The evaluation of archaeological sites is an essential, routine, and commonplace part of archaeological practice. Evaluation is usually a preliminary step carried out prior to a decision about preservation, destruction, or more intensive investigation. In most cases, archaeologists sample sites when conducting evaluations, often to reduce the cost of the research, but also to minimize the adverse effects to sites that may be significant. The literature on sampling in archaeology, with a few noteworthy exceptions, does not address critical issues concerning how much to sample to achieve a valid and reliable evaluation of a site, or, alternatively, how much material must be recovered for that same purpose. This thesis studies the spatial and numerical distributions of ceramic material recovered from three prehistoric archaeological sites that have undergone several phases of intensive testing to understand the variables that influence effective sample sizes for evaluation. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Diss. Uppsala : Univ., 2004.

Thesis (PhD.(Chemistry)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / On title page: Submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree Philosophiae Doctor in Chemistry in the faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences of the University of Pretoria. Includes bibliographical index.

Gully erosion has been damaging archaeological sites in Grand Canyon during the last several decades, and there is a need to protect these features through mitigation, monitoring, and better geomorphic understanding. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of erosion-control structures , determine the accuracy and utility of aerial photogrammetry for monitoring gullies , and understand the geomorphology of the erosion . We performed total-station surveys and other data collection during February and October , 2002, at nine study sites in eastern and western Grand Canyon. Erosion-control structures are more prone to be damaged by flow when they are placed in reaches of very high local gradient. Treatments are generally successful in slowing erosion or causing deposition of sediment, but damaged erosion-control structures were shown to be less effective than intact structures, and actually increase local erosion in cases. Aerial photogrammetry was performed on four eroding archaeological sites in western Grand Canyon in March and October 2002 in order to assess the accuracy and change-detection utility of this tool. Accuracy was assessed on several different levels by comparing photogrammetry data to ground-survey data, and mean absolute vertical error ranged from 6-10 cm. Error of manual photogrammetry digital terrain models (DTMs) increased with topographic ruggedness and decreased with greater photogrammetric point density. Mean error reached a minimum of 5 cm for March and 6.5 cm for October when the ratio of point density to topographic ruggedness was ~40. Ground surveys and repeat photography indicated that two study gullies eroded or aggraded during the study period by 10-20 cm, but these changes were mostly undetected in the photogrammetry DTMs. Repeat ground surveys showed that gullies erode most at knickpoints and in steep reaches , and that new knickpoints tend to form in relatively steep reaches of a given channel. An area-slope erosion threshold was identified for the study sites and applied in a GIS-based model at four sites to show areas that exceed the threshold and are sensitive to gully erosion . Overall results show an upcatchment control of gully erosion and suggest that baselevel changes due to Glen Canyon Dam operation are subordinate controls.

