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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Influências de um inibidor seletivo da monoamino-oxidase tipo-B (IMAO-B) na sensibilização comportamental para anfetamina em camundongos / Influences of a selective inhibitor monoamine oxidase type-B (IMAO-B) in behavior sensitization for amphetamine in mice.

Modena, Camila Sanches Cibantos Amaral de 09 June 2006 (has links)
A sensibilização comportamental é caracterizada por aumento no efeito comportamental de uma droga após administrações repetidas. Este fenômeno é intensamente aplicado em estudos com modelos animais que enfocam a dependência de drogas. A maioria destas drogas promove adaptações em sistemas de neurotransmissão, (ex. sistema dopaminérgico), como é o caso da anfetamina, morfina e etanol. No entanto, estudos que avaliam os efeitos de drogas administradas durante a abstinência e posterior expressão de sensibilização comportamental são escassos. Neste trabalho avaliou-se as influências de um inibidor seletivo da monoamino-oxidase tipo-B (selegilina, 10mg/Kg) na sensibilização comportamental para anfetamina (2mg/Kg) observada em camundongos. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento crônico com anfetamina promoveu sensibilização comportamental, efeito também observado no tratamento com selegilina, o qual resultou em sensibilização prévia para a anfetamina, além de potencializar os efeitos desta. Evidenciou-se também que a sensibilização comportamental não é um processo dependente dos níveis de corticosterona. O tratamento agudo com selegilina reduziu a atividade locomotora observada em campo aberto devido a hipotensão e bradicardia causadas pela mesma. Além disso, a selegilina agudamente também causou diminuição nos níveis de coticosterona motivo pelo qual é utilizada em clínica veterinária para o tratamento da Síndrome de Cushing. O tratamento agudo com anfetamina promoveu aumento no parâmetro comportamental, evidenciando seu efeito estimulante, mas não causou hipertensão. / The behavior sensitization is defined by a progressive enhancement of the behavioral response after repeated treatments. This phenomenon is intensely applied in studies with animal models that focus drug addiction. The majority of these drugs promote adaptations in neurotransmission (ex. dopaminergic system) as is the case of amphetamine, morphine and ethanol. However, studies which evaluate the drugs effects during abstinence and the induction of behavioral sensitization are scarce. In the present study we evaluated the influences of a selective inhibitor monoamine oxidase type-B (selegiline, 10mg/Kg) in the behavioral sensitization for amphetamine (2mg/Kg) in mice. The results shown that the chronic treatment with amphetamine promoted behavioral sensitization, like selegiline treatment that results in previous sensitization for amphetamine therefore potentiate the effects of this drug. Showed up that behavioral sensitization is not dependent process of the levels of corticosterone. The acute treatment with selegiline reduced the locomotor activity in open field test because of hypotension and decrease in heart rate. Another important acute effect of selegiline is the decrease in corticosterone levels; this is the cause that this drug is using in treatment of Cushing syndrome in veterinary. The acute treatment with amphetamine promoted increase in the locomotor activity, showing this stimulant effect but did not show effects in the blood pressure.
32

Effect of dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist sulpiride on changes in mesolimbic dopamine produced by amphetamine and ethanol /

Jaworski, Jason Noel, January 2001 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-133). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.
33

Characterizing a Role for Dopamine on Sleep and Cataplexy in Narcoleptic Mice

Tse, Gavin 30 July 2008 (has links)
Narcolepsy is a disabling sleep disorder that is characterized by persistent sleepiness, and cataplexy – an involuntary loss of waking muscle tone. Cataplexy and narcolepsy are caused by the loss of hypocretin containing neurons in the hypothalamus. However, it is hypothesized that dopamine is also involved in sleep and motor control and plays a role in cataplexy. This study investigated how manipulating dopamine affected sleep and cataplexy in narcoleptic mice devoid of hypocretin. We used d-amphetamine to increase endogenous dopamine levels and quinpirole (D2 agonist) to agonize D2 receptor sites. Amphetamine promoted wakefulness while decreasing sleep in wild-type mice, but was less effective in narcoleptic mice. Amphetamine also reduced cataplexy as well as sleep attacks (an indicator of sleepiness) in narcoleptic mice. Quinpirole had no effect on sleep or wakefulness; however, it potently increased cataplexy without affecting sleep attacks in narcoleptic mice.
34

