<pre>The plethora of potential homemade explosive (HME) formulations combined with the fact they often exhibit large critical diameters make them expensive to characterize with traditional large-scale tests. A relatively new method for small-scale characterization was investigated using non-ideal explosive charges consisting of ammonium nitrate (AN) and various fuels. This optical characterization technique utilizes the rate of reaction wave velocity decay in the failing detonations of sub-critical diameter charges as a metric for the shock sensitivity of an explosive. The conditions for detonation initiation and failure have long been used to investigate shock sensitivity (critical diameter, gap tests, run-to-detonation experiments); however, the failure regime still remains largely unexplored. The utility of this small-scale characterization technique lies in its ability to determine the relative shock sensitivity of explosive with minimal material and tests while simultaneously providing transient velocity data for potential use in modeling efforts. In this work, high speed imaging was used and analyzed to determine rates of reaction wave velocity decay in the AN-fuel samples. Among the fuels tested with AN were diesel (ANFO), nitromethane (ANNM), and aluminum (ANAl). It was found that nitromethane was the most effective at sensitizing the AN of the systems considered. In both ANNM and ANAl, maximum shock sensitivity occurred at fuel percentages below stoichiometric mixtures. This was speculated to be due to the competing effects of stoichiometry and hot spot criticality. Sensitivity results were compared to run-to-failure distances and published critical diameter trends and showed good agreement. </pre>

Na busca de alternativas para mensurar a emissão foliar de amônia (NH3) e minimizar as perdas de N-NH3 em pastagens, foram realizados três trabalhos. Os dois primeiros com objetivo de verificar se o absorvedor com espuma, já utilizado na quantificação da volatilização de N-NH3, também é eficiente para mensurar a emissão foliar, sem causar alterações no processo de perda de nitrogênio. O terceiro trabalho, realizado em pastagem de capim Colonião (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Colonião) no verão, inverno e primavera, avaliou o efeito da aplicação de lâminas de água, após a adubação com uréia, sobre as perdas de N-NH3 do solo por volatilização e emissão foliar. O absorvedor de amônia com espuma não causa alteração no processo de perda de N-NH3 e colocado 1 cm acima das folhas superiores, é efetivo em capturar o N-NH3 perdido por emissão foliar da pastagem, quando se fertiliza em superfície com nitrato de amônio e uréia. A aplicação de água imediatamente após a adubação com uréia é eficiente para reduzir as perdas de NNH3 por volatilização. No verão, a aplicação de 3,2 mm de água foi suficiente para reduzir as perdas de N-NH3 para menos de 3,1 % do N aplicado, enquanto na ausência de irrigação ocorreram perdas de 30,5%. A taxa de volatilização é influenciada pela quantidade de água disponível no solo, sendo baixa quando a uréia é aplicada em solo seco ou quando o solo seca rapidamente, mesmo que a temperatura ambiente seja elevada. A emissão foliar de N-NH3 não foi influenciada pela aplicação ou não de água, após a adubação com uréia. / In search of alternatives to measure ammonia (NH3) foliar emission and minimize N-NH3 losses in pasture three research works were accomplished. The two first works aimed at checking whether or not the foam absorber, which was already used to quantify N-NH3 volatilization, is also efficient to measure foliar emission without interfering in nitrogen loss process. The third one was performed in Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Colonião pasture during three different seasons and evaluated the use of irrigation levels after urea fertilization on N-NH3 losses through volatilization and foliar emission. The ammonia foam absorber does not alter N-NH3 loss process and when place at height of 1 cm from the upper leaves it is effective in capturing N-NH3 lost through foliar emission when fertilization is done superficially with ammonium nitrate and urea. Water application immediately after fertilization is efficient to reduce N-NH3 losses through volatilization. During summer the use of 3.2 mm water was enough to decrease N-NH3 loss to less than 3.1% of applied N, while the lack of irrigation caused 30.5% losses. Volatilization rate is influenced by the quantity of water available in the soil, being low when urea is applied to dry soil or when the soil dries fast even if the environment temperature is high. N-NH3 foliar emission was not influenced by water application after urea fertilization.