Nesta dissertação, foi realizado o levantamento, caracterização e o mapeamento do material arqueológico em uma parcela da zona rural da bacia hidrográfica do município de Cristal, estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram analisados e identificados os processos de ocupação pretéritos por meio da bibliografia e material arqueológico identificado in locu e constatou-se os diferentes elementos populacionais que se instalaram na região e que deixaram suas marcas na paisagem por meio de alteração do ambiente, implantação de sítios arqueológicos, uso de artefatos e ferramentas característicos pelos antigos habitantes. Considerou-se uma região com características ambientais que configuram um ambiente de transição, entre uma porção serrana da serra do Sudeste e a região do baixo curso do Rio Camaquã, denominada planície litorânea interna. A área de estudo abrange aproximadamente 60 km², fragmentadas em 18 microbacias hidrográficas, onde inclui-se o rio Camaquã. Esse território apresenta formas de atualmente ocupação e exploração do solo, condicionado pela ocupação de descendentes europeus e que pelo processo de fragmentação da terra, modela esta diferenciação e a apropriação dos espaços naturais. Esta mesma área que na atualidade apresenta forma diversificada de exploração do solo esta sobreposta a as áreas em que é identificada densidade expressiva de sítios arqueológicos não pesquisados, sendo que estes sítios arqueológicos apresentaram um elevado número de artefatos. Para a identificação dos locais com ocorrências arqueológicas foi adotada a metodologia de fragmentação de uma grande área em parcelas menores, considerando para esta divisão as características naturais do ambiente e divisão da área em 04 parcelas (região do vale do rio Camaquã; região da planície de meandros; região do arroio Sapata e região do alto da serra). Sobre estas parcelas foi implantada a metodologia do caminhamento sistemático, que consiste em gerar linhas paralelas entre si sobre terrenos com diferentes coberturas vegetais, abrangendo uma prospecção superficial dos terrenos em busca de artefatos arqueológicos que caracterizem um sítio arqueológico. Estes locais com material arqueológico foram identificados, mapeados e descritos. Os materiais identificados nos locais foram acondicionados conforme sua localização, contabilizados em campo. Em laboratório os mesmos foram lavados, secos, contabilizados conforme sua origem, analisados visualmente com a ajuda de lupa para identificação de ranhuras e cicatrizes de mecanização, fotografados em escala e posteriormente sendo acondicionados em sacos plásticos, identificados conforme sua origem em campo. O material identificado em campo por meio do caminhamento contabilizou uma soma de 75 sítios arqueológicos não identificados por nenhuma pesquisa anterior, dispersos nas 04 regiões ambientais distintas pesquisadas, foram identificados ainda 109 locais com ocorrência de material arqueológico em pequenas quantidades que podem apresentar relação com as grandes ocorrências. Quanto aos materiais localizados nos sítios arqueológicos foram contabilizados 4.647 fragmentos e artefatos de natureza lítica, de litologias internas e externas a área de pesquisa, incluindo-se instrumentos denominados de instrumentos guia, porque delimitam sua confecção a determinados grupos ao longo do contexto histórico de ocupação e 5.633 fragmentos cerâmicos de diferentes colorações e caracterização morfológica na face externa dos recipientes, caracterizando diferentes funcionalidades do recipiente e dos locais de ocorrência, quando contextualizados. Como principal resultado, pôde-se inferir a relação entre os processos antrópicos (revolvimento do solo, de pedoturbação e atividade agrícolas mecanizadas) e sua interferência sobre os espaços culturais, acarretando alterações nas configurações destes espaços e a destruição e/ou alteração estética de peças arqueológicas, esta observação foi constatada na totalidade dos 75 sítios arqueológicos identificados. Como resultado final cruzaram-se os dados de densidade de materiais em cada sítio, com a localização dos mesmos no território, ocorre ainda a diferenciação dos sítios de acordo com os materiais encontrados, sendo classificados com sítios líticos, cerâmicos e lito-cerâmicos, assim gerou-se um produto cartográfico final. / In this dissertation, a survey, characterization and mapping of archaeological material was carried out in a portion of the rural area of the river basin of the municipality of Cristal, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Previous occupation processes were analyzed and identified through bibliography and archaeological material identified in locus and it was verified the different population elements that settled in the region and that left their marks in the landscape by means of alteration of the environment, implantation of archaeological sites, use of artifacts and characteristic tools by the old inhabitants. It was considered a region with environmental characteristics that constitute a transition environment, between a mountainous portion of the Southeastern mountain range and the region of the lower course of the Camaquã River, called the internal coastal plain. The study area covers approximately 60 km², fragmented in 18 micro-watersheds, where the Camaquã river is included. This territory presents forms of current occupation and exploitation of the soil, conditioned by the occupation of European descendants and that by the process of fragmentation of the land, models this differentiation and the appropriation of the natural spaces. This same area that currently presents a diversified form of soil exploration is superimposed on the areas in which an expressive density of unsearched archaeological sites is identified, and these archeological sites have a high number of artifacts. For the identification of sites with archaeological occurrences, the methodology of fragmentation of a large area into smaller plots was adopted, considering for this division the natural characteristics of the environment and division of the area into 04 plots (Camaquã River region; meanders; region of the Sapata river stream and region of the mountain range). On these plots the methodology of systematic walking was implemented, which consists in generating parallel lines between them on lands with different vegetation cover, covering a superficial survey of the lands in search of archaeological artifacts that characterize an archaeological site. These sites with archaeological material were identified, mapped and described. The materials identified in the sites were conditioned according to their location, counted in the field. In the laboratory they were washed, dried, counted according to their origin, analyzed visually with the aid of a magnifying glass to identify grooves and mechanized scars, photographed in scale and later being packed in plastic bags, identified according to their origin in the field. The material identified in the field by means of the trip counted a sum of 75 archaeological sites not identified by previous research, dispersed in the 04 different environmental regions surveyed, were still identified 109 places with occurrence of archaeological material in small quantities that may have relation with the occurrences. As for the materials located in the archaeological sites, 4,647 fragments and artifacts of a lithic nature were recorded, from internal and external lithology\'s to the research area, including instruments called guide instruments, because they delimit their confection to certain groups along the historical context of occupation and 5,633 ceramic fragments of different stains and morphological characterization on the external face of the containers, characterizing different functionalities of the container and the places of occurrence, when contextualized. As a main result, it was possible to infer the relation between the anthropic processes (soil revolving, pedoturbation and mechanized agricultural activity) and their interference on cultural spaces, causing alterations in the configurations of these spaces and the destruction and/or aesthetic alteration of pieces archaeological findings, this observation was verified in all the 75 archaeological sites identified. As a final result, the material density data were cross-referenced in each site, with the location of the sites in the territory, and the site differentiation according to the materials found, being classified with lithic, ceramic and litho-ceramic sites, and final cartographic product was generated.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:34:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Regiane Brescovici Nunes.pdf: 16979101 bytes, checksum: ebf8b1928d2044eb395f83b4abe6f09d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / This study has as objective make a descriptive analysis in graphics rock found in archaeological sites Morro do Sol and Pedras Brilhantes or Morro dos Tapuias, located in the São Desidério city, in Bahia. In the city, can be found four others sites with identification of paintings and rock carvings. The descriptive analysis of the images was performed from a macro understanding of the visual panel, to then through strategic cuts in the images, conduct analysis to achieve the objective. The description was based in studies conducted in other Brazilian regions, from authors who develop jobs in the area, like others deloped in state of Bahia, performed by researchers at the Universidade Federal da Bahia. Contributing to locating, identifying and cataloging the remains rock. The analysis was performed from the photographs produced on site and methodology proposal for Comerlato in 2007. / O estudo em questão apresenta como objetivo realizar uma análise descritiva em grafismos rupestres encontrados nos sítios arqueológicos Morro do Sol e Pedras Brilhantes ou Morro dos Tapuias, localizados no município de São Desidério no Estado da Bahia. No município, podem ainda ser encontrados outros quatro sítios com identificação de pinturas e gravuras rupestres. A análise descritiva das imagens ocorreu a partir de uma macro compreensão visual do painel, para em seguida, através de cortes estratégicos nas imagens, proceder a análise em busca do objetivo proposto. A descrição se baseou em estudos realizados em outras regiões brasileiras, a partir de autores que desenvolvem trabalhos na área. Como os que vêm sendo realizados em todo o Estado baiano pelos pesquisadores da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Contribuindo para localização, identificação e catalogação dos vestígios rupestres. A análise foi realizada a partir das fotografias produzidas no local e na metodologia construída por Comerlato em 2007.

