Recent climate changes show that the historical record is not an appropriate analog for future climate conditions. This understanding calls into question management decisions that assume climate stationarity and consequently the demand for climate information has increased in order to help frame climate risk more accurately. However, deficits in knowledge about climate impacts and weak connections between existing information and resource managers are two barriers to effective incorporation of climate information in resource management, development, risk management, and other climate-sensitive decisions. In research presented here, I showcase results that address knowledge gaps in the impact of climate on glacial resources in Bolivia, South America. I present a mixing model analysis using isotopic and anion tracers to estimate that glacial meltwater contributed about 50% of the water to streams and reservoirs in La Paz region of Bolivia during the 2011 wet and 2012 dry seasons. To assess how future warming may impact water supplies, I develop a temperature-driven empirical model to estimated changes in a future glacial area. Surface temperature changes were extracted from a multi-model ensemble of global climate models produced for the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fifth assessment report and for two greenhouse gas emission scenarios. In both scenarios, declines in glacial area are substantial. For many small glaciers, temperatures at the toe of each glacier rise above the glacier's maximum elevation by 2050 suggesting that water resources will be substantially impacted with continued warming. While these results address a knowledge gap, the extent to which they inform resource management is unknown because the research was conducted without an explicit connection to resource management. Information produced in this fashion is generally acknowledged as being less immediately useful for decision-making because of access and comprehension barriers. These challenges may be mollified, however, with information management strategies. Therefore, I present results from an experiment to see if translating and contextualizing existing climate-related information - information produced similarly to the glacier results highlighted above - help facilitate its use. During a drought afflicted period in Arizona and New Mexico, a monthly synthesis of climate impacts information was disseminated to more than 1400 people. Survey responses from 117 people who consulted the information indicated that the majority of them made at least one drought-related decision and the information in the synthesis at least moderately influenced the majority of those decisions. In addition, more than 90% of the survey respondents indicated that the synthesis improved their understanding of climate and drought; it also helped the majority of them better prepare for drought. The results demonstrate that routine interpretation and synthesis of existing climate information can help enhance access to and understanding of climate information.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse concernent l’utilisation de données de télédétection inédites pour le suivi des glaciers du massif du Mont Blanc : les images radar à synthèse d’ouverture Haute Résolution (HR) du satellite TerraSAR-X et les prises de vue HR d’un appareil photo numérique automatique. Cette thèse s’attache à montrer l’apport de ces sources d’informations hétérogènes pour mesurer le déplacement de surface des glaciers alpins. Dans cette optique, un examen des méthodes de mesure de déplacement spécifiques à chacun des deux types d’images est réalisé. Deux approches sont alors explorées : la mesure de déplacement monosource dans la géométrie propre à chaque capteur et la mesure de déplacement multisource via des combinaisons intra-capteur et inter-capteur. Alors que l’approche monosource fournit uniquement des mesures 2D du déplacement, les mesures multisources permettent pour la première fois d’estimer des champs de déplacement 3D de la surface des glaciers du Mont Blanc. Les mesures ont été réalisées sur plusieurs séries temporelles d’images couvrant la période 2008-2009 pour quatre glaciers du massif du Mont Blanc (Argentière, Mer de Glace/Leschaux, Bossons et Taconnaz). Dans le contexte du changement climatique, ces mesures de déplacement de surface fournissent une donnée intéressante en glaciologie pour contraindre les modèles numériques d’écoulement et d’évolution des glaciers. / The works presented in this PhD thesis focuses on the use of new remote sensing data for "massif du Mont Blanc" glaciers’ monitoring: High Resolution (HR) synthetic aperture radar images of TerraSAR-X satellite and HR shooting of the automatic digital camera. This thesis will show the contribution of this heterogeneous information to the measurement of the surface displacement of alpine glacier. For this purpose, a review of displacement measurement methods specific to each of the two types of image is proposed. Then two approaches are explored: the mono-source displacement measurement in the geometry for each sensor and the multi-source displacement measurement via intra-sensor and inter-sensor combinations. While the mono-source approach provides only 2D displacement measurements, multi-source measurements allow, for the first time, the estimation of 3D surface displacement fields of the Mont Blanc glaciers. The measurements were performed on several image time series covering the period 2008-2009 for four Mont Blanc glaciers (Argentière, Mer de Glace/Leschaux, Bossons et Taconnaz). In the context of global warming, these surface displacement measurements provide interesting data in the glaciology domain in order to constrain flow and evolution digital models.