Urea and ammonium nitrate were applied to leaves of maize plants growing in growth chambers on nutrient solutions containing three different concentrations of ammonium nitrate. Dry weights, and the soluble protein contents of leaves, sterns and roots we remeasured. Both urea and ammonium nitrate did increase the dry weights of leaves and stems when ammonium nitrate was used in the nutrient solutions (0.5 and 2.5 mM/ liter). When nitrogen was not used in the nutrient solutions, no increments of dry weight occurred. The protein contents of leaves were increased for plants in the same nutrient solutions that produced increases in the dry weights, except that urea did not increase protein contents of stems. The dry weights of roots were increased by foliar applied urea when ammonium nitrate was used in the nutrient solutions but not when the nutrient solutions were without nitrogen. Ammonium nitrate applied to the foliage did not increase the dry weights of roots. The protein contents of roots were not increased by urea or ammonium nitrate applied to the leaves. The increments in the dry weights and protein contents given by foliar applied urea were superior to those of foliar applied ammonium nitrate, with the exception of the protein content of stems.

La presente investigación está enfocada en la industria de explosivos, la cual trabaja directamente con distintos sectores en el país, tales como el sector de construcción, el sector de defensa y la industria minera, siendo esta última la que durante los últimos 60 años ve a los explosivos como recurso necesario y primordial, para ejercer su determinado fin. Por esto, el foco de la presente tesis es analizar cuáles son los principales factores que influyeron a las exportaciones de explosivos fabricados a partir del nitrato de amonio (emulsiones), las cuales poseen la partida arancelaria (3602002000), durante los años 2006 al 2017 hacia nuestro país vecino del sur Chile. Para esto la investigación tomo como base diversos estudios tales como Dynamite Market Global Forecast, Global Ammonium Nitrate Explosive Market Size and Industry Trends los cuales detallan sobre un conjunto de factores que impulsan el crecimiento del mercado de explosivos en el mundo. Asimismo, este estudio se basa en un enfoque cualitativo para la determinación de los principales factores y un enfoque cuantitativo para el análisis de la información recabada. En una primera etapa cualitativa, se logró contrastar e identificar una serie de factores claves que influenciaron directamente a las exportaciones de emulsiones peruanas, las cuales se obtuvieron a partir de entrevistas a profundidad realizadas a especialistas dedicados a este rubro. Posterior a la identificación de los factores se compararon los datos obtenidos en una segunda parte de la investigación, la cual se basa en un análisis cuantitativo sobre la información obtenida. . / The present investigation is focused on the explosives industry, which works directly with different sectors in the country, such as the construction sector, the defense sector and the mining industry, the latter being the one that during the last 60 years sees explosives as a necessary and primary resource, to exercise their specific purpose. Therefore, the focus of this thesis is to analyze what are the main factors that influenced the exports of explosives manufactured from ammonium nitrate (emulsions), which have the tariff heading (3602002000), during the years 2006 to 2017 To our neighboring country in southern Chile. For this, the research was based on various studies such as Dynamite Market Global Forecast, Global Ammonium Nitrate Explosive Market Size and Industry Trends which detail a set of factors that drive the growth of the explosives market in the world. Likewise, this study is based on a qualitative approach for the determination of the main factors and a quantitative approach for the analysis of the information collected. In a qualitative first stage, it was possible to contrast and identify a series of key factors that directly influenced the exports of Peruvian emulsions, which were obtained from in-depth interviews with specialists dedicated to this area. After the identification of the factors, the data obtained in a second part of the investigation were compared, which is based on a quantitative analysis of the information obtained. / Tesis

Acrylic bone cements are one of the most important biomaterials used in orthopaedic surgery and dental applications to fill the cavities or provide mechanical interlock between prosthesis and the bone. Their biocompatibility can be increased by addition of different materials into the formulation, such as hydroxyapatite. Besides all the advantages, bone cements have several drawbacks including tissue necrosis, chemical necrosis, shrinkage of the cement and aseptic loosening. Therefore painstaking research and study are carried out on development of new formulations to improve mechanical and thermal properties as well as biocompatibilities. In this study, bone cements with different compositions were prepared and new formulations were examined to improve mechanical properties and to reduce maximum curing temperature. It was observed that addition of hydroxyapatite, while keeping polymer-to-monomer ratio constant at 2.0, decreased curing temperature and increased compressive strength about 11% (Group-C) when hydroxyapatite addition was 12%. Further addition of hydroxyapatite destroyed homogeneity of the cement dough and made it difficult to handle. The composition which contains 8% hydroxyapatite was chosen as the optimum composition in respect of mechanical properties with 102.62&deg / C curing temperature. In order to decrease the curing temperature ammonium nitrate this gives endothermic reactions with water, was added into the formulations. Addition of 0.5 g NH4NO3 decreased curing temperature from 94&deg / C to 79.3&deg / C while compressive strength kept in acceptable range with 95.99 MPa. Experiments demonstrated that the proposed formulation is acceptable for workability, homogeneity, mechanical strength and thermal properties. Further studies especially on curing temperature and biocompatibility should be achieved.

