Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1956. / Typescript. Abstracted in Dissertation abstracts, v. 16 (1956) no. 4, p. 726-727. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-175).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1966. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

O experimento teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma bucha de bronze ao alumínio de alta dureza através do processo de metalurgia do pó e endurecimento por precipitação. Iniciou-se pela definição da liga de bronze equivalente que atingiria os resultados obtidos pelo processo de fundição, ou seja, dureza final acima de 190 HB. Foram elaboradas ligas por metalurgia do pó com cobre como base e alumínio, sendo que a utilizada no processo de fundição não apresentou bons resultados na adaptação para a sinterização. Foram realizados ensaios de compactação visando a maior densidade à verde possível para as respectivas ligas. A sinterização das peças foi feita à temperatura de 885ºC em atmosfera de nitrogênio e hidrogênio até a obtenção de peças com maior resistência e menor variação dimensional. Um fator importante observado foi que o acréscimo de lubrificante na mistura prejudicou a sinterização das peças, resultando em peças com baixa resistência mecânica. Dentre as ligas de bronze estudadas, a que apresentou melhor resistência mecânica e menor variação dimensional foi a liga 81Cu - 11Al - 4Fe - 4Ni. Após a sinterização, realizou-se de ensaios de solubilização com temperaturas próximas do ponto de fusão da liga e sem atmosfera. Verificou-se que houve um crescimento máximo da dureza para a temperatura de 670 ºC, havendo decréscimo após esta temperatura. Posteriormente, as peças que sofreram maior endurecimento resultante da solubilização foram submetidas à precipitação por envelhecimento artificial. Os resultados obtidos após o envelhecimento comprovaram que houve a formação dos precipitados endurecedores e o tratamento térmico do bronze ao alumínio atingiu resultados satisfatórios em relação aos parâmetros especificados. Foram obtidas durezas acima de 150 HB. / The experiment had the development of the aluminum bronze bush with high hardness by the metal powder process and precipitation hardening as target. The development was begun by the definition of the bronze alloy which would reach the results of the casting process, hardness up to 190 HB. Different alloys were prepared by powder metallurgy, and the alloy used in the casting process did not have success in adapting to the sintering. The compaction tests were carried out seeking the highest green density for the respective alloys. The sintering of the parts was done at 885ºC and nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere to obtain the product with greater resistance and less dimensional variation. An important factor observed was that the addition of lubricant damaged the sintering of the parts, resulting in low mechanical strength. Among the bronze alloys studied, the 81Cu - 11Al - 4Fe - 4Ni alloy was chosen by having the best mechanical strength and less dimensional change. After sintering, the solution heat treatment was performed at temperatures near of the alloy’s melting point and no atmosphere. It was found that there was a maximum increase of the hardness at 670ºC, decreasing after this range. Subsequently, the samples which suffered further hardening results from the solution heat treatment were submitted to precipitation heat treatment. The results showed that after the precipitation heat treatment the hardening precipitates were created and the heat treatment of aluminum bronze reached satisfactory results for the specified parameters. Hardness over 150 HB were obtained.

O experimento teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma bucha de bronze ao alumínio de alta dureza através do processo de metalurgia do pó e endurecimento por precipitação. Iniciou-se pela definição da liga de bronze equivalente que atingiria os resultados obtidos pelo processo de fundição, ou seja, dureza final acima de 190 HB. Foram elaboradas ligas por metalurgia do pó com cobre como base e alumínio, sendo que a utilizada no processo de fundição não apresentou bons resultados na adaptação para a sinterização. Foram realizados ensaios de compactação visando a maior densidade à verde possível para as respectivas ligas. A sinterização das peças foi feita à temperatura de 885ºC em atmosfera de nitrogênio e hidrogênio até a obtenção de peças com maior resistência e menor variação dimensional. Um fator importante observado foi que o acréscimo de lubrificante na mistura prejudicou a sinterização das peças, resultando em peças com baixa resistência mecânica. Dentre as ligas de bronze estudadas, a que apresentou melhor resistência mecânica e menor variação dimensional foi a liga 81Cu - 11Al - 4Fe - 4Ni. Após a sinterização, realizou-se de ensaios de solubilização com temperaturas próximas do ponto de fusão da liga e sem atmosfera. Verificou-se que houve um crescimento máximo da dureza para a temperatura de 670 ºC, havendo decréscimo após esta temperatura. Posteriormente, as peças que sofreram maior endurecimento resultante da solubilização foram submetidas à precipitação por envelhecimento artificial. Os resultados obtidos