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The Amazon basin has about 7000 km2 of extension and a vast biodiversity providing an ichthyofauna of approximately 5000 species of fish. Myxozoan parasites cause diseases in fish in both the natural environment and the breeding systemand they are responsible for high mortality rates. Myxozoans show a great diversity of species with some of them, highly pathogenic and, therefore, have been receiving attention of the researchers. In Brazil, due to the great diversity of fish species, the study of these parasites has been gaining the attention of the researchers, focusing on diversity, biology and parasite-host interaction. In this context, the objective of this work was to explore the parasite diversity of the Myxozoa subphylum, through morphological and molecular analyses of myxosporean parasites of Amazonian fish, important for the food market such as Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) and Piaractus brachypomus (pirapitinga). For the taxonomic study, morphological analyses were performed using light microscopy and molecular analyses using ssrDNA. The fish were captured in the Amazon basin, in the Tapajós and Solimões Rivers, Santarém, PA and Manaus, AM, respectively. Two new myxosporean species, Myxobolus n. sp. 1 and Myxobolus n. sp. 2, were described infecting C. macropomum, based on morphological and molecular data. Myxobolus colossomatis, found infecting C. macropomum, was considered a distinct species of Myxobolus cf. colossomatis described in Piaractus mesopotamicus, through molecular and phylogenetic data. For P. brachypomus four new species were described. Henneguya n. sp. 1 and Myxobolus n. sp. 3, were described through of morphological, histological, ultra-structural and molecular analyses. Henneguya n. sp. 2 and Myxobolus n. sp. 4 were described based in morphological and molecular data. After observing the mitochondrial behavior of myxospores through electron microscopy studies, we performed an experiment of mitochondrial fluorescence microscopy and the results showed that few Henneguya sp. myxospores presented labeling for mitochondrial activity. / A bacia Amazônica tem cerca de 7000 km2 de extensão e uma vasta biodiversidade abrigando uma ictiofauna de, aproximadamente, 5000 espécies de peixes. Parasitos mixozoários são causadores de doenças em peixes de ambiente natural e de sistemas de criação sendo responsáveis por altas taxas de mortalidade. Mixosporídeos apresentam uma grande diversidade de espécies com algumas destas, altamente patogênicas e, por isso, vêm recebendo atenção dos pesquisadores. No Brasil, devido à grande diversidade de espécies de peixes, o estudo destes parasitos vem ganhando cada vez mais destaque, com foco para a diversidade, biologia e a interação parasito-hospedeiro. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi explorar a diversidade de parasitos do subfilo Myxozoa, através de análises morfológicas e moleculares de mixosporídeos parasitos de peixes amazônicos, importantes para o mercado de alimentos como Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) e Piaractus brachypomus (pirapitinga). Para o estudo taxonômico foram realizadas análises morfológicas, utilizando microscopia de luz, e análises moleculares utilizando o sequenciamento do ssrDNA. Os peixes foram capturados na bacia Amazônica, nos rios Tapajós e Solimões, Santarém, PA e Manaus, AM, respectivamente. Duas novas espécies de mixosporídeos, Myxobolus sp. n. 1 e Myxobolus sp. n. 2, foram descritas infectando C. macropomum, baseado em dados morfológicos e moleculares. Myxobolus colossomatis encontrada infectando C. macropomum foi considerada uma espécie distinta de Myxobolus cf. colossomatis descrita em Piaractus mesopotamicus, através de dados moleculares e filogenéticos. Para P. brachypomus quatro novas espécies foram descritas. Henneguya sp. n. 1 e Myxobolus sp. n. 3 foram descritas através de análises morfológicas, histológicas, ultra-estruturais e moleculares. Henneguya sp. n. 2 e Myxobolus sp. n. 4 foram descritas baseadas em dados morfológicos e moleculares. Após a observação do comportamento mitocondrial de mixosporídeos através de estudos de microscopia eletrônica, nós realizamos um experimento de microscopia de fluorescência mitocondrial e os resultados obtidos demonstraram que poucos mixosporos de Henneguya sp. apresentaram marcação para a atividade mitocondrial.

