Sammanfattning Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva hur hemodialyspatienter uppfattar begreppet torrvikt. Studien utnyttjade en beskrivande design med kvalitativ ansats. Data insamlades via intervjuer med öppen frågeställning. Tio intervjuer utfördes med patienter på en dialysenhet i Mellansverige. Manifest innehållsanalys användes för att analysera materialet. Resultatet utmynnade i sex kategorier: överlämnande, okunskap, börda, delaktighet, insikt och ignorans. Begreppet torrvikt är grundläggande vid genomförandet av en adekvat och säker hemodialysbehandling, eftersom torrvikten styr avgörande delar av behandlingsregimen. Huvudresultatet visade att vissa av deltagarna i studien inte har någon uppfattning om vad begreppet torrvikt är och vad det innebär. Andra deltagare uttryckte en känsla av utanförskap samt upplevde torrvikten som en börda i vardagslivet. Vissa av deltagarna kände sig mer delaktig i sin situation när de gjorde en del kontroller under behandlingen själv. I det kliniska arbetet har dialyssköterskan en viktig uppgift i att bistå patienten att uppnå förståelse för vilken central roll begreppet torrvikt har för dennes behandling. Vad begreppet står för utgör en barriär i kommunikationen mellan den dialysbehövande och dennes vårdgivare/sjuksköterska. Konklusionen i denna studie påvisar att det finns brister i kunskapsförmedlingen till dialyspatienter. Resultatet kan ha betydelse för fortsatt utveckling i den kliniska verksamheten.     Nyckelord: Torrvikt, undervisning, dialys. / Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe how haemodialysis patients perceive the concept of dry weight. The study used a descriptive design with a qualitative approach. Data was collected through interviews with open questions. Ten interviews were carried out with participants at a dialysis unit in central Sweden. Manifest content analysis was used to analyze the material. The analysis resulted in six categories: presentment, ignorance, burden, empowerment, insight and neglection. The concept of dry weight is essential in the implementation of an adequate and safe hemodialysis treatment, since the dry weight control crucial aspects of the treatment regimen. The main results showed that few of the participants in the study had no idea of what the concept of dry weight was and what it meant. Some of the participants expressed a sense of alienation and felt that dry weight was a burden in everyday life. A few of the participants felt more involved of their situation when they did some checks during treatment itself. In the clinical work has dialysis nurse an important role in assisting the patient to achieve understanding of the crucial role that the concepts of dry weight are on their treatment. What the concept stands for is a barrier in communication between the patient and his/hers caregiver/nurse. The conclusion of this study demonstrates that there are gaps in knowledge mediation to dialysis patients. Results may be important for further development in the clinical practice.       Keywords: Dry weight, education, dialysis.

Weed control is challenging for Mississippi peanut producers. Research was established during 2017 and 2018 at the Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville, Mississippi, to evaluate herbicide programs for weed control and reducing weed seed production in Mississippi peanut production. Treatments were combinations of acetochlor, clethodim, flumioxazin, lactofen, paraquat, and S-metolachlor with their respective adjuvants if needed. Treatments were applied: PRE, early-POST (EPOST), and/or mid-post (MPOST). All treatments included a PRE application followed by (fb) application of EPOST and/or MPOST application. Flumioxazin PRE fb lactofen plus clethodim MPOST provided greatest weed control and peanut yield. This treatment provided 88 to 100% control of barnyardgrass, hemp sesbania, Palmer amaranth, pitted morningglory, and prickly sida. Additionally, this treatment reduced total weed seed production 88% compared to the nontreated control. Flumioxazin PRE fb lactofen plus clethodim EPOST fb acetochlor MPOST provided similar weed control and peanut yield as flumioxazin PRE fb lactofen plus clethodim MPOST. This treatment provided 88 to 100% control of all weed species present and reduced total weed seed production 93%. Sequential applications of PRE, EPOST, and/or MPOST herbicide treatments provided the best season-long control of weeds and weed seed suppression in Mississippi peanut.