após o envelhecimento comprovaram que houve a formação dos precipitados endurecedores e o tratamento térmico do bronze ao alumínio atingiu resultados satisfatórios em relação aos parâmetros especificados. Foram obtidas durezas acima de 150 HB. / The experiment had the development of the aluminum bronze bush with high hardness by the metal powder process and precipitation hardening as target. The development was begun by the definition of the bronze alloy which would reach the results of the casting process, hardness up to 190 HB. Different alloys were prepared by powder metallurgy, and the alloy used in the casting process did not have success in adapting to the sintering. The compaction tests were carried out seeking the highest green density for the respective alloys. The sintering of the parts was done at 885ºC and nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere to obtain the product with greater resistance and less dimensional variation. An important factor observed was that the addition of lubricant damaged the sintering of the parts, resulting in low mechanical strength. Among the bronze alloys studied, the 81Cu - 11Al - 4Fe - 4Ni alloy was chosen by having the best mechanical strength and less dimensional change. After sintering, the solution heat treatment was performed at temperatures near of the alloy’s melting point and no atmosphere. It was found that there was a maximum increase of the hardness at 670ºC, decreasing after this range. Subsequently, the samples which suffered further hardening results from the solution heat treatment were submitted to precipitation heat treatment. The results showed that after the precipitation heat treatment the hardening precipitates were created and the heat treatment of aluminum bronze reached satisfactory results for the specified parameters. Hardness over 150 HB were obtained.

O experimento teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma bucha de bronze ao alumínio de alta dureza através do processo de metalurgia do pó e endurecimento por precipitação. Iniciou-se pela definição da liga de bronze equivalente que atingiria os resultados obtidos pelo processo de fundição, ou seja, dureza final acima de 190 HB. Foram elaboradas ligas por metalurgia do pó com cobre como base e alumínio, sendo que a utilizada no processo de fundição não apresentou bons resultados na adaptação para a sinterização. Foram realizados ensaios de compactação visando a maior densidade à verde possível para as respectivas ligas. A sinterização das peças foi feita à temperatura de 885ºC em atmosfera de nitrogênio e hidrogênio até a obtenção de peças com maior resistência e menor variação dimensional. Um fator importante observado foi que o acréscimo de lubrificante na mistura prejudicou a sinterização das peças, resultando em peças com baixa resistência mecânica. Dentre as ligas de bronze estudadas, a que apresentou melhor resistência mecânica e menor variação dimensional foi a liga 81Cu - 11Al - 4Fe - 4Ni. Após a sinterização, realizou-se de ensaios de solubilização com temperaturas próximas do ponto de fusão da liga e sem atmosfera. Verificou-se que houve um crescimento máximo da dureza para a temperatura de 670 ºC, havendo decréscimo após esta temperatura. Posteriormente, as peças que sofreram maior endurecimento resultante da solubilização foram submetidas à precipitação por envelhecimento artificial. Os resultados obtidos após o envelhecimento comprovaram que houve a formação dos precipitados endurecedores e o tratamento térmico do bronze ao alumínio atingiu resultados satisfatórios em relação aos parâmetros especificados. Foram obtidas durezas acima de 150 HB. / The experiment had the development of the aluminum bronze bush with high hardness by the metal powder process and precipitation hardening as target. The development was begun by the definition of the bronze alloy which would reach the results of the casting process, hardness up to 190 HB. Different alloys were prepared by powder metallurgy, and the alloy used in the casting process did not have success in adapting to the sintering. The compaction tests were carried out seeking the highest green density for the respective alloys. The sintering of the parts was done at 885ºC and nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere to obtain the product with greater resistance and less dimensional variation. An important factor observed was that the addition of lubricant damaged the sintering of the parts, resulting in low mechanical strength. Among the bronze alloys studied, the 81Cu - 11Al - 4Fe - 4Ni alloy was chosen by having the best mechanical strength and less dimensional change. After sintering, the solution heat treatment was performed at temperatures near of the alloy’s melting point and no atmosphere. It was found that there was a maximum increase of the hardness at 670ºC, decreasing after this range. Subsequently, the samples which suffered further hardening results from the solution heat treatment were submitted to precipitation heat treatment. The results showed that after the precipitation heat treatment the hardening precipitates were created and the heat treatment of aluminum bronze reached satisfactory results for the specified parameters. Hardness over 150 HB were obtained.