<p>This thesis deals with the connection between archaeological sites and</p><p>processes of identity formation in Southern Africa, as expressed in relation to the Twyfelfontein rock art site and Great Zimbabwe, and, to some extent, the White Lady site. The aim is to understand in what ways people think of, and identify with, archaeological monuments. The Twyfelfontein rock art site is presented in the form of a case study, based on my own fieldwork of 2004, while the descriptions of the other sites derive from literary sources. The theoretical discussion on identity, and ethnic identity in particular, is central to this thesis. In analysing the conditions of the different archaeological sites, a discursive approach is taken in order to</p><p>highlight the way perceptions of the past, and people’s identities, are dependant upon social and political processes.</p>

Artifacts are moved to museums after the excavations in order to provide an indoor protection, while the immovable findings remain exposed to environmental conditions and human activity. In order to conserve these architectural remains made of vulnerable material, mosaics and wall paintings in situ, covering structures are designed offering temporary or long-term sheltering, preserving and exhibiting facilities. The aim of the study is to evaluate these protective structures. In this study, national and international approaches in the conservation of archaeological sites are studied in order to form the theoretical framework. Following the theoretical research, problems facing excavation sites, in situ conservation, interventions and the presentation of the archaeological sites are studied. New building in an archaeological site is discussed in architectural and conservation perspectives and evaluation criteria are defined. Selected cases are studied according to their material selection, functional and physical efficiency, compatibility with the remaining and its urban context in terms of the determined principles. The study is concluded with the general remarks for a new protective structure for the preservation and presentation of the architectural remains in an archaeological site.

Archaeological sites around the world are facing many challenges. These challenges include urban expansion, resource exploitation, tourism, governmental infrastructure programs such as road development and one of the most recently recognized challenges is climate change. The archaeological record of the Arctic tundra is particularly sensitive to fluctuations in the climate, with its fragile ecosystems and ground underlain by permafrost. The impact of increasing global temperatures is a major public issue of the 21st Century, and the ramifications on archaeological sites are significant. The impacts felt over the next century are predicted to range from a sea level rise of almost a metre to a 6.4°C rise in temperature (IPCC, 2007:13). Arctic archaeological sites often invoke a feeling of being in stasis, simply waiting for the next researcher to come along and discover them anew. In fact, the continued existence of these sites is taken for granted, and many are in fact under siege from environmental factors. While the Arctic may face some of the greatest environmental challenges to its archaeological record, it also has some of the greatest potential of in situ preservation in the world. The slow growth of infrastructure in many parts of the Arctic along with a very low population density has meant that threats from development are not as significant or pressing as in other locales both in Canada and throughout the world. This means that the potential to preserve the archaeological record for future generations and future technologies is substantial if the surrounding environment can be stabilized. This paper summarizes the effects of a warming climate upon archaeological sites and uses the Arctic as a focal point, as it is the northern regions that are currently recognized as the most environmentally vulnerable. The Sannirut site on Bylot Island, Nunavut presents an excellent case study on the importance of preservation policies as well as the practicalities on how it can be done with current technologies.

This thesis concentrates on evolving concepts on conservation of cultural heritage with an emphasis on archaeological sites and evaluates the realization of diverse concepts in a particular case. The study is handled in two main sections that cover theoretical study and case study. The initial conceptual section clarifies the circumstances in archaeological sites with a view to historical developments followed by current approaches at international and national level. The following section comprises the case study concerning the archaeological site of Perge studied through historical and urban evolution and investigation of excavations and interventions for evaluation of concerns for its conservation. The thesis is finalized by concluding remarks of the study as a guide for further studies for conservation issues of the ancient city of Perge.