Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 330-338).

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Thus thesis focuses on the roles of social work (on the part of governments and NGOs) in dealing with Indonesia's Ambon conflict (1999 to date). The research seeks to map the roots of the conflict and the interventions made by both level of government and NGOs and to examine the strengths and weaknesses of their social work efforts in conflict resolution. Based on an analysis of these efforts of these institutions, this thesis offers some suggestions as to an enhanced role for social work in dealing with future reconciliation in Ambon especially and in Indonesia generally.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 1977. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 331-344).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 1977. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 331-344).

This study analyzes how civic engagement and collaborative governance can be used to build peace in post-conflict societies. A case study approach is used to examine the presence of civic engagement as a precursor to collaborative governance in the reconstruction of segregated areas in post-conflict Ambon, Indonesia. The study evaluates the effective ways that people were engaged in the multiple processes of reconstruction and assesses the readiness of Ambon to apply collaborative governance in current affairs. It finds that collaborative governance can be applied to public policy processes in segregated societies in post-conflict and can promote inter-society engagement. This study suggests that governments and NGOs in post-conflict areas could use a collaborative governance approach to sustain peace in post-conflict areas. The conclusions recognize that integrating collaborative governance into peace building programs is a crucial element of the peace building process in post-conflict areas, creating a greater likelihood for sustainable peace.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Murdoch University, 2006. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Arts. Bibliography: leaves 257-303.

This thesis examines the 1999–2003 case of political conflict in Ambon, in Eastern Indonesia, in the context of political change in Indonesia from 1950-1998. It is argued that political transformation during this period was closely influenced by a much longer period of unprecedented social change preceding the politics of this period. It is suggested that the ideologisation of ethnic identities is likely to occur when structures of community are disrupted by changes in the contemporary world such as economic fluctuations or state policy interventions. One result is to disrupt traditional village communities so as to place individuals in stress situations making them susceptible to new nationalist ideologies. The other impact is to dislocate authority structures so that both incumbent and aspiring elites lose their power and authority and thus search for new ways in order to re-establish their moral and political legitimacy. It is argued that nationalism is able to offer a resolution to social disruption and thus to the community in search of social cohesion, while also functioning to rebuild elite authority. In ethnic nationalist ideology, insecurities and feelings of isolation are ameliorated by subsequent constructions of ‘us’ and ‘them’ where members of one distinct community are demarcated from other communities. It is suggested that myths of ancestry and homeland together with counterposed moral dichotomies appealed to the Ambonese who needed this form of ideological support. It is the insecurities and fear experienced by disrupted communities which promote this powerful ideological formula. It is asserted that conflict on the island has been characterised by this trend towards ideological absolutism where two conflicting ideological constructions have translated the conflict into a non-negotiable confrontation between opposing national rights. It is argued that these two ideological constructions have remained internalised on the island and embedded within the mindsets of both Ambonese Christians and Muslims, thereby rendering setbacks to conflict resolution.

<p> Increasing human activity and population pressure on coastal marine resources, especially coral reefs, in Ambon have caused significant stresses on coral communities requiring careful management. A suitable environmental management strategy for this complex ecosystem, however, must be based on an accurate assessment of the state of these resources, natural variability, and the impact of human activities. Consequently, baseline research is needed to describe reef areas and to provide data about environmental changes.</p> <p> One control site (Tanjung Setan) and three affected sites (Hila, Wayame and Wailiha) on Ambon were observed to assess the condition of the reefs. Coral cover, coral growth rate, species richness and environmental parameters such as suspended particulate matter (SPM), resuspended sediment, salinity, temperature, dissolved nutrients (NO3 and PO4), δ15N, and water clarity were measured to assess reef condition and to determine the possible causes of reef degradation.</p> <p> Average coral cover in the control site (Tanjung Setan) is higher (64%) than that in affected sites: Hila (27%), Wayame (36%) and Wailiha (11%). Also, the greatest number of species was found in Tanjung Setan (101 spp.) followed by Hila (66 spp.), Wayame (62 spp.) and Wailiha (43 spp.).</p> <p> Coral growth rates show different trends from coral cover and number of species. Corals in Tanjung Setan have higher growth rate (1.61 cm/year) than those in Hila (1.45 cm/year) and Wayame (1.31 cm/year), but corals in Wailiha show almost the same growth rate (1.57 cm/year) with that in Tanjung Setan. The surprisingly rapid growth rates at Wailiha are probably caused by high nutrient availability and rapid growth of corals to keep pace with high sedimentation rates.</p> <p> The δ15N content of coral tissue was analyzed at each site to trace the sewage (nutrients) loading from the land. Relatively high ratio of δ15N found in Wailiha and Wayame indicated sewage (nutrients) inputs to the reefs in these areas. In addition, limited lignin testing on corals from Wailiha showed positive results, indicating that the plywood factory adjacent to the reef influences the corals there.</p> <p> High SPM and resuspended sediment values, high dissolved nutrients and δ15N content, and turbid water in Wayame and Wailiha indicated that these reefs are under siltation and sewage (eutrophication) stress. Hila mainly suffered from physical disturbance such as fish blasting and coral collecting, suggested by bomb craters and coral fragments. Conversely, no significant evidence of human impact was found in the control site (Tanjung Setan), where SPM, resuspended sediment, dissolved nutrients, and δ15N values are all low, and water clarity is very high.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)