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont pour but de mieux définir et quantifier lesprocessus d’érosion actuels en domaine glaciaire et proglaciaire. Le Glacier des Bossons,situé dans le massif du Mont-Blanc (Haute-Savoie, France), est un bon exemple de systèmenaturel non anthropisé permettant d’étudier cette thématique. Il repose sur deux lithologiesprincipales (le granite du Mont-Blanc et le socle métamorphique) et cette singularitépermettra de déterminer l’origine des sédiments glaciaires. Afin de comprendre lesmécanismes d’érosion mécanique et de transport particulaires en domaine glaciaire, lessédiments ont été prélevés à la surface du glacier, sous le glacier et dans les torrents sousglaciaires.L’étude des distributions granulométriques et des provenances des sédiments a étéeffectuée par une analyse lithologique à macro-échelle (à l’oeil nu) et géochimique à microéchelle(datation U-Pb sur zircons). Elles ont permis de préciser les caractéristiques del’érosion et du transport glaciaire. (1) la charge supra-glaciaire issue de l’érosion des versantsrocheux est essentiellement composée de sédiments grossiers et ne se mélange pas ou peu à lacharge sous-glaciaire, excepté au niveau de la langue terminale ; (2) les vitesses d’érosionsous-glaciaire ne sont pas homogènes, l’érosion sous la glace tempérée (0,4-0,8mm.an-1) estau moins seize fois supérieure à celle sous la glace froide (0,025-0,05mm.an-1) ; (3) lessédiments sous-glaciaires contiennent une fraction silteuse et sableuse résultant des processusd’abrasion et de crushing qui est évacuée par les torrents sous-glaciaires. L’acquisition hauterésolutiontemporelle de données hydro-sédimentaires durant la saison de fonte entre le 5 Maiet le 17 Septembre 2010 a permis de définir le comportement saisonnier des fluxhydrologiques et sédimentaires. La majeure partie des flux détritiques est concentrée sur lasaison de fonte, et une quantification de la quantité de sédiments exportés par le torrent desBossons complétée par une mesure régulière de l’évolution de la topographie du systèmefluvio-glaciaire permet d’effectuer un bilan global de l’érosion des domaines glaciaires etproglaciaires. Au cours de l’année 2010, près de 3000 tonnes de sédiments ont été érodés dont430 tonnes se sont déposeés sur le plan des eaux. Grâce à une analyse de l’évolution desconcentrations de matières en suspension en entrée et en sortie de la plaine alluviale fluvioglaciairedu torrent des Bossons, les composantes glaciaires et non-glaciaires de l’érosion ontpu être découplées. L’érosion des moraines dénudées encadrant le plan des eaux au cours desévénements orageux est responsable au minimum de 59% du flux de sédiments transporté parle torrent des Bossons, l’érosion glaciaire (41% du flux) est donc relativement moins efficace.L’évolution à long terme des systèmes glaciaires en période de réchauffement climatiquemontrerait donc une érosion soutenue des environnements proglaciaires (versants et moraines)récemment libéré des glaces et de ce fait une intensification des flux détritiques. Le glacierdes Bossons protège le sommet du Mont-Blanc, l’érosion différentielle entre les zones sous laglace et non-glaciaires pourrait mener à un accroissement de la différence d’altitude entre lesvallées et les sommets. / The study presented in this PhD memory aim at better define and quantify the present timeerosion processes in glacial and proglacial domain. The Glacier des Bossons, situated in theMont-Blanc massif (Haute-Savoie, France), is a good example of a natural and nonanthropizedsystem which allows us to study this topic. This glacier lies on two mainlithologies (the Mont-Blanc granite and the metamorphic bedrock) and this peculiarity is usedto determine the origin of the glacial sediments. The sediments were sampled at the glaciersurface and at the glacier sole and also in the subglacial streams in order to understand themechanisms of mechanical erosion and particle transportation in glacial domain. The study ofthe granulometric distribution and the origin of the sediments were performed by a lithologicanalysis at macro-scale (naked-eye) and a geochemical analysis at micro-scale (U-Pb datingof zircons). These analyses allowed specifying the characteristics of glacial erosion andtransport. (1) the supraglacial sediments derived from the erosion of the rocky valley sides aremainly coarse and the glacial transport does not mix these clasts with those derived from thesub-glacial erosion, except in the lower tongue; (2) the sub-glacial erosion rates areinhomogeneous, erosion under the temperate glacier (0,4-0,8mm.an-1) is at least sixteen timesmore efficient than the erosion under the cold glacier (0,025-0,05mm.an-1); (3) the sub-glacialsediments contain a silty and sandy fraction, resulting from processes of abrasion andcrushing, which is evacuated by sub-glacial streams. The high-resolution temporal acquisitionof hydro-sedimentary data during the 2010 melt season, between the May 5th and theSeptember 17th, allowed defining the seasonal behavior of the hydrologic and sedimentaryfluxes. The sediment exportation occurs mainly during the melt season therefore, quantify thesediment fluxes in the Bossons stream and measure regularly the topographic evolution of thefluvio-glacial system allows to perform a sedimentary balance of the erosion of glacial andnon-glacial domains. During the year 2010, about 3000 tons of sediments were eroded with430 tons settled on the fluvio-glacial system. By analyzing the evolution of suspendedparticulate matter concentrations in the Bossons stream upstream and downstream the fluvioglacialsystem, the part of glacial erosion and non-glacial denudation in the sedimentarybalance could be proportioned. The erosion during the stormy events of the uncoveredmoraines, confining the fluvio-glacial system of the Bossons stream, furnishes at least 59% ofthe sediments exported by the Bossons stream and glacial erosion (41 % of the flux) istherefore less efficient comparatively. The long-term evolution of the glacial systems inperiod of global warming would show a sustained erosion of proglacial environments(mountain sides and moraines) recently exposed and therefore an increasing of the detritalfluxes. The Glacier des Bossons protects the summit of the Mont-Blanc, the differentialerosion between zones under the ice and non-glacial could lead to an increase of thedifference of altitude between valleys and summits.

<p dir="ltr">Alpine glacier meltwater is an important source of recharge supporting groundwater flow processes in the high mountains. In the face of rapid ice loss, knowledge of response times of mountain aquifers to loss of glacial ice is critical in evaluating the sustainability of alpine water resources for human communities and alpine ecosystems. Glaciers are very sensitive to changes in climate, they advance during periods of global or regional cooling, and they retreat in response to global or regional warming conditions. When the glaciers grow, the equilibrium-line altitude separating the zone of accumulation and zone of ablation on the glacier moves downslope; it moves upslope when they retreat. The latter is not a sustainable condition for the glacier. Previous studies have shown that glacial meltwater is an important source of groundwater recharge. However, we lack fundamental information on the importance of glacial meltwater in mountain groundwater processes such as supporting baseflow generation to alpine streams, perennial flow to alpine springs, and the geochemical evolution of groundwater in mountain aquifers. Thus, continued glacial ice loss may have severe consequences for alpine hydrological and hydrogeological systems.</p><p dir="ltr">Glacier National Park (GNP) and Mount Hood National Forest (MH), both have alpine glaciers. These two study sites show different responses to climate change since their glaciers are in different states of retreat. GNP glaciers are in advanced stages of retreat compared to MH glaciers. Groundwater samples were collected from springs, seasonal snow, glacial ice, and glacial melt (subglacial flow) in GNP and MH. The samples were analyzed for a suite of environmental isotopes and geochemical tracers to address the following questions: 1) How are isotopic fingerprints of glacial meltwater preserved in mountain-block aquifers? What does the isotopic fingerprint of subglacial flow tell us about melting, meltwater processes, and mixing processes? 