Orientador: Marcelo Andreotti / Banca: Salatiér Buzetti / Banca: Aloísio Costa Sampaio / Resumo: O abacaxizeiro é classificado como uma cultura exigente em fertilidade do solo, sendo o N o nutriente mais importante para o desenvolvimento da planta e aumento do tamanho e massa dos frutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quantitativamente e qualitativamente os frutos de abacaxi cv. Smooth Cayenne na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo, utilizando fontes e doses de N, aplicado antes e após a indução do florescimento, em solo corrigido quanto ao teor de potássio. O trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Água Limpa, no município de Guaraçaí-SP, em um solo Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. As mudas foram plantadas em sulcos na superfície do solo, no dia 17/03/2009, com espaçamento de 1,10m entrelinhas, 0,40m entre fileiras e 0,40m entre plantas, com densidade aproximada de 33.000 plantas ha-1, sendo cada parcela composta por quatro fileiras duplas com 56 plantas/parcela no total. A indução floral foi realizada em duas épocas, em virtude da pouca porcentagem de plantas induzidas na primeira, ou seja, nos dias 21/02/2009 e 05/05/2009, com as respectivas colheitas dos frutos realizada nos dias 12/09/2009 (203 dias após a indução) e 27/11/2009 (206 dias após a indução). As avaliações realizadas foram duas análises nutricionais da folha "D", uma antes e outra após a indução floral, e duas análises dos frutos, devido à realização de duas colheitas. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao caso com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x5 (para 1ª análise foliar sem efeito de época) e 2x3x4 (para a 2ª análise da folha e as duas análises dos frutos), sendo composto por duas épocas de aplicação de N: toda a dose aplicada no dia 06/10/2008 (antes da indução floral) ou toda no dia 12/06/2009 (após a indução floral), 3 fontes de N, sulfato de amônio, uréia e nitrato de amônio, e quatro doses de N (7,5; 15; 22,5 e 30 g planta-1) ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Pineapple plant is demanding in fertility of soil, and N is the most important nutrient for the development of plant and increase of size and mass of fruits. The objective of this work was to evaluate quantity and quality of fruits of pineapple cv. Smooth cayenne in the northwest area of São Paulo State, using sources and doses of N, applied before and after the flowering induction, in soil fertilized with potassium. The work was conducted at Água Limpa farm, in Guaraçaí-SP, in a Red-yellow Latosol. The seedlings were planted in furrows at soil surface, in 03/17/2009, with spacing of 1.10m between double lines, 0.40m between single lines and 0.40m among plants, with approximate density of 33,000 plants ha-1, being each plot composed of four double lines with 56 plants/plot in the total. The flowering induction was accomplished in two times, due to little percentage of plants induced in the first time, in other words, in 02/21/2009 and 05/05/2009, with the respective crops of the fruits accomplished in 09/12/2009 (203 days after the induction) and 11/27/2009 (206 days after the induction). The evaluations were: two nutritional analyses in "D" leaf, one before and other after the flowering induction, and two analyses of fruits, due to the accomplishment of two crops. A randomized block design with four repetitions in a factorial scheme 3x5 (for 1st leaf analysis without time effect) and 2x3x4 (for 2nd leaf analysis and two fruit analyses), being composed by two times of N application: the total dose accomplished in 10/06/2008 (before the floral induction) or total dose in 06/12/2009 (after the floral induction), 3 sources of N, ammonium sulfate, urea and ammonium nitrate, and four N doses (7.5; 15; 22.5 and 30 g plant-1) was used. Ammonium sulfate provided higher leaf N and S content as applied on pineapple plant before or after the floral induction. For the fruits harvested ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 braga_cl_me_botfca.pdf: 428780 bytes, checksum: 63f80d4298347937b7c43899cc5ea86d (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação de doses de adubo nitrogenado no desenvolvimento, nutrição e durabilidade de girassol ornamental e diminuição da senescência das folhas mais velhas. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Recursos Naturais - Ciência do Solo, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à FCA, UNESP, Campus de Botucatu – SP, em casa de vegetação, no período compreendido de 21 de agosto a 22 de outubro de 2008. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro doses de nitrogênio (75%, 100%, 125% de 150%), utilizando 100 % como referência a dose de N aplicada pelo produtor (correspondente a 0,035 g L-1 na fase vegetativa e 1,66 g L-1 na fase reprodutiva), tendo como fonte, o nitrato de amônio. Foram utilizadas sementes de girassol ornamental cultivar ‘Sunflower F1 Sumbrite Supreme’ da SAKATA®, semeadas em bandejas com 128 células, posteriormente transplantadas em vasos de plástico número 15, com capacidade para 1,3 L, preenchidas com substrato formulado. Avaliaram-se semanalmente a altura, número de folhas, diâmetro de haste, diâmetro de planta, intensidade de cor verde, além do pH e condutividade elétrica da solução lixiviada. A cada quinze dias realizaram-se coletas de plantas para análise de crescimento com avaliações da área foliar, massa seca total (transformados em dados fisiológicos de taxa de crescimento relativo, taxa assimilatória líquida e razão de área foliar) e teor e acúmulo total de nitrogênio nas folhas sadias, folhas senescentes, hastes e inflorescências. No ponto de comercialização foram avaliados o teor e acúmulo de N-amônio, N-nitrato, macronutrientes (P, K, Ca, Mg e S) e micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) nas folhas sadias, folhas senescentes, hastes e inflorescências. A precocidade da produção e abertura floral através do diâmetro de capítulo e do disco e das plantas... / This work aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application, at different levels, on ornamental sunflower development, nutrition and durability, besides the decrease in the senescence of older leaves. The experiment was carried out between August 21 and October 22, 2008, in a greenhouse from the Department of Natural Resources – Soil Science, Lageado Experimental Farm, Agronomical Sciences College, São Paulo State University, Botucatu Campus, São Paulo State, Brazil. Experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four nitrogen levels (75%, 100%, 125%, and 150%), of which 100% represents the N level sprayed by the producer (corresponding to 0.035 g L-1 and 1.66 g L-1 in the vegetative and reproductive phases, respectively), and ammonium nitrate was used as source. Seeds from ornamental sunflower cultivar ‘Sunflower F1 Sumbrite Supreme’ (SAKATA®) were sown into trays containing 128 cells and later transplanted to plastic pots number 15, 1.3L-capacity, filled with formulated substratum. Height, leaf number, stem diameter, plant diameter, green color intensity, besides pH and electrical conductivity of the leached solution, were weekly evaluated. Every fifteen days, plants were harvested for growth analysis, including evaluations of leaf area, total dry matter (which were transformed into physiological data regarding relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio), besides nitrogen level and total accumulation in healthy and senescent leaves, stems and inflorescences. In the commercialization stage, the level and the accumulation of N-ammonium, N-nitrate, macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) were evaluated in healthy and senescent leaves, stems and inflorescences. Production precocity and flower opening were evaluated through capitulum, disc and plant diameter after the commercialization stage... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Ana Maria Conte e Castro / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação de doses de adubo nitrogenado no desenvolvimento, nutrição e durabilidade de girassol ornamental e diminuição da senescência das folhas mais velhas. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Recursos Naturais - Ciência do Solo, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à FCA, UNESP, Campus de Botucatu - SP, em casa de vegetação, no período compreendido de 21 de agosto a 22 de outubro de 2008. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro doses de nitrogênio (75%, 100%, 125% de 150%), utilizando 100 % como referência a dose de N aplicada pelo produtor (correspondente a 0,035 g L-1 na fase vegetativa e 1,66 g L-1 na fase reprodutiva), tendo como fonte, o nitrato de amônio. Foram utilizadas sementes de girassol ornamental cultivar 'Sunflower F1 Sumbrite Supreme' da SAKATA®, semeadas em bandejas com 128 células, posteriormente transplantadas em vasos de plástico número 15, com capacidade para 1,3 L, preenchidas com substrato formulado. Avaliaram-se semanalmente a altura, número de folhas, diâmetro de haste, diâmetro de planta, intensidade de cor verde, além do pH e condutividade elétrica da solução lixiviada. A cada quinze dias realizaram-se coletas de plantas para análise de crescimento com avaliações da área foliar, massa seca total (transformados em dados fisiológicos de taxa de crescimento relativo, taxa assimilatória