Characterizing a Role for Dopamine on Sleep and Cataplexy in Narcoleptic Mice

Tse, Gavin 30 July 2008 (has links)
Narcolepsy is a disabling sleep disorder that is characterized by persistent sleepiness, and cataplexy – an involuntary loss of waking muscle tone. Cataplexy and narcolepsy are caused by the loss of hypocretin containing neurons in the hypothalamus. However, it is hypothesized that dopamine is also involved in sleep and motor control and plays a role in cataplexy. This study investigated how manipulating dopamine affected sleep and cataplexy in narcoleptic mice devoid of hypocretin. We used d-amphetamine to increase endogenous dopamine levels and quinpirole (D2 agonist) to agonize D2 receptor sites. Amphetamine promoted wakefulness while decreasing sleep in wild-type mice, but was less effective in narcoleptic mice. Amphetamine also reduced cataplexy as well as sleep attacks (an indicator of sleepiness) in narcoleptic mice. Quinpirole had no effect on sleep or wakefulness; however, it potently increased cataplexy without affecting sleep attacks in narcoleptic mice.
35

Development of a method for comparing amphetamine samples /

Andersson, Kjell, January 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.
36

Governing speed amphetamine use among truck drivers and the making of deviance /

Riley, Kevin William, January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2009. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 274-291).
37

Modulation of amphetamine-induced behaviors in mice by the atypical vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (VGLUT3) / Modulation des comportements induits par l'amphétamine chez la souris par le transporteur vésiculaire atypique de type 3 du glutamate (VGLUT3)

Mansouri Guilani, Nina 05 December 2017 (has links)
Toutes les drogues entrainent une libération accrue de dopamine dans une structure cérébrale nommée striatum. Cette structure est impliquée à la fois dans le contrôle moteur et dans les comportements motivés par les récompenses. Localement, les neurones striataux sont modulés par des interneurones cholinergiques (CINs). Les CINs ont pour particularité d’exprimer le transporteur vésiculaire du glutamate de type 3 (VGLUT3) en plus de celui de l’acétylcholine (VAChT). Par conséquent, ces interneurones sont capables de libérer du glutamate et de l’acétylcholine. Dans le striatum, VGLUT3 est également retrouvé dans certaines fibres sérotoninergiques. Chez des patients toxicomanes, le taux de mutation du gène codant VGLUT3 est augmenté. De plus, les souris qui n’expriment pas VGLUT3 (VGLUT3—/—) sont pré-sensibilisées à la cocaïne, et présentent des changements fonctionnels dans le striatum. VGLUT3 apparaît donc comme un régulateur de l’abus de drogue. Mes travaux de recherche ont consisté à caractériser l’effet d’un autre psychostimulant, l’amphétamine (AMPH), chez les souris VGLUT3—/—. Cela a permis de montrer que ces souris présentent une sensibilisation à l’AMPH, plus forte que les contrôles. A forte dose, les psychostimulants entrainent l’apparition de mouvements anormaux appelés stéréotypies. Nous avons observé que les souris VGLUT3—/— sont plus résistantes aux stéréotypies induites par l’AMPH. Une étude plus approfondie a montré que le glutamate libéré par les CINs semble intervenir dans ces stéréotypies. Ces résultats révèlent un rôle jusque-là insoupçonné du glutamate libéré par les CINs dans les mouvements anormaux, qui sont la signature de diverses pathologies. / All drugs of abuse yield a greater release of dopamine in a cerebral structure called striatum. This structure is involved in motor control, but also in behaviors motivated by reward. Locally, striatal neurons are modulated by cholinergic interneurons (CINs). CINs have the particularity to express the vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (VGLUT3) on top of the one for acetylcholine (VAChT). Therefore, these interneurons have the ability to release both glutamate and acetylcholine. In the striatum, VGLUT3 is also found in some serotonergic fibers. A genetic study revealed that the mutation rate of the gene encoding VGLUT3 is increased in human addicts. Moreover, mice lacking VGLUT3 (VGLUT3—/—) are pre-sensitized to cocaine, and present functional alterations in the striatum. Thus, VGLUT3 appears as a regulator of drug abuse. My work consisted in characterizing the effects of another psychostimulant, amphetamine (AMPH), on VGLUT3—/— mice. This study revealed that VGLUT3—/— mice have a sensitization to AMPH, to a higher extent than control mice. At high dose, psychostimulants produce abnormal movements called stereotypies. We observed that VGLUT3—/— mice are more resistant to AMPH-induced stereotypies. Further investigation showed that the glutamate released by CINs seems involved in these stereotypies, but not the serotonergic source. Our result reveals a hitherto unsuspected role of the glutamate released by CINs in abnormal movements that are the hallmark of several pathologies.
38

Influências de um inibidor seletivo da monoamino-oxidase tipo-B (IMAO-B) na sensibilização comportamental para anfetamina em camundongos / Influences of a selective inhibitor monoamine oxidase type-B (IMAO-B) in behavior sensitization for amphetamine in mice.