Orientador: Patricia Maria Contente Moraes-Valenti / Resumo: O experimento inicial teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho produtivo do tambaqui, camarão-da-amazônia, e curimbatá em sistema integrado. Foram avaliados os parâmetros zootécnicos e limnológicos dos sistemas de cultivo com tambaqui e camarão-da-amazônia e com tambaqui, camarão-da-amazônia e curimbatá. Após o período de cultivo dos animais foram feitos plantios de hortaliças no sedimento dos viveiros que é rico em nutrientes resultantes do cultivo anterior. O objetivo do segundo experimento, foi determinar o desempenho produtivo das culturas de alface, almeirão, espinafre e rúcula em sistema de integração agricultura – aquicultura (IAA), visando a produção em pequena escala. Os resultados observados no primeiro experimento não mostraram diferença entre os tratamentos, mas indicaram que o cultivo de tambaqui, camarão-da-amazônia e curimbatá é tecnicamente viável para a fase inicial de engorda (recria). Assim, o cultivo com três espécies favorece a produtividade e melhor eficiência do sistema de cultivo. Já nos resultados do segundo experimento, a rúcula apresentou maior produtividade entre as hortaliças cultivadas, apresentando diferença significativa entre os tratamentos realizados. Assim, os dados de produtividade mostraram a possibilidade do cultivo de hortaliças em viveiros de aquicultura utilizando o sedimento como substrato. / Abstract: The initial experiment had as objective to evaluate the productive performance of tambaqui, Amazon river prawn, and curimbatá in an integrated system. The zootechnical and limnological parameters of the cultivation systems with tambaqui and Amazon river prawn and tambaqui, Amazon river prawn and curimbatá were evaluated. After the period of cultivation of the animals were planted of vegetables in the sediment of the nurseries that is rich in nutrient resulting from the previous cultivation. The objective of the second experiment was to determine the productive performance of lettuce, endive, spinach and arugula cultures in an agriculture - aquaculture integration system (IAA), aiming at small - scale production. The results observed in the first experiment showed no difference between the treatments, but indicated that the cultivation of tambaqui, Amazon river prawn and curimbatá is technically feasible for the initial fattening phase. Thus, the cultivation with three species favors the productivity and better efficiency of the cultivation system. In the results of the second experiment, to date, there were significant differences between treatments, with arugula being the most productive species. The productivity data showed the possibility of growing vegetables in aquaculture nurseries using the sediment as a substrate. / Mestre

A descoberta de metabólitos secundários de esponjas marinhas decorre da enorme diversidade de entidades químicas e atividades biológicas que estes animais apresentam. O presente projeto origina-se da coleta de dois gêneros de esponja (Dictyonella e Agelas) em expedição a bordo do Navio Cruzeiro do Sul (Marinha do Brasil) ao longo da margem equatorial da Foz Rio do Amazonas (Pará). Esta região é submetida a um forte ciclo sazonal no padrão de dispersão da pluma do Rio Amazonas. Purificação extensiva do extrato aquoso da Dictyonella sp. através de vários passos cromatográficos de separação, levou ao isolamento e identificação de 7 alcalóides bromopirrólicos: himenidina (16), clathrodina (17) e monobromoisofakelina (20) são compostos já reportados na literatura. A 4-desbromooroidina (28), 5-desbromo-seco-isofakelina (30), 4-desbromo-seco-isofakelina (31) e 5-bromopalau\'amina (32) não foram reportados na literatura até então, sendo compostos inéditos. Da esponja Agelas sventres, foi isolado a oroidina (15), o primeiro composto da classe dos alcalóides pirrólicos a ser isolado reportado na literatura. / The discovery of secondary metabolites from marine sponges is consequential from the enormous diversity of chemical entities and biological activities presented by these animals. This project originates from the collection of two genera of sponges (Dictyonella and Agelas), in an expedition aboard the Cruzeiro do Sul ship (Brazilian Navy) along the equatorial margin of Amazon river mouth (Pará). This region is subject to a strong seasonal cycle related to the pattern of dispersion of the plume of the Amazon River. Extensive purification of the MeOH extract of Dictyonella sp. through several chromatographic steps of separation, led to the isolation and identification of 7 bromopyrrole alkaloids: hymenidin (16), clathrodin (17) and monobromoisophakellin (20), compounds already reported in the literature. 4-Desbromooroidin (28), 5-debromo-seco-isophakellin (30), 4-debromo-seco-isophakellin (31) and 5-bromopalau\'amine (32) were not yet reported in the literature. The purification of the sponge Agelas sventres extract led to the isolation of oroidin is the first compound of pyrrole alkaloids ever isolated.

