No description available.

The goal of the experiments was to evaluate an explanation of set-alternation costs based on episodic memory principles. The assumption is that performance of any task is a consequence of memory retrieval processes that involve representations of specific prior experiences (Kolers, 1976; Leboe, Whittlesea, & Milliken, 2005; Neill & Mathis, 1998; Tenpenny, 1995; Whittlesea, 1997; Whittlesea & Jacoby, 1990). When the Event 1 and 3 targets mismatch the retrieval of the Event 1 memory episode is not entirely appropriate for performing the Event 3 task. The interference due to a partial match between Events 1 and 3 might be the source of set-alternation costs. Results of Experiment 1 revealed larger costs in the high probability set-alternation condition. The high probability set-alternation condition encouraged retrieval of Event 1. However, because the targets of Event 1 and 3 mismatched the retrieval of Event 1 interfered with the processing of Event 3’s task-set. In other words, the interference due to a match in task-sets but a mismatch in targets generated costs. If set-alternations costs originate from a partial match between Events 1 and 3, increasing the amount of overlapping information between these events should reduce costs. The findings of Experiments 2 and 3 showed reduced set-alternation costs when there was a target identity match between Events 1 and 3. Lastly, Experiment 4 showed that set-alternation costs are larger when the retrieval of the Event 1 memory episode is obstructed. That is, costs were larger when there was a combination of obstructed Event 1 retrieval and a partial match between Events 1 and 3.

The goal of the experiments was to evaluate an explanation of set-alternation costs based on episodic memory principles. The assumption is that performance of any task is a consequence of memory retrieval processes that involve representations of specific prior experiences (Kolers, 1976; Leboe, Whittlesea, & Milliken, 2005; Neill & Mathis, 1998; Tenpenny, 1995; Whittlesea, 1997; Whittlesea & Jacoby, 1990). When the Event 1 and 3 targets mismatch the retrieval of the Event 1 memory episode is not entirely appropriate for performing the Event 3 task. The interference due to a partial match between Events 1 and 3 might be the source of set-alternation costs. Results of Experiment 1 revealed larger costs in the high probability set-alternation condition. The high probability set-alternation condition encouraged retrieval of Event 1. However, because the targets of Event 1 and 3 mismatched the retrieval of Event 1 interfered with the processing of Event 3’s task-set. In other words, the interference due to a match in task-sets but a mismatch in targets generated costs. If set-alternations costs originate from a partial match between Events 1 and 3, increasing the amount of overlapping information between these events should reduce costs. The findings of Experiments 2 and 3 showed reduced set-alternation costs when there was a target identity match between Events 1 and 3. Lastly, Experiment 4 showed that set-alternation costs are larger when the retrieval of the Event 1 memory episode is obstructed. That is, costs were larger when there was a combination of obstructed Event 1 retrieval and a partial match between Events 1 and 3.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Física, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2016. / A alternância dos comprimentos de ligação (Bond Length Alternation, BLA) em cadeias moleculares conjugadas longas tem sido tópico de discussões por muitas décadas, tanto experimental quanto teoricamente. O BLA é um parâmetro estrutural que vem da diferença entre o comprimento de ligações duplas e simples ao longo da cadeia conjugada. Neste trabalho nós utilizamos um método estatístico muito utilizado em várias áreas do conhecimento, a Análise dos Componentes Principais (do inglês Principal Components Analysis - PCA), criado por Karl Pearson em 1901, para redefinir o parâmetro BLA. Com esta técnica calculamos um parâmetro estrutural, comparável ao BLA, de um grupo de 17 moléculas derivadas de tertiofeno e, a partir disto, fizemos comparações com a forma mais comum de calcular o BLA, o que nos forneceu uma forma alternativa de calcular este parâmetro. Com a PCA podemos ir mais além ao cálculo do parâmetro estrutural e, por exemplo, podemos identificar quais ligações têm maior relevância para o valor do BLA. Outro ponto desta análise que merece destaque, foi mostrar a evolução dos coeficientes gerados por esta técnica, chamados de PC1, assim como, a evolução dos valores do BLA com o aumento do número de moléculas presentes no grupo inicial para o cálculo e a diferença em relação a aromaticidade de tais moléculas, mostrando qual o número mínimo para que esta técnica possa ser aplicada. / The Bond Length Alternation (BLA) in long conjugated molecular chains have been the topic of discussion for many decades, both experimentally and theoretically. The BLA is a structural parameter that comes from the difference between the length of double and single bonds along the conjugated chain. In this work we have used a statistical method widely used in many fields of knowledge, the Principal Component Analysis, created by Karl Pearson in 1901, to redefine the parameter BLA. With this technique we calculated the BLA of a group of 17 molecules derived from terthiophene and made comparisons with the most common way to calculate the BLA, which provided us with an alternative way to calculate the parameter. With the PCA we can go further the BLA and we can also identify which bonds are more relevant to its value. Another point that is worth mentioning, was showing the evolution of the coefficients generated by this technique, as well as the evolution of BLA values, along with the increasing number of molecules present in the initial group for the calculation and the differences between the aromaticity of such molecules, resulting in the minimum number to apply this technique.

