleias com árvores nativas em canavial é uma nova proposta que contempla o ambiente além da produção. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos ambientais e a produtividade agrossilvicultural nesse sistema agroflorestal, foram levantados em uma área experimental de 1,957 hectares, o rendimento da cana-de-açúcar e o desenvolvimento das árvores constituintes das aleias em 3 safras (2009/10, 2010/11 e 2011/12); bem como o volume de madeira produzido e a fixação de carbono pelo sistema ao final do ano de 2012; e a dinâmica da avifauna durante os anos de 2011 e 2012. Constatou-se um desenvolvimento regular das espécies arbóreas, observando grande taxa de mortalidade do guapuruvu (60%). Foi possível constatar a maior produção de madeira pelo guapuruvu, consequentemente chegando aos mesmos resultados em relação à fixação de carbono, sendo estes 3 vezes superiores aos do ipê e 2 vezes ao cedro. A produtividade da cana não esteve relacionada com a distância entre a linha de plantio e a aleia, apresentando queda apenas na faixa de cultivo de 58 m. A avifauna foi considerada um bioindicador consistente; o guapuruvu foi a espécie florestal com maior importância para o aumento da diversidade de aves e o espaçamento entre aleias com a maior riqueza foi o de 29 m. Conclui-se que é tecnicamente possível a implantação do agrossistema proposto, sem prejuízo agronômico da produção da cana-de-açúcar, sendo as 2 menores faixas de cultivo (29 e 43,5 m) as mais propícias e o guapuruvu a espécie arbórea com melhores resultados em curto prazo, desde que a questão da mortalidade seja sanada com replantio ou manejo adequado.

Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass Agroforstsysteme einen Beitrag zur Lösung der 3 größten aktuellen Probleme der brandenburgischen Landwirtschaft leisten können: der Biodiversitätskrise, Klimakrise und der wirtschaftlichen Krise vieler landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen. Hierfür wurden insgesamt 642 verschiedene 20 ha große Modellschläge mit den 5 verschiedenen Brandenburger Landbaugebieten und verschieden strukturierten Agroforstsystemen über einen Zeitraum von 24 Jahren betrachtet. Die Kalkulationen der Agroforstsysteme ermöglichten einen ökonomischen Vergleich unter Einbeziehung der durch diese zusätzlich erbrachten Ökosystemdienstleistungen. Die kalkulierten Agroforstsysteme in dieser Arbeit bestehen aus ackerbaulich genutzten Flächen und Gehölzstreifen, welche aus Pappeln (Populus spp.) im Kurzumtrieb in Kombination mit Kiefern (Pinus sylvestris) im Mittelumtrieb bestehen. Ohne Abzinsung können diese Agroforstsysteme dieselben Erlöse wie eine rein ackerbaulich genutzte Fläche erreichen. Bei einer Berücksichtigung eines Zinssatzes von 3,5% erreichen die Agroforstsysteme maximal 97.60% der Annuität einer rein ackerbaulich genutzten Fläche. Die höchsten Annuitäten erreichen Agroforstsysteme mit der Produktion von Pflanzenkohle oder einem maximal großen Anteil an Ackerbaufläche. Die Produktion von Pflanzenkohle und deren Einarbeitung in den Ackerboden ist besonders vorteilhaft, wenn dadurch eine Steigerung der Ackererträge bewirkt wird. Wird das im Agroforstsystem dauerhaft gespeicherte CO2 mit einem CO2-Preis von 55€/t bepreist, können Agroforstsysteme auch bei einem Zinssatz von 3,5% genauso wirtschaftlich wie reine Ackerbauflächen sein. In diesem Fall haben Agroforstsysteme mit Pflanzenkohleproduktion oder integrierten Kiefern die höchsten Annuitäten. Für die ökologische Aufwertung der Gehölzstreifen sind die Integration von ökologisch wertvollen Gehölzen und die zeitversetzte Teilernte der Gehölzstreifen mit durchschnittlichen Annuitätskosten von 4,01 €/ha wesentlich günstiger als 4m breite Brachstreifen neben den Gehölzstreifen mit durchschnittlichen Annuitätskosten von 20,45 €/ha. Die ökonomisch optimale Gestaltung eines Agroforstsystems hängt neben dem jeweiligen Landbaugebiet von vielen weiteren Faktoren ab. Für die großflächige erfolgreiche Etablierung von Agroforstsystemen in Brandenburg sind daher 4 Maßnahmen nötig: sicherer Rechtsrahmen für die Bewirtschaftung und Förderung, Bezahlung der zusätzlich bereitgestellten Ökosystemdienstleistungen durch die Gesellschaft, Beratung der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe vor der Etablierung eines Agroforstsystems, deutliche Verringerung der verpachteten landwirtschaftlichen Flächen.:Abstract 1 Introduction: actual problems in agricultural………………………..