Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-14T19:22:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MayaraWeniceAlvesDeMedeiros_DISSERT.pdf: 3773085 bytes, checksum: 84611ec75b4661a9e384a0da34daea74 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-15T21:46:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MayaraWeniceAlvesDeMedeiros_DISSERT.pdf: 3773085 bytes, checksum: 84611ec75b4661a9e384a0da34daea74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-15T21:46:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MayaraWeniceAlvesDeMedeiros_DISSERT.pdf: 3773085 bytes, checksum: 84611ec75b4661a9e384a0da34daea74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-03 / Os comportamentos pr?-sociais s?o vistos diariamente na nossa vida, frequentemente presenciamos pessoas dando esmolas, ajudando um vizinho a fazer uma mudan?a, doando sangue, cuidando dos filhos de um amigo, entre outros. Em uma perspectiva evolucionista, provavelmente esses comportamentos se fazem presentes pelo seu alto valor adaptativo para nossa esp?cie, justamente pela depend?ncia que temos da vida em grupo para nossa sobreviv?ncia. Provavelmente, por esse mesmo motivo, desde crian?as j? mostramos uma prefer?ncia por comportamentos pr?-sociais a comportamentos antissociais, sendo essa prefer?ncia mais vis?vel ao passo que crescemos. Entretanto, crian?as com sintomas do transtorno da conduta mostram um padr?o de comportamento agressivo, impulsivo e mais ego?sta que crian?as sem a sintomatologia. Al?m disso, essas crian?as tamb?m vivenciam ambientes, onde os comportamentos antissociais s?o mais frequentes e intensos se comparado ? popula??o geral. Experimentos com priming s?o uma forma de medir a influ?ncia de pistas ambientais simples sobre o nosso comportamento, por exemplo, dirigimos mais r?pido quando escutamos m?sicas aceleradas, pessoas religiosas ajudam mais diante de elementos religiosos, como a b?blia, e crian?as s?o mais cooperadoras ap?s jogarem jogos de cunho educativo. Com isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivos: avaliar se existe diferen?a na generosidade, por meio do comportamento de partilha, entre crian?as que apresentam sintomatologia do transtorno da conduta e crian?as que n?o apresentam a dita sintomatologia; analisar a influ?ncia de um priming pr?-social sobre o comportamento de partilha em crian?as com ou sem sintomatologia do transtorno da conduta; e por fim, analisar sob a perspectiva evolucionista as raz?es dadas por crian?as com ou sem sintomatologia do transtorno da conduta para partilhar ou n?o com o melhor amigo de sala de aula. Para isso, os professores das crian?as respondiam um invent?rio que sinalizava para a presen?a ou aus?ncia de sintomatologia do transtorno da conduta. As crian?as com ou sem sintomatologia podiam passar por uma condi??o experimental (com priming) ou por uma condi??o controle (sem priming). Na condi??o experimental as crian?as assistiam a dois v?deos curtos mostrando ajuda e partilha entre os pares, realizavam uma atividade de distra??o, e por fim, escolhiam dois entre quatro materiais mostrados pelo experimentador e decidiam quanto desses dois materiais gostariam de partilhar com o melhor amigo de sala de aula. Em seguida, ix eram questionadas a crian?a as raz?es da partilha e da reten??o. As crian?as da condi??o controle faziam as mesmas atividades, por?m n?o assistiam aos v?deos. Os resultados encontrados mostram uma diferen?a do efeito do priming de acordo com a fase do desenvolvimento na qual a crian?a se encontra; uma diferen?a na quantidade de material doado por crian?as com ou sem sintomas do transtorno da conduta, e uma mudan?a dessa diferen?a diante do priming pr?-social; e por fim, uma converg?ncia entre o pensamento utilizado por crian?as nas raz?es de partilha e as Teorias Evolucionistas. Esses resultados sinalizam a import?ncia de fatores individuais, do desenvolvimento, ambientais e evolutivos no comportamento pr?