The issue of dative alternation construction has long been a debated topic in the linguistics field. This thesis especially focuses on the grammatical weight interpretation. Quirk et al. (1972) stated the end-weight rule, which predicted that people tended to put the NP which is heavier at the final position of a sentence. However, how to define the heaviness of NP is still in debate. Ross (1967) claimed that an NP is heavy if it dominates ¡§a sentence¡¨. Emonds (1976: 112) argued that an NP is called as heavy in the complex NP shift is that the NP dominates an S or PP. On the other hand, Hawkins (1990, 1994) proposed the idea that the heaviness is determined by the number of words dominated by a NP. Therefore, this thesis tries to shed some light on the precise definition of grammatical weight for Chinese native speakers. Secondly, Chang (2001) argued that the echo effect was prominent for Chinese native speakers to determing the dative word order variation. The subjects tended to echo the question pattern when they responded to that question. Hence, this thesis also tries to investigate the phenomenon when the echo effect issue meets with the grammatical weight interpretation. Judgment task, contextual questions task and corpus analysis are adopted in this study. Contextual questions task tries to investigate the subjects¡¦ response to a contextual question which contains dative verbs. The purpose of this contextual questions task is to know when the complexity effect meets with the echo effect, what is more determining. The judgment task tests the participants¡¦ judgment on the grammaticality of sentences which contains dative alternation. The purpose of this questionnaire is to see if the complexity of a NP contributes to the determining of a dative alternation construction. The corpus used is Chinese Word Sketch corpus developed by Academia Sinica. There are 253 sentences in total. I try to consider the length of the constituents and the complexity of constituents in dative alternation. In the first section of the questionnaire, the result shows that the Chinese native speakers are both sensitive to the echo effect and the complexity effect. Besides, the preference for the dative sentence type is also found based on the result. In the second section of the questionnaire, the result indicates that the Chinese native speakers are indeed sensitive to the complexity of a NP. The subjects tend to rate the sentences which contains a more complex NP at the final position of a sentence more acceptable than that at the middle of a sentence. In addition, the preference of the dative sentence type is also found in the result. In the corpus study, the results show that subjects are both sensitive to the complexity of constituents and length of constituents. In conclusion, the Chinese native speakers in this study shows sensitivity to both the complexity effect, length effect and echo effect. Furthermore, in both questionnaires, the preference for the dative sentence type is identified. This preference can be explained through the unmarked property of the dative sentence type in Chinese.

No description available.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2004

Construction of buildings and their alterations Abstract This master's thesis is concerned with the analysis of the primary regulation of realization of structures and their alternations, which is a part of the public construction law. The topic of this thesis is up-to-date because of adoption of the second major amendment to the Building Act. The proclaimed goal of this amendment is a simplification and an acceleration of the processes and procedures. The main goal of this thesis is to identify problems associated with the current legal regulation of realization of general structures and their alternations, which, in selected cases, is followed by the effort to find their solution de lege ferenda. The secondary goal of this thesis is a critique of the second major amendment to the Building Act from 2017 and the identification of what problems it has brought including the assessment of whether is actually fulfilling its stated goal. The master's thesis is composed of six chapters. Chapter one deals with the sources of law and the fragmentation of implementing statues. Chapter two analyzes the basic concept of structure as well as other basic concepts related to the topic of this thesis. Chapter three contains an analysis of the organisation of building offices, selected issues related to the performance of...