líquida e razão de área foliar) e teor e acúmulo total de nitrogênio nas folhas sadias, folhas senescentes, hastes e inflorescências. No ponto de comercialização foram avaliados o teor e acúmulo de N-amônio, N-nitrato, macronutrientes (P, K, Ca, Mg e S) e micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) nas folhas sadias, folhas senescentes, hastes e inflorescências. A precocidade da produção e abertura floral através do diâmetro de capítulo e do disco e das plantas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application, at different levels, on ornamental sunflower development, nutrition and durability, besides the decrease in the senescence of older leaves. The experiment was carried out between August 21 and October 22, 2008, in a greenhouse from the Department of Natural Resources - Soil Science, Lageado Experimental Farm, Agronomical Sciences College, São Paulo State University, Botucatu Campus, São Paulo State, Brazil. Experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four nitrogen levels (75%, 100%, 125%, and 150%), of which 100% represents the N level sprayed by the producer (corresponding to 0.035 g L-1 and 1.66 g L-1 in the vegetative and reproductive phases, respectively), and ammonium nitrate was used as source. Seeds from ornamental sunflower cultivar 'Sunflower F1 Sumbrite Supreme' (SAKATA®) were sown into trays containing 128 cells and later transplanted to plastic pots number 15, 1.3L-capacity, filled with formulated substratum. Height, leaf number, stem diameter, plant diameter, green color intensity, besides pH and electrical conductivity of the leached solution, were weekly evaluated. Every fifteen days, plants were harvested for growth analysis, including evaluations of leaf area, total dry matter (which were transformed into physiological data regarding relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio), besides nitrogen level and total accumulation in healthy and senescent leaves, stems and inflorescences. In the commercialization stage, the level and the accumulation of N-ammonium, N-nitrate, macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) were evaluated in healthy and senescent leaves, stems and inflorescences. Production precocity and flower opening were evaluated through capitulum, disc and plant diameter after the commercialization stage... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_ls_me_ilha.pdf: 598207 bytes, checksum: 01faa04755519bb4bedc4f6984a8d39f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O abacaxizeiro é classificado como uma cultura exigente em fertilidade do solo, sendo o N o nutriente mais importante para o desenvolvimento da planta e aumento do tamanho e massa dos frutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quantitativamente e qualitativamente os frutos de abacaxi cv. Smooth Cayenne na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo, utilizando fontes e doses de N, aplicado antes e após a indução do florescimento, em solo corrigido quanto ao teor de potássio. O trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Água Limpa, no município de Guaraçaí-SP, em um solo Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. As mudas foram plantadas em sulcos na superfície do solo, no dia 17/03/2009, com espaçamento de 1,10m entrelinhas, 0,40m entre fileiras e 0,40m entre plantas, com densidade aproximada de 33.000 plantas ha-1, sendo cada parcela composta por quatro fileiras duplas com 56 plantas/parcela no total. A indução floral foi realizada em duas épocas, em virtude da pouca porcentagem de plantas induzidas na primeira, ou seja, nos dias 21/02/2009 e 05/05/2009, com as respectivas colheitas dos frutos realizada nos dias 12/09/2009 (203 dias após a indução) e 27/11/2009 (206 dias após a indução). As avaliações realizadas foram duas análises nutricionais da folha “D”, uma antes e outra após a indução floral, e duas análises dos frutos, devido à realização de duas colheitas. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao caso com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x5 (para 1ª análise foliar sem efeito de época) e 2x3x4 (para a 2ª análise da folha e as duas análises dos frutos), sendo composto por duas épocas de aplicação de N: toda a dose aplicada no dia 06/10/2008 (antes da indução floral) ou toda no dia 12/06/2009 (após a indução floral), 3 fontes de N, sulfato de amônio, uréia e nitrato de amônio, e quatro doses de N (7,5; 15; 22,5 e 30 g planta-1)... / Pineapple plant is demanding in fertility of soil, and N is the most important nutrient for the development of plant and increase of size and mass of fruits. The objective of this work was to evaluate quantity and quality of fruits of pineapple