Camila Sanches Cibantos Amaral de Modena 09 June 2006 (has links)
A sensibilização comportamental é caracterizada por aumento no efeito comportamental de uma droga após administrações repetidas. Este fenômeno é intensamente aplicado em estudos com modelos animais que enfocam a dependência de drogas. A maioria destas drogas promove adaptações em sistemas de neurotransmissão, (ex. sistema dopaminérgico), como é o caso da anfetamina, morfina e etanol. No entanto, estudos que avaliam os efeitos de drogas administradas durante a abstinência e posterior expressão de sensibilização comportamental são escassos. Neste trabalho avaliou-se as influências de um inibidor seletivo da monoamino-oxidase tipo-B (selegilina, 10mg/Kg) na sensibilização comportamental para anfetamina (2mg/Kg) observada em camundongos. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento crônico com anfetamina promoveu sensibilização comportamental, efeito também observado no tratamento com selegilina, o qual resultou em sensibilização prévia para a anfetamina, além de potencializar os efeitos desta. Evidenciou-se também que a sensibilização comportamental não é um processo dependente dos níveis de corticosterona. O tratamento agudo com selegilina reduziu a atividade locomotora observada em campo aberto devido a hipotensão e bradicardia causadas pela mesma. Além disso, a selegilina agudamente também causou diminuição nos níveis de coticosterona motivo pelo qual é utilizada em clínica veterinária para o tratamento da Síndrome de Cushing. O tratamento agudo com anfetamina promoveu aumento no parâmetro comportamental, evidenciando seu efeito estimulante, mas não causou hipertensão. / The behavior sensitization is defined by a progressive enhancement of the behavioral response after repeated treatments. This phenomenon is intensely applied in studies with animal models that focus drug addiction. The majority of these drugs promote adaptations in neurotransmission (ex. dopaminergic system) as is the case of amphetamine, morphine and ethanol. However, studies which evaluate the drugs effects during abstinence and the induction of behavioral sensitization are scarce. In the present study we evaluated the influences of a selective inhibitor monoamine oxidase type-B (selegiline, 10mg/Kg) in the behavioral sensitization for amphetamine (2mg/Kg) in mice. The results shown that the chronic treatment with amphetamine promoted behavioral sensitization, like selegiline treatment that results in previous sensitization for amphetamine therefore potentiate the effects of this drug. Showed up that behavioral sensitization is not dependent process of the levels of corticosterone. The acute treatment with selegiline reduced the locomotor activity in open field test because of hypotension and decrease in heart rate. Another important acute effect of selegiline is the decrease in corticosterone levels; this is the cause that this drug is using in treatment of Cushing syndrome in veterinary. The acute treatment with amphetamine promoted increase in the locomotor activity, showing this stimulant effect but did not show effects in the blood pressure.
39

Modelagem molecular de derivados anfetamínicos e sua atividade antidepressiva / Molecular modelling of amphetamines derivates and their antidepressant activity