L’évolution de la formation en soins infirmiers et son inscription dans un processus d’universitarisation, depuis le programme de juillet 2009, permet de questionner l’alternance du système dans une approche par compétences. Ce nouveau partenariat, entre les Institut de Formation en Soins Infirmiers, les terrains de stage et l’Université nécessite de clarifier un maillage complexe. De nouveaux dispositifs, tels que le portfolio et les analyses de pratique, participent d’un dialogue intersubjectif pour accompagner l’étudiant dans la construction de ses compétences. Au-delà de se former pour un métier à l’humain, il peut se trans-former pour un métier humain de la Relation, à travers les enjeux d’alternances du système et ses en-jeux d’alternances, dans une Relation réciproque et récursive qui participe d’une co-construction du parcours et d’une co-émergence de chacun. Dans ce contexte, nous avons fait le choix d’interroger le parcours de l’étudiant en formation, en tant que per-cursus, voyage initiatique dans une approche pératologique. L’étudiant se trans-forme entre des attendus professionnels et des possibles singuliers, dans un parcours singulier interrogé à travers la symbolique des trois labyrinthes : unicursal, Irrweg et rhizome. Ainsi par son processus d’énaction, avec une part de mètis, il peut être Dédale à la fois architecte, maître et artisan de ses labyrinthes en formation. L’étudiant peut alors se construire et interagir dans une Relation aux autres et à soi, traversant ses dédalités. Pour interroger ce parcours, nous avons mené des entretiens non directifs auprès de quatre néo-diplômés en soins infirmiers. Ces entretiens sont traités selon deux modalités, une analyse de contenu catégorielle et une approche statistique. Les principaux résultats sont interprétés en termes de dédalités et de parcours labyrinthique, entre Mouvements, Espaces et Relations. En tant que praticien/chercheur, nous interrogeons notre implication, dans une démarche subjective dans laquelle notre posture de praticien enrichit notre posture de chercheur, qui enrichit notre posture de … traversant notre propre parcours singulier, lui aussi interrogé dans ce travail. / The changes in nurse training and its inclusion as part of the university system since July 2009 allow for a reassessment of the system of alternation in its skills-based approach. This new partnership, between the Nursing School, the student internship placements, and the University, requires clarification of this complex network. New features, such as the portfolio and practice analysis, are part of an intersubjective dialogue to help students build their skills. They can do more than train to join a human-oriented profession, they can also transform themselves for a human-oriented profession based on Relationships, through the challenges of alternations in the system and challenges of alternations in a reciprocal and recurrent Relationship which participates in a co-construction of the training path and the co-emergence of each student. In this context, we chose to consider the student’s training path in terms of a percursus, a voyage of initiation with a peratological approach. The student becomes transformed between his professional aspirations and singular possibilities, in a unique path examined through the symbolism of 3 labyrinths: unicursal, Irrweg, rhizome. In this manner, through this process of enaction, with a part of mètis, he could be Daedalus, at once the architect, master, and artisan of his own complex training path. In this way the student can construct himself, and interact in a relationship with others and himself, as he navigates this dédalités. In order to examine this training path, we conducted non-directive interviews with four newly graduated nurses. These interviews were carried out according to two formats: a content analysis by categories and a statistical approach. The main results are interpreted in terms of dédalités and labyrinthine paths, between Movements, Spaces, and Relationships. As practitioners/researchers, our own involvement was called into question, in a subjective process in which our role as a practitioner enriched our role as a researcher, which enriched our role as… navigating our own unique path, which was also called into question in this work.

This is a study of language choice and language alternation patterns in a corpus of messages posted on two Brunei Darussalam on-line discussion forums. It aims to break new ground by investigating Malay-English language alternation in the context of computer-mediated communication (CMC), in contrast to previous research which has mostly studied alternation or code-switching in informal conversations. The corpus of texts consists of 21 1 messages posted on the 'Bruclass' and 'Brudirect' forums. These were analysed in terms of their grammatical and discoursal features to determine what role is played by each of the contributing languages. Chapter 1 outlines the major research questions: how much alternation is there between Malay and English, how is this alternation achieved, and why do the bilingual text producers make these language choices when posting their messages in the on-line forums? This chapter also includes outline description of the sociolinguistic context of Brunei Darussalam in terms of its population, history, system of education, and discussion of the varieties of Malay and of English used by Bruneians. In Chapter 2 relevant literature on language alternation is reviewed, with a gradual narrowing of the focus: from theories of code-switching and language alternation to studies dealing specifically with Malay-English code-switching in Malaysia and in Brunei Darussalam. Studies on language use and alternation in the CMC domain are also reviewed. Chapter 3 discusses the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, and the rationale for these. Findings from the grammatical and discoursal analyses are reported and discussed in Chapter 4. Whilst monolingual English messages are the most frequent, almost half of the corpus texts are found to include a measure of Malay-English alternation. / Many of these display an asymmetric alternation pattern, in which one language supplies the grammar and the other the lexis, but there are also examples of equal alternation, where Malay and English both contribute to the grammar and to the lexis. The reasons for these choices are investigated through a questionnaire survey, which includes a text ranking task, and through other published texts in which Bruneians discuss their use of language. Chapter 5 discusses these findings, and the concluding Chapter 6 considers connections between the analysis of the texts and the questionnaire survey, especially the preference for monolingual English. Chapter 6 also includes discussion of questions of identity as reflected in the language choices and of language use in the CMC domain.