El mercado empresarial en los últimos años ha crecido a un ritmo vertiginoso por factores sociales, económicos y de salud pública, así como el acceso a la tecnología y la cada vez más sólida globalización, especialmente en el sector de las pyme y las mype. Este es un fenómeno que ha concitado la atención de diversos especialistas; por esta razón, el presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad describir las alternativas de financiamiento para las pyme que existen en la actualidad. Para ello, se ha organizado la investigación en seis secciones. En primera instancia, se desarrolla la evolución de las pymes a nivel nacional y extranjero. Seguidamente, se revisarán cuales son las necesidades y características del financiamiento a las pyme. En el siguiente capítulo, se analizará las diferentes formas del financiamiento tradicional y el financiamiento alternativo, además de los tipos de financiamiento que existen en cada uno de ellos. Dentro del financiamiento tradicional destacan los préstamos bancarios, factoring y leasing financiero; en el financiamiento alternativo, se utilizan plataformas digitales o fintech donde se puede acceder a un capital semilla, crowdfunding y el capital riesgo. Luego de ello, se precisan cuáles son las principales restricciones que se presentan en el proceso en el que las pyme buscan financiamiento. Finalmente, se precisará la regulación que se da a estas entidades y como beneficia el desarrollo de las pyme. La principal conclusión a la que llega esta investigación es que no existe una única modalidad de financiamiento a la que pueden acceder las pyme actualmente y estas presentan en sí mismas limitaciones que impiden que contribuyan de forma adecuada al fortalecimiento del sector. / In the last years, the business market has grown fastly due to social, economic and public health factors, as well as access to technology and increasingly strong globalization, especially in the SME and MSME sector. This is a phenomenon that has attracted the attention of specialists; for this reason, the purpose of this paper is to describe the financing alternatives for SMEs. To this end, the research has been organized into six sections. First, the evolution of SMEs at the national and foreign level is developed. Next, the needs and characteristics of SME financing will be reviewed. In the following chapter, the different forms of traditional financing and alternative financing will be analyzed, as well as the types of financing that exist in each of them. Within traditional financing, bank loans, factoring and financial leasing stand out; in alternative financing, digital or fintech platforms are used where seed capital, crowdfunding and venture capital can be accessed. After that, the main restrictions that arise in the process in which SMEs seek financing will be specified. Finally, the regulation that is given to these entities and how it benefits the development of SMEs will be specified. The main conclusion reached by this research is that there is no single financing modality that SMEs can currently access, and these have limitations that prevent them from contributing adequately to the strengthening of the sector. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Banks have become increasingly restrictive in their lending towards real estate, a development that is expected to continue due to further regulations, such as the Basel framework, and the emergence of new alternative financing options. As described by interview respondents, companies have shown an increased preference for a mix of capital sources following the financial crisis of 2008, which has led to an increase in demand on the capital and alternative markets. Factors that may have affected this development is the inflated corporate interest in maintaining a good credit rating and a change in investor sentiment towards a wider diversification. On the Swedish market, the so-called debt funds are a relatively new phenomenon and the purpose of this paper is to investigate how and what conditions that exist and have been necessary for this development. Debt funds already play a prominent role in real estate funding on other markets, such as US and UK, which could indicate a similar development on the Swedish market henceforth. However, as shown in the paper the markets are different on a systematic level, which makes it hard to draw parallels. Furthermore, as described in the empirical study the Swedish AIF market is underdeveloped in many respects since Swedish companies traditionally have used bank loans or turned to the capital markets - with a preference for equity before debt. With new regulations being introduced in the banking sector, the bank risk appetite has become more volatile, however, the banks retain a strong position and a continued large exposure to the real estate sector which may be due to the banks being well capitalized and an overall increased demand for capital. The increased demand for capital may also have given rise to favorable conditions for alternative financing options. However, in order for debt funds to continue to grow the key is most likely going to be offering loans with more favorable terms and longer maturities compared to other financing options.