Maíra de Almeida Carvalho Fresqui 11 February 2010 (has links)
As anfetaminas, grupo de moléculas derivadas da anfetamina, são fármacos estimulantes do sistema nervoso central, e possuem, entre outras, atividade antidepressiva sendo sua ação baseada na inativação da enzima monoamina oxidase (MAO) a qual catalisa a desaminação oxidativa de neurotransmissores, como por exemplo, a serotonina e a noradrenalina. Esta enzima pode ser encontrada em duas diferentes isoformas, a MAO A e MAO B. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de uma série de derivados anfetamínicos os quais apresentam diferente seletividade e diferentes valores de IC50, variando desde moléculas muito potentes, pouco potentes, até inativas, através da aplicação de técnicas de química-quântica no cálculo de descritores moleculares, bem como a aplicação da mecânica clássica na descrição das interações ligante-receptor a partir de estudos de docking e simulações de dinâmica molecular. Inicialmente, foram aplicados os métodos de química-quântica AM1, HF, DFT (com os funcionais B3LYP e BP86) e MP2 para a determinação do nível de teoria mais apropriado para a otimização da geometria desta série de compostos a partir da comparação entre os resultados teóricos e de raios-X obtidos para a molécula MDMA. O método HF/6-31G(d,p) mostrou os melhores resultados. Desta forma, este método foi utilizado na obtenção das geometrias de mínimo das demais moléculas em estudo. Posteriormente, estes métodos foram utilizados no cálculo das propriedades estruturais, eletrônicas e físico-químicas, distribuição de cargas derivadas do potencial eletrostático, momento dipolar, energia total, energia dos orbitais de fronteira, GAP de energia entre o orbital ocupado de mais alta energia (HOMO) e o orbital desocupado de mais baixa energia (LUMO), dureza, potencial químico, eletronegatividade, eletronegatividade absoluta e eletrofilicidade. Assim, foram verificadas possíveis relações entre os descritores calculados e a atividade biológica determinada por Scorza et al, Hurtado-Guzmán et al and Sterling et al.esta para esta série de compostos. A análise destes resultados foi feita através da aplicação da técnica quimiométrica de análise de componentes principais para, desta forma, verificar-se o agrupamento dos compostos segundo a presença ou ausência de atividade biológica na série estudada. Entretanto, não foi possível se identificar um padrão de agrupamento para as moléculas ativas e inativas, sugerindo assim, que estes descritores não são os mais adequados para a descrição da atividade antidepressiva destes compostos. Em uma segunda etapa, foram feitos estudos de docking para seis diferentes estruturas da MAO B (1OJA, 1OJ9, 2BK3, 2V5Z, 2V60 e 2V61) e cinco da MAO A (2BXR, 2BXS, 2Z5X e 2Z5Y) todas disponíveis no banco de dados de proteína, PDB, no qual se avaliou o modo de interação do ligante no sitio ativo da proteína. Os resultados de docking para a MAO B mostraram que o tamanho do inibidor é importante para uma correta interação no sítio ativo da enzima, tendo-se em vista que o tamanho da cavidade catalítica é dependente da conformação do aminoácido isoleucina 199 e, que a conformação deste aminoácido está relacionada com o tamanho do ligante. Desta forma, a escolha correta da estrutura da proteína torna-se importante para uma correta descrição do sistema. Os resultados sugerem ainda que o átomo do ligante, no qual ocorre a reação com o receptor, deve estar a uma distância média de 3,5 Å do sitio reativo. Os resultados de MD mostraram que este aminoácido é flexível na ausência de um inibidor, onde sua conformação varia entre as chamadas formas aberta e fechada ao longo do tempo, porém, quando o estudo é feito na presença de um ligante, sua conformação perrnanece, de modo geral, constante. / The amphetamine family of drugs is central nervous system stimulant drugs. Amphetamine inhibits the monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO, isoforms A and B) which catalyzes the oxidative deamination of the neurotransmitter, e. g., serotonin and noradrenalin. In the present study, the aim was to understand the main features of a series of amphetamines derivatives, which have different substrate selectivity and a good range of activity varying from very potent to low potent compounds, even inactive molecules by the application of quantum chemistry techniques to calculate the molecular descriptors, as well as the application of a classical mechanics to describe the ligand-receptor interactions from docking studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. First of all, was applied the AM1, HF, DFT (B3LYP and BP86 functionals) and MP2 quantum chemical methods to analyze which theoretical level is more appropriated for the molecular geometry optimization of this series of compounds from a comparison between the theoretical results for MDMA molecule and it\'s X-ray data. The HF/6-3lG** calculations produced results in close agreement with X-ray crystallography. Thus, was employed the same method for the molecular optimization of the other compounds in the series under investigation. Furthermore, the same method was applied to calculate quantum-chemical parameters (atomic charges, total energy, highest occupied molecular orbital -HOMO- lowest unoccupied molecular orbital -LUMO- dipole moments, hardness, electronegativity, chemical potential, absolute electronegativity and electrophilicity). It was examined possible correlations between the theoretical parameters as calculated by us with the biological activity results as reported by Scorza et al, Hurtado-Guzman et al and Sterling et al. The chemometric technique of Principal Component Analysis for the quantum chemical parameters of these compounds was employed in order to identify some pattern of grouping between the active and inactive molecules. However, it was not possible to identify a pattern between active and inactive compounds suggesting that these above-mentioned parameters are not the best descriptors to evaluate the antidepressant activity for this group of molecules. Later, a docking study was performed for six different PDB structure of MAO B (1OJA, 1OJ9, 2BK3, 2V5Z, 2V60 e 2V61) and five different structure of MAO A (2BXR, 2BXS, 2Z5X e 2Z5Y). It was possible to analyze the ligand-receptor interaction and, according to the bind site size, the activity molecules showed a 3.5A distance between the reactive atoms of the inhibitor and of the protein. Because the conformation of the isoleucine 199 (Ile 199) amino acid can change, the chosen of the correct PDB structure is important for a write description of that interaction. The MD results for the 1OJA structure showed that the Ile199 is flexible in the absence of an inhibitor, where its conformation varies between so-called closed and open forms over the simulation time. However, when the study was done in the presence of a ligand, its conformation remains by generally constant.
40

Common Treatments of Attention/Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Nilsson, Kenny January 2012 (has links)
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a well-known and much debated neurological disorder. The core symptoms consist of a lacking ability to maintain focus, hyperactivity and a motoric restlessness. It is a neurological disorder, with its causes under much debate, although this essay identifies some important brain areas and transmitter systems. The aim of this essay is to give an overview of the available treatments for children with ADHD in the form of the two largest groups of treatments; pharmacological treatments and psychosocial treatments. The conclusion found is that pharmacological treatments are more effective at reducing the core symptoms of ADHD, while psychosocial treatments are more effective at improving the development of social functioning, suggesting a combination to be the superior choice.

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