Nickel aluminum bronze (NAB) alloys are used in naval and maritime applications for their excellent corrosion resistance under the influence of seawater. One application involves the use of a NAB butterfly valve within a NAB fluid line to control fluid flow of seawater. Due to the chaotic environment, the corrosion rate of the NAB tubing downstream from the valve increases significantly. The disc angle at which the valve alters fluid flow causes an increase in the fluid velocity and an increase in the turbulence produced on the downstream side of the valve. These fluid conditions contribute to the increase in the corrosion rate of the NAB piping downstream from the valve. This thesis aims to characterize how the change in the disc angle of the butterfly valve causes a change in the erosion-corrosion rate of NAB downstream from the valve. A butterfly valve is simulated using orifice plates of varying diameters to mimic flow conditions at different disc angles. An orifice plate is a simple device with a hole in its center that is designed to restrict fluid flow across a fluid line. Under the same hydrodynamic conditions, the orifice produces nearly the exact same flow coefficients as the valve. At a volumetric flowrate of 0.00757 m^3/s a total of eight locations found along the liquid/metal interface produced pitting sites. The average passivation layer thickness is also measured. / Master of Science / Nickel aluminum bronze alloys are used within the naval and maritime industries for many different types of applications. The main use of this material as studied within this project entailed the use of this alloy within a piping structure downstream from a type of butterfly valve. When seawater flows through this piping structure, the valve distortions within the fluid are believed to cause degradation of the piping material. This project aimed to look at how the change in the disc angle of the butterfly valve caused disruptions in the fluid and thereby changes in how nickel aluminum bronze degrades over time. It was found that as the disc angle inside of the butterfly valve decreased towards being completely closed, the greater the amount of degradation was produced upon the alloys surface. Micrographs within this paper aimed to characterize the amount of degradation upon the alloy surface and also report the overall thickness of oxide deposited onto the metal surface during testing.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The effect of friction-stir processing (FSP) on the microstructure of a cast nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) material has been characterized by various micro-analytical methods including orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). Cast NAB is widely utilized in the production of propellers for the surface ships and submarines of the U.S. Navy due to excellent corrosion-resistance. New applications require improved mechanical properties that may be attainable using FSP to achieve localized microstructure modification. Friction between a rotating tool and the surface of the material results in a *stirring* action that, in turn, produces adiabatic heating and local softening of the material. The tool rotation results in very large shear deformations in the softened regions and thus microstructure refinement and homogenization; in effect FSP may convert an as-cast microstructure to a wrought condition in the absence of macroscopic shape change. In as-cast material, results of optical and scanning electron microscopy (using energy dispersive analysis) show an ` (FCC) matrix containing globular and particulate dispersions that correspond to the *I, *II and *IV second phases; these represent various morphologies of the Fe3Al intermetallic compound, which has a D03 structure. Also present are lamellar particles of *III, which is NiAl and has a B2 structure. The grain size in the ` matrix is ~ 1 mm. In OIM, the microtexture and microstructure in the ` (FCC) matrix may be readily obtained and analyzed. However, interatom distances in the Fe3Al and NiAl phases differ by only about one percent and so these phases are not distinguishable from one another during OIM. Altogether, microstructure and microtexture analysis showed that there are several regions in the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of a material subjected to FSP. From base material inward toward the TMAZ, these include: annealing effects in undeformed base material; a region just inside the TMAZ in which grain deformation and C-type shear deformation textures are observed; regions of highly refined and recrystallized grains further inside the TMAZ, wherein the grain size is < 5æm; and, finally, regions of elongated, banded and twinned grain structures that suggest grain growth following recrystalliztion. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The extreme strain, strain rate and temperature gradients during Friction Stir Processing (FSP) render measurement of key parameters in the stir zone infeasible with common methods. The objective of this research was to separate the effects that temperature and deformation in an experimental study of the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-AL bronze (NAB). This was accomplished by subjecting as-cast NAB material to several isothermal annealing and quenching treatments as well as isothermal hot rolling processes. Sufficient material was generated to provide results and data for subsequent optical microscopy, tensile, & hardness tests. All results were then compared to similar data collected from previous works completed here at Naval Postgraduate School and with other DARPA FSP program participants. During the course of this work correlations were drawn between FSP material and the material subjected to isothermal hotworking, which may enhance our understanding of the roles that various FSP process parameters have on the microstructural transformation sequence within this material. The hot-rolling study conducted here suggests that FSP process parameters leading to severe deformation at temperatures between 950-1000 C in the NAB material provides high ductility (elongation approximately 28%) with moderate strengths. / Lieutenant, United States Coast Guard