A descoberta de metabólitos secundários de esponjas marinhas decorre da enorme diversidade de entidades químicas e atividades biológicas que estes animais apresentam. O presente projeto origina-se da coleta de dois gêneros de esponja (Dictyonella e Agelas) em expedição a bordo do Navio Cruzeiro do Sul (Marinha do Brasil) ao longo da margem equatorial da Foz Rio do Amazonas (Pará). Esta região é submetida a um forte ciclo sazonal no padrão de dispersão da pluma do Rio Amazonas. Purificação extensiva do extrato aquoso da Dictyonella sp. através de vários passos cromatográficos de separação, levou ao isolamento e identificação de 7 alcalóides bromopirrólicos: himenidina (16), clathrodina (17) e monobromoisofakelina (20) são compostos já reportados na literatura. A 4-desbromooroidina (28), 5-desbromo-seco-isofakelina (30), 4-desbromo-seco-isofakelina (31) e 5-bromopalau\'amina (32) não foram reportados na literatura até então, sendo compostos inéditos. Da esponja Agelas sventres, foi isolado a oroidina (15), o primeiro composto da classe dos alcalóides pirrólicos a ser isolado reportado na literatura. / The discovery of secondary metabolites from marine sponges is consequential from the enormous diversity of chemical entities and biological activities presented by these animals. This project originates from the collection of two genera of sponges (Dictyonella and Agelas), in an expedition aboard the Cruzeiro do Sul ship (Brazilian Navy) along the equatorial margin of Amazon river mouth (Pará). This region is subject to a strong seasonal cycle related to the pattern of dispersion of the plume of the Amazon River. Extensive purification of the MeOH extract of Dictyonella sp. through several chromatographic steps of separation, led to the isolation and identification of 7 bromopyrrole alkaloids: hymenidin (16), clathrodin (17) and monobromoisophakellin (20), compounds already reported in the literature. 4-Desbromooroidin (28), 5-debromo-seco-isophakellin (30), 4-debromo-seco-isophakellin (31) and 5-bromopalau\'amine (32) were not yet reported in the literature. The purification of the sponge Agelas sventres extract led to the isolation of oroidin is the first compound of pyrrole alkaloids ever isolated.

Studies were carried out in a lowland evergreen rain forest (LERF), on an ultisol, in the 'Reserva da Campina', 45 km north of Manaus, and in two facies of the highly distinct formation called heath forest, on spodosols. The spodosols had a layer of mor humus of thickness varying from nil in some parts in the smaller facies of heath forest (SHF) to 35 cm in the taller facies (THF). The overall aim was to investigate the forest soil biota and its role in nutrient turnover by comparing the SHF, THF and LERF. Microbial biomass, soil respiration and nitrogen transformation rates were measured in the three forest types in both wet and dry seasons. Field and laboratory fertilization experiments were made to investigate potential limiting nutrients for microorganisms and plants. The role of fine roots in decomposition and litter animal colonization was assessed in litter bag studies. SHF soils have a small microbial population with no net nitrification in any season. THF soils showed a variable microbial population adapted to high acidity, which immobilises nitrogen during the wet season, but which allows a net release during the dry season. LERF showed the most diverse population which causes mineralization and nitrification in both seasons. A bioassay with nutrient addition showed that the low pH, and nitrogen and sulphur supply were likely to be limiting nitrogen dynamics in all forest types, but especially in THF and LERF. The ingrowth bags showed that despite the lower values of fine root growth in the SHF (particularly when the white sand of the spodosol was used as the substrate), the roots showed in all plots an increased production with added calcium as carbonate or sulphate. In the decomposition bioassay to evaluate the role of roots in the nutrient turnover it was shown that in all forest types there was no effect of roots on the mass loss of Clitoria leaves but there was a significant effect on concentrations of some nutrients. In general, roots contributed to the accumulation of aluminium and iron and to a faster release and uptake of calcium, magnesium and zinc. A survey of the mycorrhizal associations in all forest types showed that both VAM and ECM fungi with some unknown VAM fungal species are common. VAM and ECM adaptation to low pH and high phenolic compounds in the soils may be important in the maintenance of these ecosystems.

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