Cette thèse se compose de quatre essais portant sur les effets des contraintes de financement sur l'utilisation du crédit commercial (TC) et d'autres sources alternatives de financement des entreprises. Dans le premier essai, nous étudions les effets des contraintes sur l'emprunt bancaire (BL) sur l'utilisation du TC par les entreprises vietnamiennes. Nous étudions plus particulièrement l’effet de la taille sur le choix entre les deux types de financement. Nous constatons que les grandes entreprises lorsqu’elles sont rationnées sur les BL comptent plus sur le TC que les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME). En particulier, nous constatons que les grandes entreprises dont la demande de crédit a été refusée utilisent plus de TC tandis que les PME dans la même situation en utilisent moins. Dans le deuxième essai, nous étudions les effets des contraintes sur les BL sur l’utilisation du TC en fonction de la taille et de l'âge des entreprises ainsi que du développement institutionnel des différents pays. Nos résultats suggèrent que le TC et le BL ont tendance à être des substituts pour les entreprises les plus grandes, les plus âgés et lesquelles situées dans les pays développés (développement institutionnel plus fort). En revanche, le TC et le BL sont complémentaires pour les entreprises les plus jeunes, les plus petites et lesquelles situées dans les pays en développement (développement institutionnel faible). Ce résultat est particulièrement net dans le cas où la demande de crédit est refusée. Dans notre troisième essai, nous étudions les effets des contraintes sur les BL sur l'utilisation de six sources alternatives de financement par les PME dans le monde entier. Les formes de financement étudiées sont: le TC, le crédit-bail, les cartes de crédit, la finance informelle, les fonds provenant de la famille et des amis et les capitaux propres. Nos résultats suggèrent généralement que les PME rationnées par les banques ont tendance à compter davantage sur les fonds de la famille et des amis et sur les prêts des usuriers. Nous trouvons aussi qu'elles utilisent les modes de financement alternatifs plutôt pour financer le fonds de roulement que pour financer de nouveaux investissements. Dans le dernier essai, à partir d’un échantillon d'entreprises non financières du S&P 500, nous examinons l'interaction entre l'utilisation du papier commercial (CP), des lignes de crédit bancaire (CL) et du TC sur la période 2003 à 2014. Nos résultats suggèrent que les entreprises avec le risque de refinancement le plus élevé empruntent plus sous la forme de CL et de TC que sous la forme de CP. Cet effet est plus fort pour les CL. Nous constatons également que plus le niveau d'asymétrie d’information est fort, plus les entreprises utilisent les CL et le TC par rapport à CP. En revanche, plus les problèmes d'aléa moral sont graves, plus les entreprises favorisent les CP par rapport aux CL et TC. / This thesis consists of four essays investigating the effects of financing constraints on firms' use of trade credit (TC) and other alternative financing sources. In the first essay, we investigate the effects of bank loan (BL) constraints on the use of TC by Vietnamese firms across size. We find that bank-constrained large firms rely on TC more than bank-constrained Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Particularly, we find that denied large firms use more TC whereas denied SMEs use less of it. In the second essay, we study the effects of BL constraints on firm's use of TC across size, age and institutional development by using an international sample. Our results suggest that TC and BL tend to be substitutes for larger, older firms and those in developed countries with stronger institutional development; and complements for smaller, younger firms and those in developing countries with weaker institutional development, especially when constraints relate to credit denial. In our third essay, we investigate the effects of BL constraints on the use of six alternative financing sources by SMEs worldwide, i.e. TC, leasing, credit cards, informal finance, sources from family and friends and equity. Our results generally suggest that bank-constrained SMEs tend to rely more on sources from family and friends and those from money lenders. We also find that they use alternative financing to finance working capital requirement to a greater extent as compared to new investments. In the last essay, by using a sample of nonfinancial S&P 500 firms, we examine the interplay between the use of commercial paper (CP), bank credit lines (CL) and TC for the period 2003-2014. Our results suggest that firms with higher rollover risk borrow more from CL and TC relative to CP with a stronger effect for CL. We also find that higher level of asymmetric information is associated with more usage of CL and TC relative to CP while more severe moral hazard problems are associated with more usage of CP relative to CL and TC.

In my study for the Master´s thesis "Corporate Financial Strategy " I expain terms, such as enterprise financing and its structure, long and short-term financing, external, internal and alternative financing optimum financial structure and its costs.This all I applicated in the study where try to asses the fianancial structura and financing of real company. I analyse the ways how to secure the company´s liquidity and solvency, financial equilibrium and healt by means of the financial analysis of the activity and results of the company.