………………….11 1.1 Climate change and erosion……………………………………….………….……...11 1.2 Biodiversity…………………………………………………………...…………………13 1.3 Economy………………………………………………………………….……….……13 1.4 Potential of agroforestry systems………………………………………….…………13 2 Characteristics and basics of agroforestry systems................................................14 2.1 Definition…………………………………………………………………....……..……14 2.2 Policy……………………………………………………………………….……...……15 2.2.1 Legal framework…………………………………………………………............….15 2.2.2 Grants……………………………………………………………………............…..15 2.2.2.1 Current situation……………………………………………….....................…...15 2.2.2.2 Outlook into the future……………………………….....................…………….16 2.3 Different systems (outline)………………………………………………….…………18 2.4 Tree-environment interactions……………………………..…………………………22 2.5 Characteristics of short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS)……….………23 2.5.1 Influence of woody stripes in SRACS on the arable crop yields in modelling..25 2.5.2 Wind speed reduction……………………………………………………….35 2.5.3 Carbon sequestration………………………………………………………..35 2.5.4 biochar production through pyrolysis………………………………………37 2.5.5 Influence of outer rows on the wood yields (WS)…………………..……...41 2.6 Limitations of the assumptions of this thesis…...…………………………………41 3 Research question……………………………………………………………….….…42 3.1 Research field……………………………………………………………….……..…42 3.2 Research gaps……………………………………………………………….……..…46 3.2.1 Modelling long standing valuable wood production…………………………46 3.2.2 Short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS)……………………….….…48 3.2.2.1 Medium to long standing trees for log production (timber)……….….48 3.3 Elected Questions……………………………………………………………….……49 4 Methods…………………………………………………………………………….…….50 4.1 Characteristics of the examined agroforestry systems (AS)…………..……….…50 4.2 Economic calculations…………………………………………………………………54 4.3 Carbon storage…………………………………………………………………………60 4.4 Reference arable area……………………………………………………..…………62 4.5 Discounting.……………………………………………………………………………66 4.6 Calculated model plots (MP)………………………………………………..………67 Results………………………………………………………………………………….……69 5.1 Analysis of the individual parameters………………………………………….…...73 5.1.1 Alley width (AW)…………………………………………………………….….73 5.1.2 Integrated timber production with pines……………………..…………….……74 5.1.3 Fallow strips, staggered partial harvest of the SRC and integration of ecological valuable coppices in the SRC…………………………………………………….……75 5.1.4 Biochar…………………………………………………………………….…….76 5.2 Compilation of the most economically advantageous agroforestry systems…….79 5.2.1 Analysis of the MP #47-48/6/0-LBGI-biochar……………………………….….80 5.2.2 Effects of establishing agroforestry systems all over Brandenburg…….…….81 6 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………..82 6.1 Limitations……………………………………………………………………..…..82 6.2 Answers to research questions………………………………………………….….87 7 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..………..89 8 Outlook…………………………………………………………………………..…….90 9 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………92 / This thesis shows that agroforestry systems can make a contribution to solving the 3 biggest current problems of Brandenburg agriculture: the biodiversity crisis, climate crisis and the economic crisis of many agricultural companies. For this purpose, a total of 642 different 20-hectare model plots with the 5 different Brandenburg agricultural areas and differently structured agroforestry systems were considered over a period of 24 years. The calculations of the agroforestry systems enabled an economic comparison, taking into account the additional ecosystem services provided by them. The calculated agroforestry systems in this thesis consist of arable land and strips of wood, which consist of poplars (Populus spp.) in short rotation in combination with pines (Pinus sylvestris) in middle rotation. Without discounting, these agroforestry systems can achieve the same revenues as a purely arable land. If an interest rate of 3.5% is taken into account, the agroforestry systems achieve a maximum of 97.60% of the annuity of a purely arable land. Agroforestry systems achieve the highest annuities with the production of biochar or a maximum proportion of arable land. The production