Urea and ammonium nitrate were applied to leaves of maize plants growing in growth chambers on nutrient solutions containing three different concentrations of ammonium nitrate. Dry weights, and the soluble protein contents of leaves, sterns and roots we remeasured. Both urea and ammonium nitrate did increase the dry weights of leaves and stems when ammonium nitrate was used in the nutrient solutions (0.5 and 2.5 mM/ liter). When nitrogen was not used in the nutrient solutions, no increments of dry weight occurred. The protein contents of leaves were increased for plants in the same nutrient solutions that produced increases in the dry weights, except that urea did not increase protein contents of stems. The dry weights of roots were increased by foliar applied urea when ammonium nitrate was used in the nutrient solutions but not when the nutrient solutions were without nitrogen. Ammonium nitrate applied to the foliage did not increase the dry weights of roots. The protein contents of roots were not increased by urea or ammonium nitrate applied to the leaves. The increments in the dry weights and protein contents given by foliar applied urea were superior to those of foliar applied ammonium nitrate, with the exception of the protein content of stems.

There has long been evidence for increased lipids in the liver of chickens exposed to feed restriction, commonly used for production hens. Lipogenesis is an important part of the metabolism and storing of glucose, a source of energy. Few studies compare the difference of lipids in the liver in chickens between regular feed restriction and skip-a-day diets, despite differences in lipid content found in other organs and in overall carcass. In this study I experimentally investigate if a difference in lipid content can be found in broiler breeders exposed to two different feeding regimes, 65 % feed restriction and 5:2 skip-a-day, along with the difference between days and time points (a.m. and p.m.). I also experimentally investigate the effect on dry weights of the liver. I expected to see a difference in lipids of the liver, with an increase found in skip-a-day birds. However, a difference could only be observed in the dry weights of the livers in birds exposed to skip-a-day feeding. Although there was no significant change in lipids, there is a pattern for increase in lipids in skip-a-day birds. Therefore, the conclusion can be drawn that an increase in lipogenesis caused by skip-a-day diet exists but it was not big enough to cause a significant difference in lipid content. For the dry weights of the livers, we can suspect lipids and glycogen as the reason for the increased weight but to determine exactly how these two components affect the skip-a-day birds’ further inquiry is needed.

Assessment of lung edema by gravimetrical analysis is a standard method to evaluate the severity of experimentally induced ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. The aim of this study was to compare gravimetrical assessment of pulmonary edema with a stereological approach which allows for qualitative and quantitative distinction between intravascular and edematous fluids by light microscopy. Eight experimental groups which differed in mode of preservation, ischemic storage and pharmacological treatments were studied in an extracorporeal rat lung model. Analysis of the pooled data showed that the wet/dry ratio values mainly reflected the amount of intra-alveolar edema (rs = 0.442; p = 0.0057) but only stereological assessment of edema formation revealed differences depending on the treatment used. Only stereological data correlated significantly with oxygen tension measured at the end of reperfusion (rs = –0.530; p = 0.0009). We conclude that gravimetry is of minor functional importance compared to assessment by stereological methods which prove to be a reliable and efficient tool for the evaluation of IR injury in the different experimental settings. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Magistrantūros studijų darbe pateikiami egzogeninio prolino poveikio žaliosios šerytės augimui ir vystymuisi tyrimų rezultatai. Darbo objektas – žalioji šerytė (Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.). Darbo metodai: IV organogenezės tarpsnyje žaliosios šerytės augalai nupurkšti prolino tirpalais ir auginti programuojamoje auginimo kameroje esant 20/18 °C (diena/naktis) temperatūrai, 16/8 val. (diena/naktis) fotoperiodui, 50 µmol m-2 s-1 apšviestumui. Fotosintezės pigmentai, augalo žalia masė ir sausos medžiagos kiekis nustatyti praėjus 1, 5, 10 ir 15 dienų po purškimo. Esant 35-40% substrato drėgniui augalai nupurkšti 10 mM L-prolino tirpalu ir toliau auginti programuojamoje auginimo kameroje sausros sąlygomis. Fotosintezės pigmentai, augalo žalia masė ir sausos medžiagos kiekis nustatyti po 3 ir 6 sausros dienų. Darbo rezultatai. Žaliosios šerytės augalai sukaupė statistiškai patikimai didesnį chlorofilo a ir karotenoidų kiekį visų tirtų L-prolino koncentracijų poveikyje. Augalus paauginus 10 ir 15 dienų po purškimo nustatytas neigiamas egzogeninio L-prolino poveikis chlorofilo b kiekiui žaliosios šerytės augaluose. Neigiamas egzogeninio L-prolino poveikis žaliai masei nustatytas praėjus 5 ir 10 dienų po purškimo, o paauginus augalus 15 dienų