Nurses, especially those who care for the critically ill, are required to perform high-level intensive clinical care. It is common for complicated procedures such as therapeutic hypothermia (TH) to be done infrequently at small community hospitals. According to the 2020 recommendations by the American Heart Association (AHA), “prompt initiation of targeted temperature management (formally known as TH) is necessary for all patients who do not follow commands after return of spontaneous circulation to ensure optimal functional and neurological outcome” (Panchal et al., 2020, p.S366). These high-risk, low-frequency protocols typically require nurses to be able to perform these procedures in a time-sensitive manner. If the procedures are not done correctly, they can have negative patient outcomes. Patients are put into medically induced comas, maintained on ventilators, cooled to very low body temperatures, and often medically paralyzed to inhibit shivering. Each of these conditions has the potential for adverse outcomes and together can lead to poor neurological outcomes and even death (Kim et al., 2015). Health educators have the opportunity to provide knowledge and support to these nurses as a way to improve patient outcomes. In this study, a patient care checklist and an online self-learning module were developed for nurses to learn how to perform this high-risk procedure quickly and effectively. A focus group was then conducted with a group of nurses to gain feedback on the checklist and module, and these data informed specific changes to these materials. Then, drawing on a sample of 60 nurses and using a post-study design, data were collected to determine the effectiveness of the checklist and online module as compared to a control group of nurses who read a scholarly article on the same subject. Data were collected at two time points for both the experimental and control groups. The results indicated that nurses who used the online learning tool scored higher in the post-assessment than those in the control group (t = 6.092, p < .001, BCondition = 3.865), with a remarkably high effect size, r2 = 0.379. Moreover, 77% of the nurses agreed that protocols and checklists helped nurses minimize disparities in patient health outcomes. Additionally, 95% of the nurses agreed that patient care checklists helped them care for patients when delivering high-risk, low-volume protocols such as TH. This study demonstrated that online learning tools provide an effective way to educate nurses, and checklists and protocols support the implementation of high-risk, low-volume procedures such as TH.

Orientador: Marcos Ferreira Minicucci / Resumo: Introdução: Os escores de risco cardiovascular foram desenvolvidos, em sua maioria, em população aparentemente sem doença cardiovascular (DCV), portanto as suas conclusões dizem respeito à prevenção primária, não se aplicando a pacientes com doença coronariana diagnosticada. Além disso, os escores prognósticos utilizados após síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCAs) avaliaram a mortalidade apenas a curto prazo. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a performance do escore de risco de Framingham (ERF) e do escore proposto pela American College of Cardiology e da American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) em predizer a mortalidade em pacientes dez anos após SCA. Casuística e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo que incluiu pacientes com idade ≥ 18 anos, com SCA, que estiveram internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Coronariana (UTI) do Hospital das Clínicas de Botucatu – UNESP, no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2006, e que apresentavam os exames para o cálculo dos escores de risco cardiovascular. Foram excluídos os pacientes cujo desfecho final em dez anos não foi obtido ou aqueles não aceitaram participar do estudo. Os ERF e o ER ACC/AHA foram calculados e a mortalidade avaliada dez anos após a SCA. Resultados: Foram avaliados 451 pacientes com SCA internados na UTI coronariana. Destes 122 foram excluídos pois a mortalidade 10 anos após a internação na UTI não foi obtida. Logo, 329 pacientes com idade média de 62,913,0 anos foram estudados. D... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Submitted by Amanda Aparecida Petek (petekamanda@gmail.com) on 2017-11-01T17:57:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado 21-10.pdf: 1495107 bytes, checksum: e9fab521545ef419b708e67b29aacc68 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-11-13T16:01:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 petek_aa_dr_bot.pdf: 1495107 bytes, checksum: e9fab521545ef419b708e67b29aacc68 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T16:01:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 petek_aa_dr_bot.pdf: 1495107 bytes, checksum: e9fab521545ef419b708e67b29aacc68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-21 / Introdução: Os escores de risco cardiovascular foram desenvolvidos, em sua maioria, em população aparentemente sem doença cardiovascular (DCV), portanto as suas conclusões dizem respeito à prevenção primária, não se aplicando a pacientes com doença coronariana diagnosticada. Além disso, os escores prognósticos utilizados após síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCAs) avaliaram a mortalidade apenas a curto prazo. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a performance do escore de risco de Framingham (ERF) e do escore proposto pela American College of Cardiology e da American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) em predizer a mortalidade em pacientes dez anos após SCA. Casuística e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo que incluiu pacientes com idade ≥ 18 anos, com SCA, que estiveram internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Coronariana (UTI) do Hospital das Clínicas de Botucatu – UNESP, no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2006, e que apresentavam os exames para o cálculo dos escores de risco cardiovascular. Foram excluídos os pacientes cujo desfecho final em dez anos não foi obtido ou aqueles não aceitaram participar do estudo. Os ERF e o ER ACC/AHA foram calculados e a mortalidade avaliada dez anos após a SCA. Resultados: Foram avaliados 451 pacientes com SCA internados na UTI coronariana. Destes 122 foram excluídos pois a mortalidade 10 anos após a internação na UTI não foi obtida. Logo, 329 pacientes com idade média de 62,913,0 anos foram estudados. Dentre esses pacientes, 58,4% eram homens e 44,4% morreram no período de 10 anos após a internação. Destes 63% apresentaram SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST enquanto 37% apresentaram IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Quando comparamos esses dois grupos de SCA, a mortalidade foi semelhante (p=0,97). A mediana do ERF foi de 16 (14-18) %, e do ER ACC/AHA foi 18,5 (9,1-31,6). Os pacientes que evoluíram ao óbito eram mais velhos, e apresentavam maiores valores de creatinina, ureia e potássio, e menores valores de colesterol total na admissão da UTI. Além disso, é interessante observarmos que os pacientes que evoluíram ao óbito apresentaram maiores valores dos escores. No entanto, quando classificamos os pacientes em alto risco cardiovascular, apenas o ER ACC/AHA foi associado com a mortalidade. A área sob a curva (AUC) da associação do ERF com a mortalidade em 10 anos é 0,6307, com IC95%: 0,5708-0,6905, e valor de p <0,001. O ponto de corte do ERF associado com maior mortalidade é > 14,3% com sensibilidade de 74,66%, especificidade de 42,62 %, valor preditivo positivo de 50,93 % e o valor preditivo negativo de 67,83 %. Em relação ao ER ACC/AHA a AUC é 0,7015, com IC95% 0,6455-0,7576 e valor de p <0,001. O ponto de corte do escore que está associado com maior mortalidade é > 23,56%, com sensibilidade de 50,00%, especificidade de 71,04%, valor preditivo positivo de 57,94% e valor preditivo negativo de 64,04%. Na análise de regressão logística tanto o ERF (OR: 1,127; IC95%: 1,056-1,204; p<0,001) quanto o ER ACC/AHA (OR: 1,043; IC95%: 1,025-1,060; p<0,001) foram associados com a mortalidade em 10 anos em pacientes com SCA, após serem ajustados pela creatinina e potássio. Conclusão: Apesar de não apresentarem boa performance, tanto o ERF quanto o ER ACC/AHA foram associados com a mortalidade em 10 anos. No entanto, o ER ACC/AHA apresentou maior AUC e apenas os pacientes classificados com alto risco por esse escore estiveram associados com a mortalidade em 10 anos. Além disso, quando comparados os pontos de corte desses escores para nossa população, que já apresentou evento coronariano, o ERF apresentou melhor sensibilidade enquanto o ER ACC/AHA apresentou melhor especificidade na predição da mortalidade. Logo, sugerimos que os mesmos podem ser aplicados em conjunto para a predição de mortalidade nos pacientes com SCA prévia. / Introduction: The cardiovascular risk scores were developed, mostly, in population apparently without cardiovascular disease (CVD), therefore its conclusions envolve primary prevention, they shall not be applied to patients with diagnosed coronary disease. In addition, the prognostic scores used after acute coronary syndromes (ACS) evaluated the mortality only in a shortterm period. Goals: The goal of the current study is to evaluate the performance of the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and the score proposed by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) in forecasting the mortality in patients ten years after ACS. Case studies and methods: It is a retrospective cohort study which includes patients in the age of ≥ 18 years old, with ACS, who were admitted