-social de crian?as com e sem sintomas do transtorno da conduta. / Pro-social behaviors are seen regularly throughout our daily lives, as we often witness people giving alms, helping a neighbor move, donating blood, or taking care of a friend's children, among others. From an evolutionary perspective, such behaviors occur because they have a high adaptive value to our species, precisely due to our high degree of dependence on group living for survival. Probably, for this same reason, since children have shown a preference for prosocial behaviors over antisocial behaviors, this preference becomes more visible as we grow. However, children with symptoms of conduct disorder show a pattern of aggressive, impulsive and more selfish behaviors than children without such symptoms. Furthermore, these children also experience environments in which antisocial behaviors are more frequent and intense compared to the general population. Priming experiments are one way of measuring the influence of simple environmental cues on our behavior. For example, driving faster when listening to music, religious people help more on religious elements, like the bible, and children are more cooperative after playing games of an educational nature. Thus, the objectives of the current study were to: evaluate whether there is any difference in generosity, through sharing behavior, among children with and without symptoms of conduct disorder; analyze the influence of prosocial priming on sharing behavior on children with and without symptoms of conduct disorder; and finally, analyze from an evolutionary perspective, the reasons given by children with and without symptoms of conduct disorder for sharing or not sharing with their best friend in a classroom environment. To address this question, the teachers of these children were asked to respond to an inventory that was designed to signal the presence or absence of symptoms of conduct disorder. Children identified as having or not having symptoms of conduct disorder could then undergo an experimental (with priming) or control (no priming) condition. Under the experimental condition, the children were asked to watch two short videos showing scenes of helping and sharing among peers, to perform a distraction activity, and finally to chose two of four different materials presented by the researcher and decide how much of these two materials they would like to share with their best friend in the classroom. Then the children were asked about their reasons for sharing or not sharing. Children subjected to the control condition performed the same activities as in the xi experimental condition, but did not watch the video first. The results showed a notable difference in the effect of priming in accordance with the child's stage of development; a difference in the amount of material donated to a best friend by children with and without symptoms of conduct disorder, and a change in this observed difference with the influence of pro-social priming; and finally, a convergence in the thinking of children regarding their reasons for sharing with evolutionary theory. The results of this study also indicate the importance of individual factors, developmental stage, environmental and evolutionary conditions in the pro-social behavior of children with and without symptoms of conduct disorder.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-10T22:28:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MikaelleKalineBezerraDaCosta_DISSERT.pdf: 2541653 bytes, checksum: 876e01a9cfee3a08a3a326bf68a54fef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-17T19:36:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MikaelleKalineBezerraDaCosta_DISSERT.pdf: 2541653 bytes, checksum: 876e01a9cfee3a08a3a326bf68a54fef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T19:36:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MikaelleKalineBezerraDaCosta_DISSERT.pdf: 2541653 bytes, checksum: 876e01a9cfee3a08a3a326bf68a54fef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A partilha de alimentos ? uma pr?tica comum em pequenos agrupamentos principalmente entre parentes, comportamento evolutivo humano, abordado na ecologia humana como um redutor dos riscos a seguran?a alimentar. Dessa forma o estudo objetivou explicar o comportamento de partilha de alimentos entre fam?lias que vivem em uma vila de pescadores pertencente a Touros, RN, com alta depend?ncia dos recursos pesqueiros para economia, e nutri??o familiar, e que t?m as flutua??o ambientais como um redutor da capacidade de pesca. Para testar o comportamento de partilha de alimentos entre essas fam?lias foram testados modelos evolutivos de partilha como: sele??o de parentesco, altru?smo rec?proco, roubo tolerado e dist?ncia, para explicar as estrat?gias utilizadas pelas fam?lias da vila para reduzir os riscos nutricionais causados pelo decl?nio do sucesso de captura. Foram inseridas ao longo do estudo 32 fam?lia divididas em 2 grupos com 16 fam?lias cada: um dependente exclusivamente (DE) e outro n?o dependente exclusivamente (NDE) da pesca como atividade econ?mica. Atrav?s de um recordat?rio de 24 foras , durante 7 dias consecutivos ao m?s, durante 12 meses consecutivos entre setembro de 2011 ? agosto de 2012, fazendo um registro