neigiamas L-prolino poveikis augalo žaliai masei beveik eliminavosi. Visos tirtos L-prolino koncentracijos praėjus 15 dienų po purškimo didino sausos medžiagos kiekį žaliosios šerytės augaluose ir spartino generatyvinių organų susidarymą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous proline on growth and development of green millet plants. Object of the work – green millet (Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.). Methods of the work: green millet plants were to spray with proline and growing in growth chamber under 20/18 °C (day/night) temperature, 16/8 h (day/night) photoperiod, 50 µmol m-2 s-1 light intensity. Amount of photosynthetic pigments, fresh mass of plants, dry weight was evaluated after 1, 5, 10 and 15 days after treatment. When substrate humidity was 35-40%, plants were to spray with 10 mM proline and growing in growth chamber under moisture deficit. The results of work. Green millet plants accumulated significantly higher chlorophyll a and carotenoids contents under influence of all proline concentration tested. Negative effect of exogenous L-proline on amounts of chlorophyll b in green millet plants has been obtained after 10 and 15 growing days. Negative effect of exogenous L-proline on fresh mass of green millet plants has been obtained after 5 and 10 growing days, however this effect was almost eliminated after 15 growing days. All tested L-proline concentrations increased dry weight after 15 growing days and accelerated formation of generative organs. After 3 and 6 drought stress treatment, exogenous proline didn’t have any effect on chlorophyll b content, but resulted in increasing of chlorophyll a content. Exogenous proline didn’t have significant effect on dry weight... [to full text]

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Tuber quality and sprouting are affected by the environmental conditions that the potato plants are subjected to during their developmental cycle. Despite the different environmental conditions between seasons and places, the thermal sum has been used to simulate plant developmental stages. In the case of potato, plant development also affects tuber maturity and post harvest behavior during storage. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of accumulated thermal sum at different developmental phases of potato clones on sprouting and processing quality of tubers, for spring and autumn growing conditions, on central region of Rio Grande do Sul (state of Brazil), in different locations, storage temperature and size os tuber. We evaluated the emergency (EM), the tuber initiation (IT) and the onset of senescence (IS) of four potato clones (SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3, SMINIA97145-2 and Macaca) produced in Santa Maria and Júlio de Castilhos during the spring and autumn seasons. We calculated the accumulated thermal sum (STa) for each phase. The tubers were stored at 10 and 20°C and evaluated for sprouting and processing quality at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days after the curing period. The percentage of sprouted tubers and the number of sprouts per tuber were assessed to evaluate dormancy and apical dominance of different sized tubers. The processing quality was assessed as the content of reducing sugars, dry matter, and starch and the percentage of fresh weight loses. The environmental conditions of spring and Júlio de Castilhos resulted in greater accumulation of STa, higher percentage of sprouted tubers, number of sprouts per tuber, percentage of fresh weight loses, dry mass and starch contents and lower content of reducing sugars than tubers produced in other environmental conditions. Despite the different environmental conditions of seasons and places that affected tuber maturity and physiological age, the accumulated thermal sum of the phases EM-IS or IT-IS can be used as indicative of sprouting and the starch and reducing sugars content. However, the physiological age and maturity at tuber harvesting is also correlated with tuber size, since tubers with diameter smaller than 35mm showed higher dormancy and apical dominance period, when compared to those with diameter larger than 35mm. / As condições ambientais a que as plantas de batata estão submetidas, durante o seu ciclo de desenvolvimento, afetam a brotação e a qualidade dos tubérculos. Apesar das diferentes condições ambientais entre cultivos e locais, a temperatura tem sido amplamante utilizada como referencial para a estimativa do desenvolvimento vegetal, afetando, no caso da batata, tanto no período de desenvolvimento dos tubérculos, como no pós colheita. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o efeito da soma térmica acumulada em diferentes fases do ciclo de desenvolvimento de clones de batata, na brotação e na qualidade de processamento dos tubérculos, para as condições de cultivo de primavera e outono, da região central do Rio Grande do Sul, em diferentes locais, temperaturas de armazenamento e tamanho de tubérculo. Foi determinada a emergência (EM), o início da tuberização (IT) e da senescência (IS) de quatro clones de batata (SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3, SMINIA97145-2 e Macaca) produzidos a campo em Santa Maria e Júlio de Castilhos, durante os cultivos de primavera e outono e calculada a soma térmica acumulada (STa) em cada fase. Os tubérculos foram armazenados a 10 e 20ºC e avaliada a brotação e a qualidade de processamento ao 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias após o período de cura. A avaliação da brotação foi realizada a partir da porcentagem de tubérculos brotados e do número de brotos por tubérculo, sendo ainda avaliado o período de dormência e de dominância apical de diferentes tamanhos de tubérculo. A qualidade de processamento foi avaliada a partir das determinações de açúcares redutores, massa seca, amido e porcentagem de perda de massa fresca. As condições ambientais na primavera e em Júlio de Castilhos favoreceram maior acúmulo térmico, porcentagem e número de brotos por tubérculo, porcentagem de perda de massa fresca, teores de amido e massa seca e menores teores de açúcares redutores comparados com aqueles produzidos em outras condições. Apesar das diferenças de condições ambientais de épocas e locais de cultivo, que afetaram a maturidade e a idade fisiológica dos tubérculos, a soma térmica acumulada nas fases EM-IS ou IT-IS pode ser utilizada como indicativo da brotação e dos teores de amido e de açúcares redutores. No entanto, a maturidade e a idade fisiológica alcançada pelos tubérculos é também correlacionada com o tamanho, uma vez que aqueles com menor diâmetro inferior a 35mm apresentaram maior período de dormência e de dominância apical, quando comparado aqueles com menor diâmetro superior a 35mm.

A divisão de trabalho é um dos temas centrais no estudo dos insetos sociais. Nas abelhas e nas vespas essa atividade é regulada pelo polietismo etário. Vários autores mostraram que o polietismo etário de Apis mellifera tem ativação seletiva das glândulas com o trabalho feito dentro da colônia, além de diminuição do peso corporal ao começar o forrageio. Nos vespídeos sociais, o polietismo etário é um tema pouco explorado. Com o objetivo de identificar e descrever em Polybia paulista estas mudanças corporais e glandulares relacionadas à idade dos indivíduos ou com o seu uso na função social, analisaram-se operárias de diferentes idades mantidas em cativeiro desde a sua emergência nas quais foi restrita a interação social desde sua emergência e operárias de diferentes idades coletadas desde o ninho onde a interação social foi completa. Operárias de Polybia paulista mantidas em cativeiro aumentaram a massa corporal, diminuíram a massa do mesosoma e diminuíram a secreção das glândulas salivares e mandibular conforme de acordo com o aumento da idade. Isso difere daquelas operárias que foram permitidas do desenvolvimento social normal (grupo controle), onde foi observado um aumento na massa corporal, na massa do mesosoma e na secreção das glândulas salivar e a mandibular em relação ao aumento da idade das vespas. Provavelmente, o relacionamento social estimula a formação e a transição fisiológica relacionada ao polietismo etário em Polybia paulista. Nestas vespas, mudanças corporais e glandulares observadas foram relacionadas com idade, sendo provável que a interação social e o uso das estruturas nas diferentes tarefas dentro da colônia estejam influenciando tais mudanças. Como conseqüência, fatores que atuam sobre a demografia da colônia, como a fase de desenvolvimento ou o bem-estar da colônia, podem ser determinantes na regulação do polietismo etário. Estes resultados contrastam com o modelo proposto para o polietismo etário da abelha Apis mellifera e com observações da atividade glandular na vespa social Polistes versicolor / The division of labor is a central theme in the study of social insects. In bees and wasps this ability is regulated for age castes of the workers. In Apis mellifera, several authors have shown selective activation of the glands for job in colony, and reduced body weight for foraging. In social wasps age polyethism among workers is a relatively unexplored subject. We tried to identify and to describe in Polybia paulista if the bodily and glandular changes are related to the age of the wasps or to the use of the structures in the social function. Workers of different ages at which was restricted social behavior since its emergence and workers of different ages with full social development were analyzed. When Polybia paulista was in captivity, increased body mass, decreased the mass of mesosoma and decreased the salivary and mandibular glands secretion in relation to the age advancement of the wasps. While, allowing normal social development, there was an increase in body mass, the mass of the mesosoma and the salivary and mandibular glands secretion in relation to age. Apparently, social interaction activates the formation and transition of age castes in Polybia paulista. In these wasps the bodily and glandular changes observed were related to age. Probably social interaction and the use of structures within the nest are influencing the direction of such changes. As consequence, factors that influence the demography of the colony, as the development stage or the welfare of the colony, may be decisive in the age castes regulation. These results contrast with the model proposed for the Apis mellifera age polyethism and with observations of glandular activity in the social wasp Polistes versicolor.