of biochar and its incorporation into the arable soil is advantageous if it results in an increase in arable yields. If the CO2 permanently stored in the agroforestry system is priced at a CO2 price of 55 €/t, agroforestry systems can be just as economical as pure arable land, even at an interest rate of 3.5%. In this case, agroforestry systems with biochar production or integrated pines have the highest annuities. For the ecological upgrading of the wood strips, the integration of ecologically valuable coppices and the timeshifted partial harvest of the wood strips with average annuity costs of 4.01 € / ha are much cheaper than 4m wide fallow strips next to the wood strips with average annuity costs of 20.45 €/ha. The economically optimal design of an agroforestry system depends on the respective agricultural area and many other factors. For the large-scale successful establishment of agroforestry systems in Brandenburg, 4 measures are therefore identified: Secure legal framework for the management and granting, payment of the additionally provided ecosystem services by society, advice to farms before the establishment of an agroforestry system, significant reduction of the leased agricultural land.:Abstract 1 Introduction: actual problems in agricultural………………………..………………….11 1.1 Climate change and erosion……………………………………….………….……...11 1.2 Biodiversity…………………………………………………………...…………………13 1.3 Economy………………………………………………………………….……….……13 1.4 Potential of agroforestry systems………………………………………….…………13 2 Characteristics and basics of agroforestry systems................................................14 2.1 Definition…………………………………………………………………....……..……14 2.2 Policy……………………………………………………………………….……...……15 2.2.1 Legal framework…………………………………………………………............….15 2.2.2 Grants……………………………………………………………………............…..15 2.2.2.1 Current situation……………………………………………….....................…...15 2.2.2.2 Outlook into the future……………………………….....................…………….16 2.3 Different systems (outline)………………………………………………….…………18 2.4 Tree-environment interactions……………………………..…………………………22 2.5 Characteristics of short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS)……….………23 2.5.1 Influence of woody stripes in SRACS on the arable crop yields in modelling..25 2.5.2 Wind speed reduction……………………………………………………….35 2.5.3 Carbon sequestration………………………………………………………..35 2.5.4 biochar production through pyrolysis………………………………………37 2.5.5 Influence of outer rows on the wood yields (WS)…………………..……...41 2.6 Limitations of the assumptions of this thesis…...…………………………………41 3 Research question……………………………………………………………….….…42 3.1 Research field……………………………………………………………….……..…42 3.2 Research gaps……………………………………………………………….……..…46 3.2.1 Modelling long standing valuable wood production…………………………46 3.2.2 Short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS)……………………….….…48 3.2.2.1 Medium to long standing trees for log production (timber)……….….48 3.3 Elected Questions……………………………………………………………….……49 4 Methods…………………………………………………………………………….…….50 4.1 Characteristics of the examined agroforestry systems (AS)…………..……….…50 4.2 Economic calculations…………………………………………………………………54 4.3 Carbon storage…………………………………………………………………………60 4.4 Reference arable area……………………………………………………..…………62 4.5 Discounting.……………………………………………………………………………66 4.6 Calculated model plots (MP)………………………………………………..………67 Results………………………………………………………………………………….……69 5.1 Analysis of the individual parameters………………………………………….…...73 5.1.1 Alley width (AW)…………………………………………………………….….73 5.1.2 Integrated timber production with pines……………………..…………….……74 5.1.3 Fallow strips, staggered partial harvest of the SRC and integration of ecological valuable coppices in the SRC…………………………………………………….……75 5.1.4 Biochar…………………………………………………………………….…….76 5.2 Compilation of the most economically advantageous agroforestry systems…….79 5.2.1 Analysis of the MP #47-48/6/0-LBGI-biochar……………………………….….80 5.2.2 Effects of establishing agroforestry systems all over Brandenburg…….…….81 6 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………..82 6.1 Limitations……………………………………………………………………..…..82 6.2 Answers to research questions………………………………………………….….87 7 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..………..89 8 Outlook…………………………………………………………………………..…….90 9 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………92