temporal de toda dieta, partilha e produ??o pesqueira das fam?lias. A dieta das fam?lias apresentou-se sob influ?ncia do comercio j? inserido na vila, aumentando o consumo de alimentos industrializados de baixa qualidade . Na partilha a entrada e sa?da de alimentos que subsidiam a car?ncia proteica principalmente em per?odos de declino pesqueiro no n?cleo familiar foi elevado.Dentre os modelos testados a exist?ncia do altru?smo rec?proco entre as fam?lias ? melhor respondeu as necessidades nutricionais das fam?lias, e a dist?ncia entre fam?lias influenciou mais que a rela??o de parentesco na escolha de parceiros para a partilha. / Food sharing is a common practice in small groups and it is understood by many authors as a behavior shaped by evolution, whose goals would be to decrease the risks of food shortage in harsher periods, to favor kin, and indirectly, favor one?s own individual fitness, to avoid conflicts, and even to establish alliances and partnerships. In this context, the current study describes the diet and investigates the food sharing behavior among families from an artisanal, but commercial, fishing village in the municipality of Touros, Rio Grande do Norte State (NE Brazil) with a high dependency on fishing resources affected by seasonal environmental fluctuations. The study was divided in two parts, here presented as two distinct chapters. For the first chapter, 32 families were sampled, after being divided in two groups of 16 families each: one exclusively dependent (FD) and another non-exclusively dependent on fisheries (NFD) as its main economic activity. The diet of these families was registered through the 24h- recall method along 10 consecutive days per month both in January (locally considered the most productive month for fisheries) and in June (considered the least productive month for fisheries). The diet and food sharing of the FD families were compared to the NFD for the high and low fisheries productivity period. This comparison showed that both groups, regardless of their dependence level on fisheries, have their diet and food sharing directly affected by the fisheries success. However, FD families tended to share slightly more food in periods of high productivity and they were also more subjected to a lower quality diet in periods of food shortage than NFD families. One of the likely explanations for such differences is the fact that FD families are more subjected to environmental unpredictability and sharing would help decrease such uncertainty. Such higher unpredictability associated to a consequent lower income would also explain the ingestion of lower nutritional quality food during shortage periods. For the second chapter, only the FD families were sampled, although in this case the sample took place along seven consecutive days per month during 12 months, between September 2011 and August 2012 (the three extra sampling days in January and June were not considered in this chapter), which allo wed the register of diet, food sharing and fisheries along the whole year. To investigate the food sharing behavior of these families, some evolutionary models were tested, such as kinship selection, reciprocal altruism, and tolerated theft (or tolerated scrounge), besides physical aspects that could indirectly support some of these models, such as geographical distance. These models were used with the intent of explaining the strategies used by these families in order to decrease the nutritional risks brought about by fisheries seasonal fluctuations. The results showed that FD families shared food mostly due to reciprocal altruism, and, secondarily due to the distance between households. Families tended to share more and more often with families that paid their favor back, but especially with those that were living geographically close. Despite the commercial insertion of this group, basal mechanisms, such as reciprocal altruism, still work, probably because the essential conditions for its continuation are still there, such as living in small groups and having repetitive interactions between cooperative pairs. This suggests that commerce, with all of its likely associated socioeconomic changes, is not necessarily a disruptor of evolutionary cooperation mechanisms (at least for reciprocal altruism), probably as long as other conditions, such as group size and constant interactions, are kept. As such, this study not only details how the diet and food sharing of coastal families are affected directly and indirectly by fisheries, but it also helps understand cooperation maintenance mechanisms regarding food sharing.