2) Is the preservation of the isotopic fingerprint of glacial meltwater affected by aspect controls on ice preservation? Aspect is defined as the compass direction of the slope where the glacier is found. 3) What controls groundwater flow and flowpath connectivity from high elevations (near glacier) to lower elevations? What geologic units support groundwater flow to local- and regional-scale springs and flowpath connectivity across spatial scales in each study site?</p><p dir="ltr">The flow of groundwater in mountainous terrain is heavily dependent on the hydraulic properties of the bedrock including presence/absence of dipping layers and structural features, primary and secondary porosity, and presence/absence of ongoing tectonic activity. Strontium isotopes (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) were used to identify the rock units that host groundwater flowpaths and to quantify flowpath connectivity across spatial scales in both study sites. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr data show that flowpaths in GNP are primarily hosted in the Helena Formation and permeable facies in the Snowslip Formation. Groundwater also flows through alluvium and younger bedrock units, and there is some flow along or through the volcanic sill in the Helena Formation. Hydrostratigraphy also affects groundwater flow and the spatial distribution of alpine springs in GNP. At MH, the rock units hosting flowpaths are young reworked volcanic rock units that are Quaternary in age. Flowpaths in MH appear to be connected across spatial scales since warm springs emerging along the lower southern slopes of Mount Hood preserve stable isotopic signatures of glacial meltwater. In comparison, nearly all the sampled springs in GNP emerge on south-facing slopes. This is not an indication of ice preservation, instead it’s controlled by hydrostratigraphy. In fact, it’s unlikely that high-elevation groundwater is strongly connected to low-elevation sites due to hydrostratigraphy. There are more springs on south-facing slopes at MH as well; however, they do not preserve an isotopic signature of recharge from glacial meltwater except for the warm springs. Springs on north-facing slopes in MH, however, do preserve the signature.</p><p dir="ltr">Tritium (³H) and chlorine-36 (³⁶Cl/Cl) were measured to assess how the isotopic fingerprint of glacial meltwater is preserved in mountain aquifers. The ³H activities in spring water are elevated in GNP and it’s difficult to differentiate between modern precipitation and glacial meltwater. Tritium activities are lower in MH, but it’s also difficult to differentiate between potential endmembers. This discrepancy could imply that glacial meltwater doesn’t contribute to groundwater recharge, but this doesn’t support the Bayesian stable isotope mixing model results of an earlier study. Instead, I infer that englacial mixing processes are affecting the isotopic fingerprint of subglacial melt. An englacial mixing model (EMM) was developed to explain how the isotopic fingerprint of subglacial flow (glacial meltwater) changes in relation to the stage of retreat. The stage of retreat is important because it controls the proportion of glacial meltwater to runoff from snowmelt and rain that enters the englacial network from the surface of the glacier. Mixing occurs in the englacial network, and the mixed water is transported to the base of the glacier. Englacial mixing in conduits, fractures, and moulins affects the ³H and ³⁶Cl/Cl fingerprint of subglacial flow and will, in turn, affect the isotopic fingerprint of recharge from glacial meltwater. For this study, the ³H is not robust by itself; however, ³⁶Cl/Cl shows some additional benefits over ³H. The EMM suggests that the impact of englacial mixing and the influence of modern precipitation on the isotopic composition of subglacial flow increases as the glacier retreats in both GNP and MH. This model is novel to the best of our knowledge. Additional testing of the EMM should be prioritized in the near future.</p>