to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) of the Hospital das Clínicas of Botucatu Medical School – UNESP, in the period from January/2005 to December/2006, and that presented the exams for the calculation of the cardiovascular risk scores. Patients which their final outcome in ten years weren´t obtained or those who weren´t accepted in the study were eliminated. The FRS and ACC/AHA risk score were calculated and the mortality was evaluted ten years after ACS. Results: Four hundred and fifty-one patients with ACS admitted to the Coronary Care Unit were evaluated. One hundred and twenty-two were eliminated from those patients because the 10-year mortality after CCU admission wasn´t obtained. Hence, 329 patients in the average age of 62,913,0 years old were studied. Among those patients, 58,4% were men and 44,4% died in the period of 10 years after admission. Sixty-three per cent of those patients showed ACS without ST-segment elevation while thirtyseven per cent showed MI with ST-segment elevation. When we compared those two ACS groups, the mortality was similar (p=0,97). The average of the FRS was 16 (14-18) %, and the average of the ACC/AHA risk score was 18,5 (9,1-31,6). The patients who progressed to death were older, and showed higher values of creatinine, urea and potassium, and lower values of the total cholesterol in the CCU admission. Furthermore, it´s interesting to note that the patients who progressed to death showed higher values of scores. However, when we classify the patients in high cardiovascular risk, only the ACC/AHA risk score was associated to the mortality. The area under the curve (AUC) from the association of FRS and the 10-year mortality is 0,6307, with IC95%: 0,5708-0,6905, and the value of p <0,001. The FRS cut-off point associated to higher mortality is > 14,3% with sensibility of 74,66%, specificity of 42,62 %, positive predictive value of 50,93 % and negative predictive value of 67,83 %. In relation to the ACC/AHA risk score is 0,7015, with IC95% 0,6455-0,7576 and value of p <0,001. The score cut-off point which is associated to higher mortality is > 23,56%, with sensibility of 50,00%, specificity of 71,04%, positive predictive value of 57,94% and negative predictive value of 64,04%. In the logistic regression analysis both the FRS (OR: 1,127; IC95%: 1,056-1,204; p<0,001) and the ACC/AHA risk score (OR: 1,043; IC95%: 1,025-1,060; p<0,001) were associated to the mortality in 10 years in patients with ACS, after being adjusted by the creatinine and potassium. Conclusion: Both the FRS and the ACC/AHA risk score were associated to the 10-year mortality. However, the ACC/AHA risk score showed higher AUC and only the patients who were classified in high risk by that score were associated to the 10-year mortality. In addition, when the scores cut-off points for our population, the one who showed coronary occurences, were compared, the FRS showed better sensibility while the ACC/AHA risk score showed better specificity in the mortality prediction. Hence, we suggested that they can be applied concurrently for the mortality prediction in patients with previous ACS.

In order to evaluate the short-term educational and behavioral impact of the American Heart Association's "Face the Fats" web application had upon college students, a study involving 116 Utah State University undergraduate students was conducted. A one-group pre-posttest design was utilized to answer eight research questions focusing on: health risks associated with trans fat, general trans fat knowledge, ability to identify foods containing trans and saturated fats, food label information, healthy alternatives to trans fat, and readiness to change trans fat intake. Participants completed an online pretest survey and then viewed the "Face the Fats" website at their own pace. After viewing the website, participants completed an online posttest survey. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Statistical analysis of a paired sample t test revealed that "Face the Fats" was successful in changing the general trans fat knowledge of participants (p = < 0.00). Results also showed participants increasing their knowledge of health risks associated with different types of fat (p = < 0.00). Knowledge of trans fat nutritional information on food labels also significantly increased (p = < 0.00) and participants were more able to name foods containing trans fat, although some confusion remained among foods that contained both saturated and trans fat. Using a chi-square test, it was found that participants were more likely to state they were seriously considering reducing trans fat intake within the next 30 days after viewing "Face the Fats" (p = < 0.00). Results of a paired sample t test also showed an increase in the impact that trans fat information had on participants' decision to purchase and consume food (p = < 0.00).