A divisão de trabalho é um dos temas centrais no estudo dos insetos sociais. Nas abelhas e nas vespas essa atividade é regulada pelo polietismo etário. Vários autores mostraram que o polietismo etário de Apis mellifera tem ativação seletiva das glândulas com o trabalho feito dentro da colônia, além de diminuição do peso corporal ao começar o forrageio. Nos vespídeos sociais, o polietismo etário é um tema pouco explorado. Com o objetivo de identificar e descrever em Polybia paulista estas mudanças corporais e glandulares relacionadas à idade dos indivíduos ou com o seu uso na função social, analisaram-se operárias de diferentes idades mantidas em cativeiro desde a sua emergência nas quais foi restrita a interação social desde sua emergência e operárias de diferentes idades coletadas desde o ninho onde a interação social foi completa. Operárias de Polybia paulista mantidas em cativeiro aumentaram a massa corporal, diminuíram a massa do mesosoma e diminuíram a secreção das glândulas salivares e mandibular conforme de acordo com o aumento da idade. Isso difere daquelas operárias que foram permitidas do desenvolvimento social normal (grupo controle), onde foi observado um aumento na massa corporal, na massa do mesosoma e na secreção das glândulas salivar e a mandibular em relação ao aumento da idade das vespas. Provavelmente, o relacionamento social estimula a formação e a transição fisiológica relacionada ao polietismo etário em Polybia paulista. Nestas vespas, mudanças corporais e glandulares observadas foram relacionadas com idade, sendo provável que a interação social e o uso das estruturas nas diferentes tarefas dentro da colônia estejam influenciando tais mudanças. Como conseqüência, fatores que atuam sobre a demografia da colônia, como a fase de desenvolvimento ou o bem-estar da colônia, podem ser determinantes na regulação do polietismo etário. Estes resultados contrastam com o modelo proposto para o polietismo etário da abelha Apis mellifera e com observações da atividade glandular na vespa social Polistes versicolor / The division of labor is a central theme in the study of social insects. In bees and wasps this ability is regulated for age castes of the workers. In Apis mellifera, several authors have shown selective activation of the glands for job in colony, and reduced body weight for foraging. In social wasps age polyethism among workers is a relatively unexplored subject. We tried to identify and to describe in Polybia paulista if the bodily and glandular changes are related to the age of the wasps or to the use of the structures in the social function. Workers of different ages at which was restricted social behavior since its emergence and workers of different ages with full social development were analyzed. When Polybia paulista was in captivity, increased body mass, decreased the mass of mesosoma and decreased the salivary and mandibular glands secretion in relation to the age advancement of the wasps. While, allowing normal social development, there was an increase in body mass, the mass of the mesosoma and the salivary and mandibular glands secretion in relation to age. Apparently, social interaction activates the formation and transition of age castes in Polybia paulista. In these wasps the bodily and glandular changes observed were related to age. Probably social interaction and the use of structures within the nest are influencing the direction of such changes. As consequence, factors that influence the demography of the colony, as the development stage or the welfare of the colony, may be decisive in the age castes regulation. These results contrast with the model proposed for the Apis mellifera age polyethism and with observations of glandular activity in the social wasp Polistes versicolor.

Assessment of lung edema by gravimetrical analysis is a standard method to evaluate the severity of experimentally induced ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. The aim of this study was to compare gravimetrical assessment of pulmonary edema with a stereological approach which allows for qualitative and quantitative distinction between intravascular and edematous fluids by light microscopy. Eight experimental groups which differed in mode of preservation, ischemic storage and pharmacological treatments were studied in an extracorporeal rat lung model. Analysis of the pooled data showed that the wet/dry ratio values mainly reflected the amount of intra-alveolar edema (rs = 0.442; p = 0.0057) but only stereological assessment of edema formation revealed differences depending on the treatment used. Only stereological data correlated significantly with oxygen tension measured at the end of reperfusion (rs = –0.530; p = 0.0009). We conclude that gravimetry is of minor functional importance compared to assessment by stereological methods which prove to be a reliable and efficient tool for the evaluation of IR injury in the different experimental settings. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.