cv. Smooth cayenne in the northwest area of São Paulo State, using sources and doses of N, applied before and after the flowering induction, in soil fertilized with potassium. The work was conducted at Água Limpa farm, in Guaraçaí-SP, in a Red-yellow Latosol. The seedlings were planted in furrows at soil surface, in 03/17/2009, with spacing of 1.10m between double lines, 0.40m between single lines and 0.40m among plants, with approximate density of 33,000 plants ha-1, being each plot composed of four double lines with 56 plants/plot in the total. The flowering induction was accomplished in two times, due to little percentage of plants induced in the first time, in other words, in 02/21/2009 and 05/05/2009, with the respective crops of the fruits accomplished in 09/12/2009 (203 days after the induction) and 11/27/2009 (206 days after the induction). The evaluations were: two nutritional analyses in D leaf, one before and other after the flowering induction, and two analyses of fruits, due to the accomplishment of two crops. A randomized block design with four repetitions in a factorial scheme 3x5 (for 1st leaf analysis without time effect) and 2x3x4 (for 2nd leaf analysis and two fruit analyses), being composed by two times of N application: the total dose accomplished in 10/06/2008 (before the floral induction) or total dose in 06/12/2009 (after the floral induction), 3 sources of N, ammonium sulfate, urea and ammonium nitrate, and four N doses (7.5; 15; 22.5 and 30 g plant-1) was used. Ammonium sulfate provided higher leaf N and S content as applied on pineapple plant before or after the floral induction. For the fruits harvested ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Na busca de alternativas para mensurar a emissão foliar de amônia (NH3) e minimizar as perdas de N-NH3 em pastagens, foram realizados três trabalhos. Os dois primeiros com objetivo de verificar se o absorvedor com espuma, já utilizado na quantificação da volatilização de N-NH3, também é eficiente para mensurar a emissão foliar, sem causar alterações no processo de perda de nitrogênio. O terceiro trabalho, realizado em pastagem de capim Colonião (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Colonião) no verão, inverno e primavera, avaliou o efeito da aplicação de lâminas de água, após a adubação com uréia, sobre as perdas de N-NH3 do solo por volatilização e emissão foliar. O absorvedor de amônia com espuma não causa alteração no processo de perda de N-NH3 e colocado 1 cm acima das folhas superiores, é efetivo em capturar o N-NH3 perdido por emissão foliar da pastagem, quando se fertiliza em superfície com nitrato de amônio e uréia. A aplicação de água imediatamente após a adubação com uréia é eficiente para reduzir as perdas de NNH3 por volatilização. No verão, a aplicação de 3,2 mm de água foi suficiente para reduzir as perdas de N-NH3 para menos de 3,1 % do N aplicado, enquanto na ausência de irrigação ocorreram perdas de 30,5%. A taxa de volatilização é influenciada pela quantidade de água disponível no solo, sendo baixa quando a uréia é aplicada em solo seco ou quando o solo seca rapidamente, mesmo que a temperatura ambiente seja elevada. A emissão foliar de N-NH3 não foi influenciada pela aplicação ou não de água, após a adubação com uréia. / In search of alternatives to measure ammonia (NH3) foliar emission and minimize N-NH3 losses in pasture three research works were accomplished. The two first works aimed at checking whether or not the foam absorber, which was already used to quantify N-NH3 volatilization, is also efficient to measure foliar emission without interfering in nitrogen loss process. The third one was performed in Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Colonião pasture during three different seasons and evaluated the use of irrigation levels after urea fertilization on N-NH3 losses through volatilization and foliar emission. The ammonia foam absorber does not alter N-NH3 loss process and when place at height of 1 cm from the upper leaves it is effective in capturing N-NH3 lost through foliar emission when fertilization is done superficially with ammonium nitrate and urea. Water application immediately after fertilization is efficient to reduce N-NH3 losses through volatilization. During summer the use of 3.2 mm water was enough to decrease N-NH3 loss to less than 3.1% of applied N, while the lack of irrigation caused 30.5% losses. Volatilization rate is influenced by the quantity of water available in the soil, being low when urea is applied to dry soil or when the soil dries fast even if the environment temperature is high. N-NH3 foliar emission was not influenced by water application after urea fertilization.